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This research paper is focused on conflict management in the workplace. Today, conflict management is assumed one of the most important communication and social skills. Effective conflict management is required when dealing with a variety of workplace and team situations. The phenomenon of conflict, concerning its emotional implications, commonly affects employees in both, direct and indirect manners, as well as on the group dynamics of the entire team, or even the company, and it can shape the atmosphere, productivity, engagement, and personal health of employees. The theory states that one of the most important things that current managers and leaders in businesses should be doing is effective conflict management. We analyzed the structure of conflict management styles according to the Thomas-Kilmann theory on the research sample of 106 respondents from the Slovak business environment on different positions in the company hierarchy. This theory identified five crucial styles of conflict resolution: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, and accommodating. The descriptive analysis was applied to describe the research sample and two hypotheses regarding gender and age were tested. Women significantly represent the accommodating style of conflict management. However, age was not confirmed as a significant variable in the use of conflict management styles in the workplace. The efficient conflict management affects relations among the team members, individual and team satisfaction, and also leadership on the group and organizational levels. Finally, knowledge of conflict management is needed to help understand and improve workplace relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study will be presented in extenso two methods to avoid collision between two or more space objects and a definite answer is formulated to prevent the actual collision. Collision detection and avoidance is a fundamental issue for many areas which consists in knowing whether for any two objects of study there is a non-zero probability as when they are in the immediate vicinity, their trajectories to intersect. Regarding in-flight collision detection methods, the literature records two categories of methods in the discrete domain and the continuous domain. An extensive bibliography on this subject has been studied, which shows that many software products have been developed, and also multiple interactive applications. Some of them implement the Gilbert Johnson Keerthi algorithms in GJK or LinCanny in the I-COLLIDE product, which include the first library for the problem of in-flight collisions. There are also applications that aim to implement dynamics and constraints, so that obstacles must be avoided and there are different objective functions, such as minimum fuel consumption, the minimum time required to reach the destination or the time required to cover the area subject to observation (in the case of UAS). These applications formulate linear programming problems (YALMIP - with Gurobi solver, Mixed Integer Linear Programming - MILP); the objects are characterized by the specified mathematical models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on the development and testing of an air conflict detection and resolution algorithm for unmanned aerial vehicles. Thus, reviewing the story of air conflict detection and resolution is an important step. After a research of the literature, the aim of this study is to develop a CDR algorithm, which is based on the method of the nearest collision point, to prevent air conflicts and to evaluate the performance of the algorithm using a flight simulator. The current period has seen a rapid development of in-flight collision avoidance systems applicable to unmanned aircraft, but there is also a development of air communications technology, trying to eliminate the human pilot and to make numerous unmanned aircraft that are thus completely autonomous. Autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles (AUAS) face real problems when they want to fit into FAA airspace. If on a flight path, an AUAS triggers an air conflict involving another aircraft and violates FAA rules, the AUAS must be able to detect and resolve the conflict so that the boundaries of separation occur in complete safety. Over time, different methods have been implemented for the detection and resolution of air conflicts with different degrees of complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study pertains to emergency planning in the water sector within conflict zones. It aims to provide valuable insights for planners, designers, operators, and administrators involved in water management. The research specifically focuses on evaluating the performance, sustainability, and optimal development of water supply management in the Gaza Strip following the 2021 conflict. Data collection for this study is conducted through the use of questionnaires. Previous studies and publications have highlighted the deterioration of water quality in the Gaza Strip. The armed conflicts have resulted in significant damage to water and sewage infrastructure, including rainwater drainage networks, public water delivery networks, sewage pumping stations, treatment facilities, and desalination plants. The findings indicate that the Gaza Strip faces challenges related to budget constraints (71.1%), execution of plans (72.4%), and technology (63.2%). Both affected and displaced individuals, as well as relevant authorities, exhibit a moderate level of agreement (66%) regarding preparedness, response, and recovery. However, only 53.2% of residents are aware of and understand the emergency plan, while a considerable portion of the population states that they were not adequately informed or involved in estimating their water requirements for emergency preparedness. The level of community awareness in this regard is relatively modest at 54.9%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This evidence-based practice paper shares the methodology and findings of a workshop on conflict management that was piloted in three interdisciplinary engineering design courses that include first through fourth-year students. The workshop was designed to collect real-time student reflection data through Mentimeter, an instructional technology designed to promote class engagement. Background: Emerging literature from Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology has highlighted the importance of effective conflict management on team performance. Teaching students how to effectively manage conflict and establish inclusive, psychologically safe team environments are essential skills for effectively working on teams in preparation for the workplace, as emphasized by ABET and professional engineering organizations. Despite this, literature suggests that many engineering instructors have limited training and confidence in facilitating learning experiences that help students develop teamwork skills, including conflict management skills. While conflict management is a large field of research, there has been minimal research on instructional strategies for teaching conflict management skills to engineering students. The purpose of this paper is to share the methodology and findings of a conflict management workshop that was delivered to engineering students in three different project-based learning courses involving year-long design projects: a first-year foundations of engineering course, an interdisciplinary design course for first through four-year students from multiple majors, and a senior interdisciplinary engineering capstone course. Students' primary conflict management strategies are understood using the Dual Concern Model, which aligns conflict along two dimensions of concern for self (assertiveness) and concern for others (cooperativeness) with five conflict management strategies: Forcing, Problem Solving, Compromising, Avoiding, and Yielding. Methods: The workshop leveraged scenario-based learning and Mentimeter to foster engagement and collect real-time reflection data. Before each class, students took the Dutch Test for Conflict Handling, which identified the extent to which students use the five different conflict management approaches. At the beginning of the workshop, students were introduced to conflict management approaches and encouraged to reflect on how they typically handle conflict. Next, students were introduced to two scenarios involving task, relationship, and process conflict. The scenarios were developed and specifically related to an engineering context with real-world situations students may encounter as a design team. During each scenario, students assumed a randomly assigned role and then role-played the scenario in groups of four to five. Mentimeter was used to collect student reactions to each scenario, reflections about their experience in their assigned role, solutions their team came up with, and key takeaways from the workshop, all in real-time. Findings: This paper shares the methodology for creating a scenario-based workshop and collecting data using Mentimeter. The quantitative results indicated that students aim to use a Problem Solving approach as their primary conflict management strategy. The qualitative responses from student reflections about the workshop showed that many students expressed a desire to move along the cooperative and assertive spectrum of the Dual Concern Model. Students discussed the importance of communication, indicating movement along the cooperation dimension. Additionally, students discussed movement along the assertive spectrum and were surprised that Forcing can be used as an effective conflict management strategy. Students also recognized the trade-offs involved when using different conflict management approaches and the importance of empathy when managing conflict. The implications of these findings are discussed in the paper, along with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experiencing incivility in the workplace is common and unpleasant. It is also subjective, what individuals see as rude or harmful differs from person to person. Despite the fascination and the considerable interest shown in investigating incivility, there are some criticisms regarding how the construct is defined and measured. There are concerns that one of the most common measurement instruments used to assess workplace incivility (the WIS-R, Cortina et al., 2013) may not be identifying uncivil behaviors (in particular), but rather employee appraisals of various forms of interpersonal mistreatment. This study aims to aid the understanding of workplace incivility by exploring individual perceptions, experiences, and affective reactions to experiencing uncivil behaviors using Critical Incident Technique. Data were collected from 115 respondents who provided accounts of incidents involving incivility they had experienced in their workplace. Content analysis of the incivility incidents revealed a number of antecedents to experiences of incivility in the form of sources (e.g., coworkers, manager, customers) and discrete emotional reactions (e.g., anger, contempt, embarrassment, disgust). This qualitative analysis of incivility incidents in the workplace enhances our understanding of various types of behaviors that may be perceived as uncivil and provides insight into the different affective reactions that experiencing incivility provokes. As such, it can provide a baseline for future innovative research into this type of workplace mistreatment and its measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recognizing the potential cost, this study investigates the consequences of informal and formal disclosure or complaints in response to workplace mistreatment, particularly discrimination, harassment, and retaliation, addressing a significant theoretical and empirical gap that spans decades. Employing grounded theory to study these social and psychological processes, the study develops an organizational punishment-industrial discipline nomological network of what employees can expect when engaging in the formal, informal, or even consideration of workplace grievance processes and how this network is moderated by ethnicity and age. This study expands organizational punishment-industrial discipline theory to include intentional actions such as ostracism in person and virtually, and individual and institutional gaslighting. Findings from 50 qualitative interviews and archival records concerning 160 employees indicate many participants experienced negative professional consequences such as adverse performance reviews, blacklisting, constructive discharge, reduced work contracts, and diminished career opportunities. Additionally, participants reported negative physical, psychological, and emotional impacts, from weight gain to feelings of revictimization, hypervigilance, and imposter syndrome. Despite the potential empowerment felt by a minority, the study underscores the pervasive challenges, including lack of confidentiality, investigation, and due process within grievance procedures. The resulting nomological network provides a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted consequences faced by employees who engage in or consider engaging in formal disclosure processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on signaling theory and using a partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach, we analyzed secondary data from 59 countries to understand the impact of leadership styles, national culture, corruption, and community mobility on COVID-19 outcomes. Our findings reveal that leadership styles characterized by charisma and a humane orientation positively influence community mobility, leading to better quarantine behavior and improved COVID-19 outcomes. Furthermore, we find that cultural dimensions, particularly uncertainty avoidance, play a significant role in shaping leadership perceptions and subsequent community responses. This study underscores the importance of effective communication by leaders, transparency, and trust-building during crises. This study also highlights the need to consider cultural factors when formulating crisis response strategies. These findings have implications for policymakers and leaders as they navigate future crises and work to promote positive public health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We examine how a specific type of within-team role differentiation—namely, the "good cop/bad cop" negotiation strategy—impacts value creation in negotiations with integrative potential. We theorize and test that the "good cop/bad cop" role differentiation strategy can influence how value is created in inter-team negotiations. The results of four team-on-team negotiation experiments show that greater value (i.e., greater joint gains) is created when one team uses the "good cop/bad cop" strategy and that the team employing this strategy claims more of the value created than the other team. These findings advance our understanding of how negotiation teams can be structured to affect negotiation processes and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction claims can be categorized into a few types, and it is important to manage claims and conflict immediately before they turn into disputes. Claim for loss and expense is one of the popular claims in construction since it usually occurs when the regular progress of the works was delayed. However, there is always a dispute happened regarding this claim. Resolving disputes can be expensive and time-consuming. Hence, this paper aimed to evaluate contractual issues on loss and expense claims in the Malaysian construction industry. This paper examines the causes of issues arising in the claim for loss and expense. The data collection for the research methodology was through documentary analysis which is based on litigation cases. Findings show the most causes of issues in the claimfor loss and expense that lead to the dispute are due to three main causes which are contractual, documentation, and procedure. The suggestion from this paper is to identify the best practices in submitting a claim for loss and expense to minimize disputes amongst construction players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict resolution is one of the essential life skills for students to have. However, this has not been contained in the elementary school curriculum in Indonesia. This article aims to explain the importance of conflict resolution education and how it can be integrated into citizenship education lessons in elementary schools. Using the critical literature review (CLR) method where there is a critical study from the author, the research steps were carried out using seven stages based on Onwuegbuzie & Frels (2016), namely: (1) step 1: exploring beliefs and topics; (2) step 2: initiating the search; step (3) storing and organizing information; (4) selecting/deselecting information; (5) step 5: expanding the search to include one or more MODES (Media, Observation, Documents, Expert, Secondary Data) : (6) step 6: Analysing and Synthesizing Information; (7) and step 7 presenting the CLR Report. This study produces a description of conflict resolution skills that can be taught to elementary school students. These conflict resolution models can be applied in elementary schools and essential basic skills that must be possessed. The study was integrated with Civic Education learning in elementary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a machine learning (ML) approach to detect and resolve motion conflicts that occur between a human and a proactive robot during the execution of a physically collaborative task. We train a random forest classifier to distinguish between harmonious and conflicting human-robot interaction behaviors during object co-manipulation. Kinesthetic information generated through the teamwork is used to describe the interactive quality of collaboration. As such, we demonstrate that features derived from haptic (force/torque) data are sufficient to classify if the human and the robot harmoniously manipulate the object or they face a conflict. A conflict resolution strategy is implemented to get the robotic partner to proactively contribute to the task via online trajectory planning whenever interactive motion patterns are harmonious, and to follow the human lead when a conflict is detected. An admittance controller regulates the physical interaction between the human and the robot during the task. This enables the robot to follow the human passively when there is a conflict. An artificial potential field is used to proactively control the robot motion when partners work in harmony. An experimental study is designed to create scenarios involving harmonious and conflicting interactions during collaborative manipulation of an object, and to create a dataset to train and test the random forest classifier. The results of the study show that ML can successfully detect conflicts and the proposed conflict resolution mechanism reduces human force and effort significantly compared to the case of a passive robot that always follows the human partner and a proactive robot that cannot resolve conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The business processes of high technology companies, like aviation industry are very sensitive to business-process retardation. The reason of such problems can be a controversy on personnel level. The conflict management is a prerequisite for efficiency of the process. Actual methods allow to identify existing conflicts. The disadvantage of such methods is the already accomplished impact of the conflict on the production cycle. Consequently, the deteriorated economic indicators. We propose an approach that allows to identify hidden conflicts between the subjects of the business process at an early stage. It based on information research data. This approach is able to implement conflict management tools for minimization of economic losses due to conflict situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary function of the pesantren is to develop the religious environment, but they also play an economic role. Each pesantren has its own distinct culture. The advancement of the digital business era provides opportunities for the growth of startup digitization in the pesantren business. This research aims to identify the ecosystem elements that influence the development of the startup digitalization of Tebuireng. For five months, an ethnographic interview was used as the research method. Triangulation, transferability, dependability, and confirmability techniques were used to test the results of interviews and observations. The title of the ethnographic manuscript was "Development of the digitalization of the pesantren Tebuireng's convection startup." There are ten steps to developing a startup digitalization on pesantren Tebuireng, the most important of which is sowan. The process is followed by finding financial sources, business building, marketing, getting orders, shopping, producing, selling-getting complain-technology development, developing business, and conflict resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of conflict is considered as one of the most essential phenomena of human beings and is a part of their existence. Conflicts are social phenomena that have existed throughout the history of human society against the will of the people. Their existence in social life has transformed them into universal and objective phenomena that exist despite our knowledge and attitudes. These characteristics are imposed on man to study his eternal nature for the benefit of life and progress. The sciences of philosophy and critical thinking provide new concepts for conflict management and transformation. Critical thinking offers a new conceptual approach to dealing with conflicts in human society. The essence of critical thinking is the idea and views of philosophers for a rational and reasoned approach to conflicts. The following paper aims to influence the education and formation of beliefs and a dialectical attitude on the importance of critical thinking in the recognition, understanding, and management of conflicts in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This evidence-based practice paper shares the methodology and findings of a workshop on conflict management that was piloted in three interdisciplinary engineering design courses that include first through fourth-year students. The workshop was designed to collect real-time student reflection data through Mentimeter, an instructional technology designed to promote class engagement. Background: Emerging literature from Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology has highlighted the importance of effective conflict management on team performance. Teaching students how to effectively manage conflict and establish inclusive, psychologically safe team environments are essential skills for effectively working on teams in preparation for the workplace, as emphasized by ABET and professional engineering organizations. Despite this, literature suggests that many engineering instructors have limited training and confidence in facilitating learning experiences that help students develop teamwork skills, including conflict management skills. While conflict management is a large field of research, there has been minimal research on instructional strategies for teaching conflict management skills to engineering students. The purpose of this paper is to share the methodology and findings of a conflict management workshop that was delivered to engineering students in three different project-based learning courses involving year-long design projects: a first-year foundations of engineering course, an interdisciplinary design course for first through four-year students from multiple majors, and a senior interdisciplinary engineering capstone course. Students' primary conflict management strategies are understood using the Dual Concern Model, which aligns conflict along two dimensions of concern for self (assertiveness) and concern for others (cooperativeness) with five conflict management strategies: Forcing, Problem Solving, Compromising, Avoiding, and Yielding. Methods: The workshop leveraged scenario-based learning and Mentimeter to foster engagement and collect real-time reflection data. Before each class, students took the Dutch Test for Conflict Handling, which identified the extent to which students use the five different conflict management approaches. At the beginning of the workshop, students were introduced to conflict management approaches and encouraged to reflect on how they typically handle conflict. Next, students were introduced to two scenarios involving task, relationship, and process conflict. The scenarios were developed and specifically related to an engineering context with real-world situations students may encounter as a design team. During each scenario, students assumed a randomly assigned role and then role-played the scenario in groups of four to five. Mentimeter was used to collect student reactions to each scenario, reflections about their experience in their assigned role, solutions their team came up with, and key takeaways from the workshop, all in real-time. Findings: This paper shares the methodology for creating a scenario-based workshop and collecting data using Mentimeter. The quantitative results indicated that students aim to use a Problem Solving approach as their primary conflict management strategy. The qualitative responses from student reflections about the workshop showed that many students expressed a desire to move along the cooperative and assertive spectrum of the Dual Concern Model. Students discussed the importance of communication, indicating movement along the cooperation dimension. Additionally, students discussed movement along the assertive spectrum and were surprised that Forcing can be used as an effective conflict management strategy. Students also recognized the trade-offs involved when using different conflict management approaches and the importance of empathy when managing conflict. The implications of these findings are discussed in the paper, along with directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In project-based learning environments, students often face team frustration and conflicts, necessitating the development of conflict management skills. This study examines how integrating a game-based learning approach impacts students' perspectives on managing conflicts in game development project courses. Drawing on theoretical frameworks related to project-based learning, conflict management, and serious games in conflict resolution education, a case design is employed in higher education that incorporates the game "Cards of Conflict". Document analysis of student reflection notes is utilised to assess the outcomes. The results demonstrate heightened engagement among participants during the game session, leading to awareness and understanding of conflict managing principles. This encompasses the what, the why's, and the how's of conflict management, as well as the diverse perspectives of peer students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a panel dataset of 3584 observations of 128 countries during the period of 1990-2017, I analyze the impact of US sanctions on the level of internal conflict within the target countries. After obtaining robust standard errors through clustering, arms, trade, and financial sanctions along with military aid were found to be significant while travel and other sanctions were not. Arms and financial sanctions have a negative impact on internal conflict, trade sanctions and military aid have a positive impact, and trade sanctions proved to be the most significant and impactful of all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of the article is to identify and analyze conflicts in the problems of optimal design of nuclear power reactors. The problem is solved on the example of fast reactors. The procedure and methods of analysis are based on computational and optimization studies of fast reactors with a liquid metal coolant. As a result of the study, four hierarchical levels of conflicts were identified. They are inherent in the problems of optimizing safe power reactors. The first level consists of conflicts between the main quality criteria (economic efficiency, fuel balance, safety). Each of these criteria is characterized by a group of functionals. At the second level there are conflicts between the functionals of the same group (i.e., functionals that characterize the same quality criterion). Conflicts of the third level of the hierarchy are conflicts between functionals of the same type (for example, some kind of reactivity coefficient in different emergency modes). The fourth level includes conflicts within a separate functional. Dragon-M, FRISS-2D codes developed by the author and MCU code developed at the NRC Kurchatov Institute (Moscow, Russia) were used as software. The use of new core materials (fuel, coolant, structural materials) proposed by the author for a fast reactor makes it possible to resolve the conflict situation already at the initial stage of reactor design. The practical significance of research is that it will make it possible to make the reactor safe, environmentally friendly, and competitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stagnation of the construction of Blimbing Market causes losses suffered by various parties, including the government, developers and traders. This study discusses the dynamics of Blimbing Market development conflicts. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of conflict development of Malang City Blimbing Market. The study found that the stagnation of Blimbing Market development occurred due to differences in views between the parties to the conflict. This research uses a qualitative approach and data collection with literature review techniques. This study will attempt to map the development conflicts of Blimbing Market based on Kenneth E. Boulding's thinking consisting of conflict history, conflict context, conflict parties, issues, dynamics, and alternative routes to solution. Based on this study that the stagnation of Blimbing Market development occurs due to differences in views between the parties to the conflict, namely; First, between the Government of Malang and Karya Indah Sukses Ltd., second, the difference in views between Blimbing Market traders, third, differences in views between traders, fourth, differences in views between the Malang City Government and Karya Indah Sukses Ltd. as an investor. This study refutes Lewis Coser's argument that conflict can not always strengthen internal relationships within a group, but that conflict can actually divide groups that were initially solid to be not solid. This happens to Blimbing Market traders when responding to the revitalization of Bimbing Market, traders are split into two, namely traders who are traders who do not want to move from Blimbing Market and traders who are willing to move to the shelter market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Any organization which finds a way to allow people to disagree constructively will thrive. Unfortunately, often disagreements become destructive and hostile, and disputes get out of hand. The following are some principles that should be followed in all relationships: Avoid blaming the other party; Respect one's debating partner; Possess humility and patience; Understand the viewpoint of one's debating partner; Knowing that truth is what matters, not winning the argument; Eliminate the need-to-win strategy; Be aware of cognitive biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The value of geologic data is well established and demonstrated by efforts such as EarthChem and EarthCube. Although these communities are active in the documentation and preservation of geologic data, more work is needed to understand how geologists use this data to address specific problems. In this preliminary analysis, we focus on the information behaviors of professional geologists as they engage with multiple data streams to make decisions. Using semi‐structured interviews and grounded theory, our findings document how a single data point can drive changes to existing models. Responses also show that geologists view their experiences in data collection as critical and they use their knowledge and experience to iteratively re‐assess the context and fitness of their data as they search for coherent interpretations that resolve data‐model conflicts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the vital source of information on the Web that it has long become, Wikipedia (WP) has developed detailed policies and guidelines for contributing to it as well as for resolving conflicts with a goal to ensure that all important viewpoints are represented fairly and supported by trustworthy published resources. However, WP has long been criticized for systemic biases in its content, which are often implemented and maintained through the use of these same WP policies and guidelines. The present study explores editorial behaviors of a selected editor who succeeded in biasing a set of WP articles. By selecting an editor to examine through a big‐data approach, this study can serve as an objective crosscheck for previously reported tactics for introducing and maintaining bias observed from personal experiences of disputes on WP, and could provide evidence to generate empirically grounded hypotheses concerning editorial practices indicative of bias. It was found that editorial behavior around deletion and erasure is an important strategy for implementing and maintaining bias on WP, and WP policies and guidelines are used to support and validate the silencing of other voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a strategy for managing online group projects to promote the outcome of students taking ownership of their work. Our goal is to provide instructors with a strategic approach for group projects, including coordination, communication, collaboration, and conflict management techniques. The method presented considers what instructors need to create and maintain a positive learning environment crucial to completing group projects that prepare students to succeed in marketing. The strategy will consider the requirements of instructor facilitation in an online learning environment for managing group projects effectively so that students take ownership and not just credit. The data collected from student performance on a group project in an online capstone business course were analyzed. The data analysis is the basis for evaluating the effectiveness of a strategic approach to motivate student ownership of the work within student group projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Workspaces are important resources when executing construction tasks. Workers, equipment, materials and facilities need different workspaces and compete with each other to execute different tasks within the same workspace. Locations and volumes of workspaces change in three dimensions and across time during the construction process. Without proper workspace management, productivity loss, poor quality and safety hazards could be occurred. Many research efforts have been exerted in this field, however, the approach which facilitates the interaction between tasks, workspaces, and spatial–temporal conflict resolution is still missing. In this regard, this research proposes a flexible 4D BIM that could facilitate such interaction. The objectives of this study are firstly to generate and allocate the required workspaces, then to simulate and visualize them, and finally to detect and resolve the conflicts. Workspaces are classified into labors, equipment, auxiliary and safety groups. 3D shape of the workspace is created using a bounding box. BIM plugin is developed to facilitate the proposed model. The developed model has been validated using a commercial building project. Empirical results showed that the proposed model is able to assist construction workspace management where workspace conflicts can be detected and resolved prior to construction to avoid schedule delays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic service robots become increasingly prevalent and autonomous, which will make task priority conflicts more likely. The robot must be able to effectively and appropriately negotiate to gain priority if necessary. In previous humanrobot interaction (HRI) studies, imitating human negotiation behavior was effective but long-term effects have not been studied. Filling this research gap, an interactive online study (N = 103) with two sessions and six trials was conducted. In a conflict scenario, participants repeatedly interacted with a domestic service robot that applied three different conflict resolution strategies: appeal, command, diminution of request. The second manipulation was reinforcement (thanking) of compliance behavior (yes/no). This led to a 3x2x6 mixed-subject design. User acceptance, trust, user compliance to the robot, and selfreported compliance to a household member were assessed. The diminution of a request combined with positive reinforcement was the most effective strategy and perceived trustworthiness increased significantly over time. For this strategy only, selfreported compliance rates to the human and the robot were similar. Therefore, applying this strategy potentially seems to make a robot equally effective as a human requester. This paper contributes to the design of acceptable and effective robot conflict resolution strategies for long-term use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-robot conflicts might occur in the future, for instance, if a robot requests a public resource (e.g., an elevator). It needs to be investigated how the robot's request can be designed acceptably and effectively regarding the robot type, modality, and politeness. In this interactive video-based online study (N = 390), a robot requested priority over an elevator either using a polite or an assertive conflict resolution strategy presented via speech or on the robot's display. The robot was either humanlike, zoomorphic, or mechanoid. The mechanoid robot achieved more compliance than the humanoid robot if it used a verbal command. When the humanoid robot displayed the command instead of using its voice, more participants granted the robot priority. This might indicate that politeness norms are triggered more by a humanoid design and that if a robot makes a command, the modality should match the robot type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a plea for learning and practicing assertive behavior in all areas of social life. First of all, it aims to clarify the notion of assertiveness and to delimit the assertive behavior from the aggressive and passive one. One argues for the need to use assertive behavior on a large scale, highlighting the benefits it brings to the individual and society. Practicing assertiveness helps individuals to understand themselves more easily, to understand others better, to resolve conflicts more quickly, and to eliminate the negative stress that comes with it. Being a form of communication, which is direct, open, respectful and honest, assertiveness inhibits defense mechanisms and distortions, being an effective way to communicate and resolve interindividual and social differences. The paper starts from the hypothesis that in the former communist societies the social-civic dialogue is still precarious and insufficient and therefore, the need to learn and practice assertiveness becomes more pressing. Democratic 'construction' can only be achieved with socially-politically competent citizens (elites and masses alike), as assertiveness occupies a central place among socio-political competences. This paper also makes a concise portrait of the assertive person. Finally, the main ways to achieve an assertive management and its effects on organizational efficiency are explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Social Media to Promote Space Law Education and Dispute Settlement: Developing Stellar Decisis, the Animated Space Law Moot Court Educational Series In this paper, Christopher Hearsey, Nathan Johnson, and Nivedita Raju explore the future of dispute settlement arising from space activities and space law education through storytelling using a multi-episode educational series called Stellar Decisis. Launched on July 20, 2021, on SCF's YouTube channel, Stellar Decisis is an animated space law moot court educational series produced by the Space Court Foundation (SCF). Our paper discusses the production and lessons learned from the development of Stellar Decisis and explores space and international law themes through the lens of future dispute settlement using a fictitious court that operates in space. Finally, we outline and announce the administration of a survey for space professionals, scholars, and practitioners relating to participants' expectations of dispute settlement mechanisms needed to address issues arising from current and future space activities and its importance for space law education and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teamwork has been identified as one of the essential professional skills for the 21st century. Business, industries, and corporates require their employees to work in teams on various projects. Therefore, it is crucial to introduce and train undergraduate students on teamwork skills. Working in teams is not easy as one needs to collaborate with people from diverse backgrounds, skillsets, and opinions. The disagreement among the team members may lead to conflict and chaos that jeopardizes the team's harmony. Therefore, just creating teams and assigning a group project is insufficient to help undergraduate students develop teamwork skills. Instructors need to help students become cognizant of their teamwork skills, such as conflict resolution, scrum values, and cultural self-awareness. In this research paper, we intend to understand the perception of students enrolled in a sophomore-level system's course regarding conflict resolution skills, scrum values, and cultural self-awareness. We also want to understand how the perception of these values is related to one another. In the light of this study, we want to answer the following research questions (1) How do students' reported conflict management skills relate to their reported scrum values? (2) How do students' cultural self-awareness relate to their conflict management skills? (3) How do students' cultural self-awareness relate to their reported scrum values?. A course on system analysis and design followed a project-based cooperative learning approach. The students were required to work in teams and complete the course deliverables, including the final course project. The team projects followed a scrum approach that helped students identify the project requirements, perform modeling and develop a prototype. Since students worked on scrumdriven projects in a cooperative learning environment, the students were required to participate in a survey study that allowed the instructional team to develop an understanding of the students' perception of conflict management, scrum values, and cultural self-awareness. The responses of the students were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results suggest that students were competent in managing conflict, adhering to scrum values, and demonstrating a high-level cultural self-awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peer-mediation in a school environment, when carried out correctly, can benefit not only the parties of the conflict, but also their environment, including the school, the team, the family and the mediator. A serious same has been designed and a prototype developed for the training of minors and young adults as mediators. The core of the game is a simulation of mediation dialogues in which the trainee mediator is presented with choices of action along a conflict story. These choices affect the development of three variables that are instrumental to the mediation outcome: they are the trust of each party to the mediator, their feeling of anger about the conflict, and the validity of the information that the mediator gathers about the conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowledge management in enterprises may be considered on many levels. The most common ones are knowledge creation (innovation), knowledge sharing, knowledge distribution and knowledge protection. However, there is one area of management where the importance of knowledge management is underestimated, namely, that of organizational conflict. The aim of this paper is to show how knowledge management can affect the efficiency of reaching an agreement, while resolving an organizational conflict and to what extent inappropriate knowledge distribution in an organization can play a conflict-generating role. The research conducted is of a qualitative nature. Case studies of mediations conducted within the framework of Collective Disputes Resolution in Poland will be presented in the paper. The subject of the analysis will be production and service companies, as well as organizations from the public sector. The author will prove the proposition that democratic access to information in an organization has a positive impact on the effectiveness of resolving organizational conflicts. Even if conflict resolution is not possible at a given moment, the democratic distribution of knowledge enables the effective management of the process of an organizational conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a discussion on the management practices and management conflicts identified in familyowned businesses, active in the Romanian book publishing industry for about two decades – in order to be old enough to reach their lifecycle’s growth or maturity stage (hence the management practices to be identified). As the selected companies are of similar age and size, facing the situation of transferring the company management to their successors, the authors’ focus is, specifically, on the management conflicts that have emerged during this succession process (hence the management conflicts which possibly emerge during this process). The research methodology includes both secondary research (literature survey) and primary research (interviews with executives of the selected companies). A set of 17 companies from the target group answered and accepted to be interviewed. The merit of this study is the specific investigation of a set of companies of similar age and size, active in a single industry from Romania, facing similar issue of succession – revealing their management practices as well as possible correlation between management level and intensity of management conflict. The implications are of interest for theorists – as academics and researchers – as well as for practitioners – as founding entrepreneurs facing current or potential situation of transferring the management of the business to their heirs. The lessons learnt from the cases analysed are actually useful for all managerial levels, and applicable not only in the book publishing industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forking structure is widespread in the open-source repositories and that causes a significant number of merge conflicts. In this paper, we study the problem of textual merge conflicts from the perspective of Microsoft Edge, a large, highly collaborative fork of the main Chromium branch with significant merge conflicts. Broadly, this study is divided into two sections. First, we empirically evaluate textual merge conflicts in Microsoft Edge and classify them based on the type of files, location of conflicts in a file, and the size of conflicts. We found that ~28% of the merge conflicts are 1-2 line changes, and many resolutions have frequent patterns. Second, driven by these findings, we explore Program Synthesis (for the first time) to learn patterns and resolve structural merge conflicts. We propose a novel domain-specific language (DSL) that captures many of the repetitive merge conflict resolution patterns and learn resolution strategies as programs in this DSL from example resolutions. We found that the learned strategies can resolve 11.4% of the conflicts (~41% of 1-2 line changes) that arise in the C++ files with 93.2% accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a methodology for diagnosing and preventing conflicts in a company. Currently, there are no such methods in Russian management science, although they are extremely in demand in practice. The methodology developed by us is universal, intended for organizations regardless of the ownership form and management sphere, and can be successfully applied in the railway industry. The methodology is based on the negative factors' analysis identified in the diagnosing process associated with high workload and staff' work quality, low wages, high turnover and a large number of customer complaints. The conflict probability is calculated further and an interpretation is presented according to the scale developed by the authors. The methodology was tested by us in several companies in the Ural Federal District. Its simplicity and results reliability were noted. The proposed methodology will enable Russian railways to improve operational efficiency and passenger satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solid waste generation is a pressing issue in the global context because of the environmental pollution, limited choices to dispose solid waste properly and the lack of contribution from the stake holders. In the Sri Lankan context, landfills are still considered the most feasible method of managing solid waste. Most of the newly proposed waste management site construction projects face public oppression which makes it difficult to effectively execute the construction of those projects and implement them. Therefore, the need of a well research stakeholder conflict resolution procedure is often observed. Three Stakeholder Management Models have been short listed and discussed in this paper as a part of selecting a Model to conflict resolution. A systematic literature review is conducted using indexed journal and conference papers to identify stakeholders of Solid Waste Management Projects. The government, local authorities, neighboring community, public, environmental activists and media has been identified as key stakeholders. In government funded public projects a significant power resides in the government as the client. Power Versus Interest Grid is selected as the most suitable Stakeholder Management Model because it addresses the conflict of power in deciding location and facility route, validity of compensation system and procedure and necessity of Solid Waste Management projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As autonomous service robots will become increasingly ubiquitous in our daily lives, human-robot conflicts will become more likely when humans and robots share the same spaces and resources. This thesis investigates the conflict resolution of robots and humans in everyday conflicts in the domestic and public context. Hereby, the acceptability, trustworthiness, and effectiveness of verbal and non-verbal strategies for the robot to solve the conflict in its favor are evaluated. Based on the assumption of the Media Equation and CASA paradigm that people interact with computers as social actors, robot conflict resolution strategies from social psychology and human-machine interaction were derived. The effectiveness, acceptability, and trustworthiness of those strategies were evaluated in online, virtual reality, and laboratory experiments. Future work includes determining the psychological processes of human-robot conflict resolution in further experimental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's society, given the countless litigations involving minors and arduous litigation that is difficult to manage for the parties involved, all heavily burdening the work of the courts, at European level and not only specialists insist on alternative, non-contentious conflict resolution procedures. One of these effectively proven procedures is mediation. Given the very high mobility of citizens, both nationally and crossborder, the number of cases involving minors is steadily rising, thus cross-border mediation is giving proof of its increasingly effective role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litigation, for a variety of reasons, has proven to be an imperfect platform to resolve conflicts arising on university campuses. Aside from the anxiety, wasted cost, and time associated with litigation, both students and university administrators run the risk of damaged relationships and very embarrassing publicity when they resort to litigating their conflicts. Litigation by its nature is adversarial and results in win/lose outcomes. Given these realities, universities have turned to mediation as an alternative conflict resolution tool: a tool which affords both parties the ability to resolve their conflict in an environment where confidentiality may be preserved and relationships salvaged. Mediation affords disputants the opportunity to voluntarily formulate win/win outcomes addressing their respective needs. However, mediation is not suited for all disputes arising on campus. For instance, in cases involving criminal assault, searching for a mutual agreement between the victim and the perpetrator is not feasible. Similarly, where a university expels a student for cheating or plagiarism, the university may have an institutional interest in proceeding to court so that it may vindicate its position and establish precedent for future disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical physics is an applied field of medicine. This paper will describe the experiences of the author (Rock Mackie) in applying physical and engineering principles for radiation oncology and radiology. As a graduate student Mackie was immersed in a culture of fast clinical application free of most regulation and with most intellectual property left in the public domain. With added regulation came the requirement to work with or start companies in order to formalize and document testing. The transition also required protecting the intellectual property (IP) because corporations must have IP rights to justify the required investments necessary to bring the product into clinical use. The paper will document two of Mackie's experiences as an academic entrepreneur and give tips for forming a business team, finding investment, managing conflicts and commitment that will almost always arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conflict is in a dispute between two or more people with different perceptions on the same subject. In this situation, it is important to know when the conflict situation arises and to affect a qualified person to play the role of rescuer. In a distance learning system or in a project-based learning situation, learners can fall into this situation when they interact with each other. The conflict appears and it may influence the relationship between learners as well as their cognitive levels. When a conflict arises there are two situations, either to continue with the conflict or to resolve it. Among the solution that exists to resolve a conflict, resolution with mediation. The objective of this work is to propose a new approach for recommending a rescuer based on a few criteria. These later are extracted from the profiles of learners who are in conflict. This recommendation may involve relationships between learners, to detect whether this recommendation is related to the needs of the learners. To do this, we propose to integrate a textual emotion detection system for online learners. This system is called VADER (for Valence Aware Dictionary for sentiment Reasoning) is an open-source application for sentiment analysis, it consists of 7,517 entries in the English language, including abbreviations and slang words. It is developed by Hutto and his colleagues in 2014. It has been used in many systems and it has many benefits. Indeed, emotions are recognized as indicators for expressing our needs. In other words, when a person feels a positive emotion, it defines that his need is satisfied. Whereas, when the person feels a negative emotion, it defines that his need is not satisfied. These emotions can influence the relationships between learners. Improving learners' relationships has important, positive and long-lasting implications for both learners' cognitive and social development. However, those learners who have close, positive and supportive relationships with each other will attain higher levels of achievement than those learners with more conflict in their relationships. To validate our approach, we propose to implement a human learning system by the integration of a tool for automatic analysis of feelings between learners. These will be used as a criterion for conflict resolution. Our system facilitates the process of detecting relationships between learners from textual interactions. This proposition is new and it can even be applied in several systems. Ultimately, the integration of emotion in Project-based learning system will greatly improve and enhance the learning process as well as discovering a new strategy to some problems due mainly to learners' isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between conflict management styles and knowledge management cycle categories. The question it is relevant because it is important to verify if the way organizations and groups manage knowledge is related with the way they manage conflict and relations. The research is based in theories on conflict management (Deutsch (1980), and knowledge management (Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995). The relation is measured by a quantitative study, using confirmatory factorial analysis, on two already tested scales. We conclude that KM cycle is indeed related with conflict management and in particular, more integrative ones ways of managing conflict are related with a higher level of knowledge management related activities. This finding reinforces the notion that KM is based on dialogue, as put forward by Nonaka’s Ba (Nonaka and Konno, 1998). The study is limited because the sample was composed by a small number of individuals; confirmation of the results is needed using a larger sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the research problem of modern approaches to forming and development of the teacher's professional culture in the conditions of informatization and digitalization of the educational environment is caused by the necessity of continuing education and raising its quality. In this connection, the present paper is directed to the study of the potential of modern ICT as a resource of the teachers' professional development in the process of their continuing education. The leading method in this problem study is the method of generalization of domestic and foreign researches results in the field of continuing education, and analysis of the up-to-date experience, modern pedagogical practices of using innovative technologies making it possible to disclose successfulness of forming the teacher's informational and communicative culture. Research data and results of questioning 525 pedagogues are expounded supporting the necessity of forming new possible instruments of developing pedagogical culture. The paper deals with some peculiarities of modern approaches to forming and developing the teacher's professional culture within the frames of supplementary professional education as a component of continuing education. Included are the results of empirical research of an influence of the use by teachers of educational organizations modern informational and communicative technologies aimed at positive interaction in a collective body. Practical significance of the research results, presented in the paper is in the proof of effectiveness of implementing variable module programs aimed at teaching pedagogues the mediation technology and the technology of joint digital model-building electronic aids. As a result of the research, it has been asserted that integration of the informative-communicative component while developing professional culture and orienting educational process to expanding knowledge alongside informational, sociopsychological and upbringing aspects in the teacher's activity, it is possible to ascertain successfulness of raising the quality of education, a positive motivation for using the competencies acquired and broadening the potentialities of the educational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Merge conflicts are inevitable in collaborative software development and are disruptive. When they occur, developers have to stop their current work, understand the conflict and the surrounding code, and plan an appropriate resolution. However, not all conflicts are equally problematic--some can be easily fixed, while others might be complicated enough to need multiple people. Currently, there is not much support to help developers plan their conflict resolution. In this work, we aim to predict the difficulty of a merge conflict so as to help developers plan their conflict resolution. The ability to predict the difficulty of a merge conflict and to identify the underlying factors for its difficulty can help tool builders improve their conflict detection tools to prioritize and warn developers of difficult conflicts. In this work, we investigate the characteristics of difficult merge conflicts, and automatically classify them. We analyzed 6,380 conflicts across 128 java projects and found that merge conflict difficulty can be accurately predicted (AUC of 0.76) through machine learning algorithms, such as bagging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research objective was to identify conflict resolution methods in South Africa's lifecycle of construction projects. The information was gathered through a questionnaire distributed to South African-based construction professionals. Ninety-one (91) questionnaires were obtained from one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires sent out, with a response rate of 76 percent. Research findings were analyzed in the form of the Kruskal-Wallis test using a descriptive and non-parametric test. The findings showed little relevance. This study's results draw a conclusion to cooperation and compromise as prevalent approaches to conflict management in construction projects. The research recommends adopting collaboration and compromising as a conflict resolving approaches [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research objective was to identify conflict resolution methods in South Africa's lifecycle of construction projects. The information was gathered through a questionnaire distributed to South African-based construction professionals. Ninety-one (91) questionnaires were obtained from one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires sent out, with a response rate of 76 percent. Research findings were analyzed in the form of the Kruskal-Wallis test using a descriptive and non-parametric test. The findings showed little relevance. This study's results draw a conclusion to cooperation and compromise as prevalent approaches to conflict management in construction projects.The research recommends adopting collaboration and compromising as a conflict resolving approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competency Mapping in an exceedingly structure language could be a method of characteristic key competencies for a corporation or employment, including the incorporation of the skills in the entire assorted stages i.e. job analysis, training and recruitment in the company. Businesses applied for profit or not, face amendment like ne’er before. Competency is nothing but the ability to do something successfully or efficiently where the key factors and destination is kept in mind with the determinate motive. In competency there are many changes that are to be monitored. All the involved driving factors to enhance transformation include globalization to outside markets, boosting competition, indiscrimination from the consumers, technology availability and new inventions in the market. This research paper clearly explains the key competencies and the various aspects that lead to the Conflicts of Competency Mapping which finally results in searching for its Resolutions for solving problems that arises in an Organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina marks 25 years since the signing of the Dayton Peace Agreement. The arrangement that was set for the country in Dayton 1995 is referred to the consociational model, which in the policy and science of conflict management was launched by Arend Lijphart. The most important consociational pillars - the grand coalition government, decentralization, adequate representation of the three constituent nations (Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks) and the veto right, can be recognized in the Dayton political system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. As a political project of passive coexistence and agreement among ethnic elites, the consociational democracy proved to be a very important creator of socio-political processes in many post-conflict regions, regardless of the fact that even its most frenetic supporters confirm that this approach is not perfect. However, in his more recent works, the founding father of this model, Arend Lijphart, abandons the problem of divided societies, and redefines this model of consociational democracy in a way that makes it refer to any society in which there are pluralistic interests. In accordance with the change, he introduces the term - consensual democracy. The core of this consensual model still encompasses the above-mentioned consociational pillars (multiparty government, decentralization, and proportional representation - proportional electoral system) but, now, those are complemented with some new indicators such as interest groups corporatism, bicameralism, constitutional rigidity, developed judicial review, independent central bank and executive - legislative balance. The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the political system of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 25 years after Dayton, through the prism of these parameters, in a way that shows that, Bosnia and Herzegovina not only meets the classical consociational criteria, but also the parameters of the newly introduced Lijphart's concept for consensual democracy which can be noted to a large degree in its political order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]