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Although noise from large fans has been extensively studied by the scientific community, few experimental studies have been performed on small-scale fans, where aerodynamic effects due to low Reynolds numbers need to be taken into account. For this reason, some preliminary experimental investigations have been carried out on cooling fans for automotive applications. The experimental campaign has been focused on the characterization of the flow outlet, and its correlation with the noise generation on a 5.5-inch five-bladed fan. Simultaneous measurements of velocity with hot-wire anemometry (HWA) and pressure fluctuations with microphones have been carried out, the HWA probe being located downstream, two microphones positioned in the far-field of the fan, and another microphone measuring the wall pressure fluctuations on the shroud. The fan has been also studied at different working conditions, varying the rotational speed, and applying specific fine grids at the intake, in order to well reproduce the presence of the cooler. Analyses in the time and frequency domain have been performed on the measured data, including cross-correlation between pressure and velocity signals, in order to find the main driving mechanisms that are related to the noise generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The supply chain involves all the processes from the purchase order request to the delivery to the final customer, however, there are factors such as the health crisis that make organizations vulnerable if they do not take full advantage of their resources. Also, these changes cause the world to think seriously about the sustainability of manufacturing and services considering the characteristic of resilience which is the ability to overcome difficult circumstances and reverse logistics, which is related to strategic planning. However, they are also considered strategies that allow companies to jointly face market volatility and changes in demand without affecting the organization's economic barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alternator is the most essential equipment in an automobile to charge the battery. A modern vehicle is fitted with new accessories which run on the battery. Hence the health of battery is very important in new vehicles. This research paper gives a detailed study of maintenance of alternator and also suggests an alternator tester which is handy and very useful equipment for Alternator testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The manufacturing industry is a vast industry that undertakes series of jobs, which include the production of different items, machines, equipment etc. There are a lot of sections of the manufacturing industry some of which range from the managerial section down to production, maintenance and even inspection department. The manufacturing industry encompasses a whole lot of subsets. Taking a cue from the role of banks in the development of the manufacturing industries, the investment of the funds in time past for the rehabilitation of the manufacturing industry has not added much to the nation’s GDP. The banks lend little to the agricultural sector compared to how much they lend to manufacturing industry. There is also need for measuring knowledge intensities in the manufacturing industry. The growth of employment also noted to be a factor of employment rate is dependent on numerous factors. One of the major and perhaps the most striking of these factors to consider is the start-up of a new business. Formation of new businesses affect the growth of employment in a different way than one can imagine. The manufacturing industry is ever changing and due to the competition between corporations, industries, businesses, firms and organisations there is always the desiring need for something new. Every industry or firm must have some sort of leadership to ensure that they are always on the right part. This leadership could be transformational in nature. While there may be people occupying leadership positions, most of the behaviour they exhibit while in such position has been questioned. There are many questions about the effectiveness of a supply chain, hence the resolve to carry out a research to ascertain the degree of effectiveness of the automobile supply chain. In other for manufacturing industries to compete favourably with one another, they must be innovative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of the predicted dynamic behaviour of a structure is highly dependent on the accurate properties used in the analytical model. The predicted results computed from the finite element method used to develop the model are often found not to be in good agreement with the experimental results due to the erroneous assumptions made in the finite element modelling. One way to systematically correct the finite element model is to use model updating methods. The main goal of this study was to systematically improve the predicted dynamic behaviour of a car trunk lid using the modal based updating method. HyperWorks and Leuven Measurement System (LMS) test were used for the finite element modelling and modal testing respectively. In order to evaluate the capability of the modal based updating in improving the finite element model, the natural frequencies and mode shapes computed from the updated finite element model of the trunk lid were compared with the corresponding experimental results. The comparison of the results showed that the total error of 65.48 percent predicted from the initial finite element model of the trunk lid has been successfully reduced to 4.74 percent. In conclusion, modal based updating has been successfully used to reconcile the initial finite element model with the physical model of the trunk lid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the transition to a circular economy, there is a need of reverse delivery of faulty spare parts for remanufacturing. We have developed the concept of the Decision Support System to predict, to plan and to organize the delivery of new spare parts and the return delivery of faulty spare parts. The algorithm is proposed to organize the delivery of faulty spare parts from large warehouses to the manufacturer by vehicles' return trips, which helps to minimize empty runs. Agent-based simulation model to forecast the spare parts demand is created. The automobile corporation PC "KAMAZ" has been selected as the unit for analysis because it has a wide network of dealers and warehouses both inside the country and abroad. Authors have determined delivery bays, for which can be developed more environmentally friendly routes taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian transport system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Steel production and component manufacturing industries have to face the challenge of globalization, trying to overcome the economic pressure to remain competitive. Moreover, the lightweighting trend of the latter years implies an even higher challenge to maintain the steel use. Therefore, advanced manufacturing processes will be the cornerstone. In this field, Semisolid forming (SSF) has demonstrated the capability of obtaining complex geometries and saving raw material and energy. Despite it is complicated the SSF of sound components, in Mondragon Unibertsitatea it has been successfully demonstrated the capability of producing strong enough automotive components with 42CrMo4 steel grade. In this work, we demonstrate the capability of SSF S48C steel grade with great mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automotive vehicle's performance, safety, maneuverability can be influenced by multi-disciplinary factors such as car engine, tires, aerodynamics, and ergonomics of design. With the recent years, inflation in the fuel prices & the demand to have reduced greenhouse emissions has played a significant role in redefining the car aerodynamics. The shape of the vehicle uses about 3% of fuel to overcome the resistance in urban driving, while it takes 11% of fuel for the highway driving. This considerable high value of fuel usage in highway driving attracts several design engineers to enhance the aerodynamics of the vehicle using minimal design changes. Besides, automotive vehicles have become so much faster experiencing uplift force which creates unexpected accidents. This brings the idea of using external devices, which could be attached to the present vehicle without changing the body. This paper is based on the design, developments and numeral calculation of the effects of external device, which will be spoiler that mounted at the rear side of the sedan car to make the present vehicles more aerodynamically attractive. The influence of rear spoiler on the generated lift, drag, and pressure distributions are investigated and reported using commercially available Autodesk Simulation CFD software tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AUTOSAR (AUTomotive Open System ARchitecture) provides an open and standardized E/E architecture for automobiles. AUTOSAR systems exhibit real-time requirements, i.e., an AUTOSAR application must always be schedulable. In this paper, we propose an overhead-aware method to find schedulable design configurations for an AUTOSAR application. We show how to construct a timing model for the application, discuss how to quantify the overheads of an AUTOSAR stack implementation, and assess their impact on timing and schedulability. We demonstrate the proposed method on an automotive case study and evaluate the effects of different types of overheads using synthetic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diversity has been regarded as a desirable property of redundant instances, since it allows circuits to behave differently in front of a given fault. However, while qualitatively diversity is a well-understood concept, usable efficient metrics do not exist to quantify diversity in the context of safety-related systems. In this paper we cover this gap by proposing DIMP, a low-cost diversity metric based on analyzing the paths of the redundant circuits. We relate it to the particular case of automotive microcontrollers implementing lockstep cores and show that it can be successfully used providing relevant information for addressing common cause faults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the framework of a research project on functionalized lightweight structures for automotive parts the Robert Bosch Company is doing research on the integration of state of the art automotive sensors in CFRP laminates via LCM processes. The goal is to gain secondary weight saving by downscaling the conventional sensor to its functional module and realize its complete functionality being integrated in the new carrier material. Also an assessment towards an optimized integration constitution is performed regarding concepts for modified sensor systems adapted from the standard sensor. The optimization refers to the quality of integration of the sensor system but also to the mechanical characteristics of the CFRP part due to the foreign body inside its structure. The overall goal is to derive design rules and general requirements on the integration of automotive sensors in CFRP structural parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to fulfill the continuously rising communication de- mands within vehicles the usage of Ethernet as vehicle net- work is planned, since it is offering high bandwidth, robust- ness and has a high market penetration. The automotive industry has strong requirements with respect to safety and reliability; hence the introduction of new technologies is usually done in an evolutionary approach. This implies that for the introduction of Ethernet a gateway to currently existing automotive networking technologies is required for achieving a smooth migration. Within this paper a concept for such a gateway maintaining the Quality of Service (QoS) offered by the existing automotive networks is proposed. In order to support the same level of QoS the usage of Ethernet Audio Video Bridging (AVB) is suggested. The implementation of such a QoS gateway is investigated specifically for the automotive networks MOST and FlexRay. For evaluation of the proposed concepts a validation system was built up, and promising results showing the feasibility of such a QoS gateway have been achieved. Furthermore this implies that AVB has the capability to replace other automotive network technologies in the midterm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appearance of defects such as 'hollows' and 'shock lines' can affect the perceived quality and attractiveness of automotive skin panels. These defects are the result of the stamping process and appear as small, localized deviations from the intended styling of the panels. Despite their size, they become visually apparent after the application of paint and the perceived quality of a panel may become unacceptable. Considerable time is then dedicated to minimizing their occurrence through tool modifications. This paper will investigate the use of the wavelet transform as a tool to analyze physically measured panels. The transform has two key aspects. The first is its ability to distinguish small scale local defects from large scale styling curvature. The second is its ability to characterize the shape of a defect in terms of its wavelength and a 'correlation value'. The two features of the transform enable it to be used as a tool for locating and predicting the severity of defects. The paper will describe the transform and illustrate its application on test cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastable austenitic stainless steels change their lattice during forming operations by strain-induced alpha'-martensite formation. Temperatures below T = 20° C can accelerate the phase transformation while temperatures above T = 60° C may suppress the formation of martensite during the forming operation. In past investigations, the effect of high-strength martensitic regions in an austenitic ductile lattice was used in crash relevant parts for transportation vehicles. The local martensitic regions act as reinforcements leading to an increase in crash energy absorption. Moreover, they control the folding behavior as well as the force-distance-characteristic and increase the buckling resistance. This paper deals with a concerted thermomechanical drawing process to increase the local formation of alpha'-martensite caused by low temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile materials used in automotive applications must meet extremely high standards for colorfastness to light. The various automobile manufacturers specify different methods for testing light fastness-each of which attempts to simulate the severe exposure conditions which cause field failures. The conditions of test vary significantly from method to method. The results generally have poor reproducibility because the specified equipment is inherently difficult to control and is not designed to operate at such extreme conditions of temperature and humidity. The variation in methods, their poor reproducibility and the lengthy time period required to perform these tests make it difficult for the manufacturer of automotive textiles and dyestuff manufacturers to select or develop suitable products to meet end use requirements. This study explores the use of xenon arc equipment as a more accelerated and controllable alternative to the traditional carbon arc equipment and daylight test. The variables which must be considered in developing a single, reliable and easily reproducible laboratory test method, acceptable to all parties involved in automotives, have been considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]