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We seek to develop autonomous robots that can operate and interact unsupervised for extended lengths of time in unknown environments, adapting their purpose in response to events and goals, learning from successes and failures, recovering from errors in execution whilst monitoring and maintaining self health. Such persistent autonomy is a challenging ambition, and the subject of an increasingly intense research effort. Two broad approaches have evolved, one rooted in artificial intelligence research from the 1970s onward, and the other in studies of animals and even plants that nature has evolved over millennia. Both offer opportunities and challenges in implementation. This paper presents a snapshot of recent and ongoing developments from each approach, and offers some perspectives on the potential that each offers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In the many animals that are able to sense the vibration, the spider have silt organ that can detect vibrations on the each leg. They have ability of making spider web and have detection and localization of prey using vibration sensing organ. For study the spiders web's structure, we make a vibration sensor for experiment of spider web vibration and the artificial web strings on the rectangular aluminum frame. The vibration sensor consist of the hall magnetic sensor that can be measure magnetic field strength. In the experiment of the artificial web, it is shown that the orientation detecting system using the difference of vibration magnitude is better than the difference of vibration arrival time. And the transverse vibration has lower attenuation than the longitudinal vibration. It is also known that the spider's web has a function as structural band pass filter. If the string is added on the spider webs, this function of the band pass filter has the lower band-width. Through the experiment, it is known that the result that the frequency and magnitude of horizontal is similar to the frequency and magnitude of transverse When the position of vertical string move to near the center. And we obtain the result of the beat effect and verify that the vibration sensor is enough to measure the string vibration. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]