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Currently, CRISPR/Cas systems are actively studied bacterial systems, due to the possibilitpossibility to apply them for targeted editing of eukaryotic genomes. CRISPR/Cas systems are belonged to adaptive immun immune system of bacteria and archaea acting against invading mobile genetic elements (MGEs: bacteriophages and integrative conjugative elements ). Curre Currently CRISPR/Cas systems were detected in genomes of 75% of known archaea and 36 % of bacteria strains . However, there are still quite less knowledge about CRISPR/Cas systems in genomes of nitrogen nitrogen-fixing nodule bacteria. Sinorhizobium meliloti are agricultu agriculturally valuable species of soil bacteria that form nitrogennitrogen-fixing symbiosis with alfalfa cross cross-inoculation group. Evaluation of adaptive immunimmune systems protecting root nodule bacteria against external foreign DNA is actual; since S. meliloti is actively in involved in horizontal gene transfer occurred in rhizosphere and soil microbiome where lysogenic phages and conjugative mobile elements are abund ant . The aim of this work was to search and study diversity of CRISPR/Cas in S. melilotimeliloti. CRISPR/Cas sequences we re identified by b ioinformatics analysis of full -genome sequenced of 22 S. meliloti strains posted in GenBank. The prediction of potential CRISPR/Cas sequences was done by using CRISPRCas++ CRISPRCas++, genomic islands (GIs) and prophages (Phs) were identified by appl applying Islander algorithm and PHASTER, respectively. For the first time we are reporting here about potential CRISPR sequences (hereinafter CRISPR sequences ) in S. meliloti genomes. The number of sequences of interest varied from 3 to 9 among tested strain strains. Besides that sequences encoding Cas3 a potential element of CRISPR/Cas system of Type I were identified on chromosome and megaplasmid SMb. Some sequences a mong identified CRISPR were unique unique, while others were common for all tested genetically distant stra strains. CRISPR spacer sequences identified in S. meliloti are most mostly similar to fragments of phages from Siphoviridae and Podoviridae familiesfamilies. Summarizing, CRISPR sequences in S. meliloti are located not only on chromosome, but on megaplasmids and on cryptic plasmids as well. These elements of adaptive immunity systems of S. meliloti aimed to protect bacteria cells from bacteriophages mainly from Siphoviridae and Podoviridae families widely ab abou nd ed in soil microbiomes. This work is supported by the RSF 20 20-16 -00105. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was detecting genetic variations for the Kurdish population in Kurdistan region-Iraq, using fifteen autosomal STR loci. Buccal swabs were collected and depositing on Nucleic Card (Copan, Italia Spa) from 302 healthy unrelated Iraqi Kurds in five provinces of Kurdistan region-Iraq. Fifteen autosomal STR loci are D8S1179, D21S11, D7S820, CSF1PO, D3S1358, TH01, D13S317, D16S539, D2S1338, D19S433, vWA, TPOX, D18S51, D5S818, FGA and Amelogenin included in the AmpFlSTR Identifiler® Direct PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). No significant departure from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) expectations were observed in 10 from 15 STR loci analyzed (a 5% significance level was taken). The exceptions were the CSF1PO, D3S1358, D13S317, D16S539 and D2S1338 loci. Statistical parameters of forensic efficiencies were estimated for the loci, based on allelic frequencies. The mean of observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and PIC values across the 15 loci were 0.762, 0.797 and 0.768 respectively, indicating high gene diversity. The combined probability of exclusion, power of discrimination, probability of matching value for all the 15 STR loci were 0.9999968; 0.9999999 and 4.966×10-17, respectively. These parameters indicated the importance of the loci for forensic genetic purposes and paternity testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The C. elegans genome is currently the best annotated eukaryotic genome. As a result, the identification of novel genes and their functional annotation is challenging. The recent discovery of the Orsay virus in C. elegans offers an attractive possibility. Effectively, in contrast to the exogenous RNAi pathway, the antiviral RNAi response is not systemic and cannot be passed between generations, as shown for plants and other eukaryotes. These results suggest that the two antiviral RNAi pathways between C. elegans and plants are different and the genes involved remain to be discovered. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis using BIOCONDUCTOR of RNAseq data deposited in GEO express at NCBI and found that the top 17 genes that are differentially expressed during infection based on p value are novel uncharacterized genes. Further attempts to annotate these genes suggest their involvement in a new RNAi or stressrelated response pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Characterization and identification of eukaryotic promoter is important for the gene prediction and genome annotation. In this paper, we study the structural characteristics of the core promoters in several eukaryotes through a series of DNA physicochemical properties and adopt a method that combines the alignment and average of multiple promoters and the nonlinear dimensionality reduction technique. The result shows that the eukaryotic core promoters have very special structural characteristics that are coherent between different species and independent of their sequence compositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]