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This research is based on assessing the flexural behaviour of three novel hybrid composites: carbon fibre reinforced chromium alloy composite, kevlar fibre reinforced chromium alloy composite, and glass fibre reinforced chromium alloy composite. In the control group, epoxy polymer chromium alloy composite was fabricated and then compared with Epoxy- Chromium alloy laminate. Composites utilised in this research includes a novel hybrid composite that comprises three experimental groups and one control group. There were 20 samples from each group and a total sample size of 80 taken according to ASTM standard of flexural testing on composites from each experimental group and control group. From this study flexural strength of hybrid composite groups are greater than that of Epoxy-laminate composite (EpCr). Flexural strength of carbon fibre composite (CfCr) is 47.8175 MPa, Kevlar fibre composite (KfCr) is 56.6560 MPa, glass fibre composite (GfCr) is 34.9830 MPa, and epoxy-Cr composite (EpCr) is 27.8054 MPa with a significance value of 0.001. In which carbon fibre reinforced with chromium alloy composite has the highest flexural strength. From various evaluations and statistical analysis within reach of this study, it was concluded that Flexural behaviour of Hybrid Chromium alloy composite was found to be higher than that of flexural behaviour of epoxy laminate composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyse the surface roughness of Glass/Luffa fiber composite with and without the addition of Shorea robusta filler. For this comparison investigation, 20 samples from each group were used. Epoxy composite with glass/luffa reinforcement in Group 1. Group 2's glass/luffa reinforced epoxy composite with shorea robusta filler. There will be a total of 40 samples, with 20 samples in each group. The intended effect size, alpha level, and power were taken into account while calculating the right sample size for statistical significance using the G-power software. To guarantee acceptable statistical power, a power level of 0.8, alpha of 0.05, and beta of 0.2 will be used. The mean surface roughness of the Group 1 composite was found to be9.1380 µm, while Group 2 showed a significantly less surface roughness of 7.954 µm. A statistical examination indicated a p-value of 0.001, which is below the predetermined significance 0.05(p<0.05). This implies that there is a statistically significant disparity in surface roughness between the two groups. The findings provide Glass/Luffa epoxy composites with 20 % filler reinforcement showed less surface roughness than composite without the addition of filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrical properties of metallic glass are closely related to their unique amorphous structure. Fully understanding of electrical properties of metallic glass and their composites requires investigation of resistivity, thermo power and their structure. In this paper we have obtained partial structure factors of four glasses of Cu-Zr system. We have also computed electrical resistivity at 300K for each glass using Faber-Ziman formalism. The variation of resistivity due to change in concentration in series of Cu-Zr system have also been studied. A theoretical study was performed using pseudopotential method which has been capable of explaining in past various properties like electrical, superconductivity, transport etc. for metallic glass. Four metallic glasses, Cu25Zr75, Cu30Zr70, Cu40Zr60, Cu50Zr50, were chosen for study. Calculated Resistivity has been found to be in good agreement with the experimental values provided in the literature. The graphs of partial structure factors of all the glasses have been obtained and discussed. Partial structure factors of these glasses are unavailable in the literature for comparison but since these partial structure factors are able to produce correct resistivity value of corresponding glass so we consider these partial structure factors may form basis of calculation of other properties of these glasses. The composition dependent linear equation for low concentration of Cu has also been provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expanding demand for sustainable, environmentally safe, weightless, and robust materials and aviation sector designs inspired this study. Evaluation of damage-related capabilities and rates of failure of hybrid composite laminates during impact tests at low velocity is presented in this work as reinforcements for the composite laminates, a hybrid composite comprised of woven glass and basalt fabric that has been impregnated with graphene and seashell nanofillers. The design and composites manufacturing, testing of low-velocity events, nondestructive ultrasonic techniques for assessing damaged composite laminates, and a scanning electron microscope analysis of damage morphology are explained in detail and susceptible to impact during normal maintenance tasks and during operation. The present paper describes experiments performed to determine the way hybrid composites (glass with sustainable seashell filler, and glass/basalt with graphene nanoparticle) respond to low-energy drop weight impact. Hand layup, infusion, and compression molding techniques are utilized to prepare composite. To measure the spread of degradation to the composite at 3 m/s impact velocities, several impact levels of energy between 5J and 48J are involved. At maximum impact force, damage from impact glass/basalt infused with 2wt% graphene of 2mm thickness is 46% higher than that for Glass fiber with seashell filler. With the infusion method and 2.5mm thickness of glass hybrid composite with seashell, filler showed the best weight to impact resistance compared to other samples investigated in this work as well as in our previous works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to characterize the tensile properties and interfacial adhesion of chopped glass fiber semipreg reinforced polymer composites. Tensile testing was used to investigate the resistance to tension of composites. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was also used to determine the thermal behavior of composites. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis were conducted to determine the microstructure and morphology of the composite polymers. The tensile testing results indicated that the tensile strength and Young's modulus were respectively improved by 23.45% and 53.77% for the CR-6/PA6 but decreased by 36.49% and 11.39% for CR-6/PA6GF30. DSC results revealed that crystallinity of PA6GF30 and PA6 surface of composites specimen was lower than those of PA6GF30 and PA6 specimens. SEM micrographs of CR-6/PA6 and CR-6/PA6GF30 fractured surfaces depicted good adhesion at the interface between CR-6 and injected PA6 or PA6GF30. XRD results showed that PA6 and PA6GF30 have different crystalline forms. The crystallizability of CR-6/PA6 and CR-6/PA6GF30 was promoted by the presence of CR-6. Introduction of glass fiber was shown to be helpful for formation of a more stable α-phase of PA6 and PA6GF30. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental research deals with the improvement of the Impact strength of hybrid Aluminum sheets and reinforced synthetic fiber compared with the Aluminum epoxy (EpAl) composite. The Aluminum sheet used in this research was (Al6061). Carbon fiber reinforced aluminum sheet (CfAl), kevlar fiber reinforced aluminum sheet (KfAl), and glass fiber reinforced aluminum sheet (GfAl) are the experimental groups and Aluminum reinforced epoxy (EpAl) is the comparative group. The impact test was performed on the fabricated specimens as per ASTM standard, 20 samples per group were accomplished based on the G power calculator with 80% with an alpha value of 0.05. As per the research, novel carbon composites have a mean impact strength of 275.390, Kevlar-reinforced composites have a mean impact strength of 248.080, glass fiber reinforced composites have a mean impact strength of 133.305, and the no filler epoxy composite has the mean impact strength of 107.490 respectively. The novel carbon composite (CfAl) has the highest impact strength among these carbon, kevlar, and glass fibers. Within the limits of this study, the addition of different types of fiber plays an important role in increasing the impact strength of the composite. The impact strength of the novel carbon composite is greater than that of Kevlar, glass fiber composites, and the composite without filler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of externally reinforcing damaged reinforced concrete members to restore their strength is well known today. Depending on the severity of the damage, the component is externally modified using methods such as cross-sectional enlargement, external panel bonding, external prestressing, casting, and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. This article describes his FRP composite technique using adhesive to apply his FRP composites in fabric/tape form to defective structural members like cracks. Apart from retrofitting, this process can also be used to add strength or increase the load-bearing capacity of an element without increasing the section size. Fabrics made from carbon, glass, and basalt fibers are used for external reinforcement. Each gives different results depending on their properties, the size and type of load-carrying capacity, the type and shape of the textile fabric used, and the different winding methods. To this end, in this study, a four-point load system was tested based on load-bearing reinforced concrete beams wrapped with glass fiber composite fabrics of various patterns. The focus of the article is on basalt fiber fabric and whether it is a better choice as a retrofitting material than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to further develop the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of the composite laminates used for manufacturing prosthesis sockets. Various types of hybridisations were thus adopted to manufacture hybrid composite laminates using the vacuum infusion method, and tensile strength tests were then used to investigate the load-bearing ability, while response to impact loading was assessed via impact strength tests. Using various levels of hybridisation, such as the inclusion of glass and carbon fabrics and glass and Kevlar fabrics with fillers, were found to enhance the tensile strength and young's modulus of hybrid composite laminates. In particular, the modulus of elasticity of hybrid composite laminates such as glass and carbon fabrics with fillers and glass and Kevlar with fillers showed improvement in the modulus of elasticity, with increases of around 32% and 17%, respectively, as compared to the same samples without fillers. Further, inclusion of thermoplastic particles in a matrix with various type of fabrics such as glass and Kevlar was found to increase the impact strength and fracture toughness of laminates: glass and carbon fabrics with fillers and glass and Kevlar with fillers showed improvements in fracture toughness of around 13% and 27%, respectively, as compared to the same samples without fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, an experimental investigation is conducted to examine the electrical conductivity of glass epoxy composites containing graphene and carbon nanofillers. The hand lay-up technique was used to fabricate the GN–glass, MWCN–glass, and GN–MWCN–glass hybrid epoxy composites. The nanofiller weight fraction at 1.5 and 3 wt. % was analysed. The electrical conductivity test was carried out using two-probe methods to evaluate the GN and MWCN nanofiller's contribution to forming conductive networks within the epoxy matrix and glass fibre. The result indicates a higher electrical conductivity value of GN–MWCN–glass hybrid epoxy composites due to hybrid nanofillers incorporation. Field emission scanning electron microscope analyses the nanofiller's dispersion and random distribution in the composites. The good conductivity was related to the better bond formation of the nanofillers with the epoxy matrix. The electrical conductivity results obtained from this study will serve as a basis for investigating the correlation between electrical resistance and strain characteristics in the self-sensing monitoring composite for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objectives of this study are to combine AA5128 and Carbon Nanotubes to form a hybrid composite and evaluate its properties. Experiments were conducted to characterize the mechanical characteristics of different hybridized composites, including tensile and hardness test using specimens produced by stir casting process in compliance with ASTM Standards. Characterization of the composite specimens demonstrates that the composite materials' mechanical properties increase as reinforcements are incorporated into the aluminum matrix, highlighting the need for the development of such composites for high-end applications requiring tailored properties and better performance capabilities. The use of 1% E-glass, CNT (1.5%) and E-Glass CNT (5%). When reinforced with AA5128 Hybrid metal matrix composite, tensile strength rise by 146.7 and 257.08 %, respectively, at a reinforcement content of 1.5 %. The higher tensile strength can be attributed to an increase in the bonding area between the matrix and the reinforcement at the interface. The ultimate tensile strength of A8 hybrid composites is 179.457 MPa. The reinforcements (E-Glass and CNT) and metal matrix (AA5128) have different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) and elastic moduli (EM), but by forming geometrically necessary dislocations during material cooling and straining, this mismatch is accommodated and the mechanical properties are improved. Tensile loads may be transferred uniformly throughout an E-glass and CNT matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorinated rubber (CR) has been widely used in coating industry due to its good chemical, mechanical, fungicidal and adhesive properties. In this study, the effect of adding CR on the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite was investigated. The GFRP composite was prepared by the hand lay-up method. CRB10 and S20 types, were incorporated into GFRP via two methods, direct mixing and coating. First, 1 per hundred resins (phr) of CR was added into unsaturated polyester (UP) resin and used as a matrix GFRP composite (GFRP/CR). Second, 1 phr of CR was added into the UP resin and used as coating (GFRP/CRc). The results show that direct mixing samples have better tensile and flexural properties than the counterpart. Effect of CR, mixing and seawater immersion after 30 and 90 days were analyzed. It also showed that CR B10 resulted in better tensile (11%) and flexural strength (12%) than that of S20. Effect of seawater immersion for 90 days increased tensile strength ∼18%, but decreased flexural strength ∼21%. The addition of CR increased the water absorption for both GFRP/CR and GFRP/CRc. The results showed that coating method was effective to inhibit seawater absorption after 30 days, but less effective after 90 days than that of direct mixing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal Matrix Composite is in demand because to its greater specific strength and stiffness than monolithic metal. Reinforcement greatly improves wear, thermal, and electrical characteristics. Metal Matrix Composite mechanical qualities rely principally on production technique, material selection, reinforcement size, and weight ratio. Stir casting aluminium-based metal matrix composites is popular. Cost is an industrial impediment to employing MMC as a main stream material. Reinforcement and production process raise cost. Borosilicate glass powder reinforcement has been studied less than ceramic reinforcements like silicon carbide, boron carbide, and Alumina oxide. The present work attempts to confirm the compatibility of Borosilicate glass powder as reinforcement in AA6063 aluminium alloy. The experiment has been conducted to determine the effect of reinforcement size, reinforcement weight ratio, and stirring speed on MMC mechanical properties and to find its optimised value within the experimental domain. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array reduces experimental runs in experiment design. Borosilicate glass powder reinforcement in AA6063 aluminium alloy increases the MMC's hardness, and Grey-based Taguchi's optimisation is applied to identify the ideal parametric combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sodium and potassium borate glass composites incorporated with different concentrations of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been synthesized by melt-quenching technique. The structural and optical properties have been investigated by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. XRD revealed the amorphous nature of as-synthesized composites. The UV-visible spectroscopic study showed the advantage of incorporating CNPs in sodium and potassium borate glasses. The energy band gaps were seen to decrease with the increasing concentration of CNPs. Raman study showed the increased formation of non-bridging oxygens in the host glass with the inclusion of CNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the investigation is to envisage the thermal insulation of caryota palm fibre reinforced composite. Caryota palm fibre reinforced composite was prepared using hand lay-up method. Guarded thermal conductivity meter was used to measure the thermal conductivity (k) of the composite. The test results reveal that, the insulation capability of the composite was improved with the content of fiber. Nevertheless, the conductivity of composites increases with respect to temperature. Temperature distribution and heat transfer through the composite materials was computed using ANSYS fluent solver. The rate of heat transfer of caryota composite is 14% lesser than glass fiber composite. Petroleum based materials can be replaced with the caryota palm composite material for insulation applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of heat treatment in the post-curing time and mechanical properties of both Glass Fibre/Lycal and Glass Fibre/Vinyl Ester composites have been systematically studied. This study is conducted to find an excellent composite material for float components. The composite material's performance depends on the bonding between resin and fibre. The excellent bonding will occur upon the complete polymerization reaction of the resin, which represents the excellent polymer chain cross-link. These conditions are commonly called curing conditions. We did three different post-curing treatments for two different composites; they were conditioned at room temperature (approximately 25°C), 80°C, and 100°C, for 24 hrs, 4 hrs, and 4 hrs time respectively. The tensile properties have already been tested for both composites that refer to ASTM D3039. The value of Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) for both composites increased with the isothermal temperature from 25°C to 80°C, which is about 5.6% for Glass Fibre/Lycal composite, and the modulus of elasticity is increasing 21.12%. On the other side, the tensile test of Glass Fibre/Vinyl Ester composite increased significantly by 27.82%, but the modulus of elasticity decreased by 26.59% in 80°C heat treatment. Furthermore, compared with the 25°C post-curing treatment, the UTS value of Glass Fibre/lycal and Glass Fibre/Vinyl Ester composite with heat treatment at 100°C decreased to 5.2% and 15.26%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript covenant by means of the random natural rate of recurrence analysis of hybrid composite plate by employing the finite element (FE) based numerical approach. Shape memory alloy (Nitinol) in the form of rods will be inserted in glass epoxy composite plates to obtain the hybrid composites. An algorithm is resultant for vagueness quantification of accepted frequencies of the hybrid composite owing to uncertain disparity in the substance properties. This deterministic finite element code is verified with the preceding copy. The effects of degree of randomness and specific volume on the first three natural frequencies will be determined. Monte Carlo simulation will be coupled with finite element code to conduct the random analysis. The outcome demonstrates the key in parameters painstaking in the current learning have momentous possessions on the randomness of initial three accepted frequencies of plank hybrid composite plates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite materials are one type of materials, which reinforced by particles, fabrics or plates of another type. They consist of fibers and materials that keep these fibers known as a matrix that improves the stiffness of the composites, these fibers are widely used to strengthen polymeric. In this paper, the mechanical properties of Kevlar/glass fiber hybrid composite laminate with nanoparticles will be studied. Composite laminates with an epoxy matrix reinforced with twill Kevlar weaved fiber and plain glass was woven fiber. Three different types of composite laminates were manufactured, polymer composite with nanoparticles (AL2O3), polymer composite with glass fiber, and polymer composite with glass fiber and Kevlar. The effect of Kevlar/glass fiber content on the mechanical properties are studied such as hardness, tensile, and impact. The results indicated that hybridization of Kevlar fiber to glass fiber with nanoparticles improved the hardness values, impact energy absorbed, and tensile strength of fibers that were spun with Kevlar fibers and of composite laminates with nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section examines how lengthy fiber-reinforced composite structures samples are mechanically characterised to assist optimise the constructions they have created. Firstly, it is possible that basic difficulties are encountered with composite structures strengthened in terms of long fibres (carbon or glass) and, in general, composites with parameter specifications that would optimise theoretical strength in terms of mechanical properties. Furthermore, the potential and methods of carbon and glass fibre composite measurements are addressed. Then we provide analytic models to describe the transversal isotropic composite in which the mathematical linkages allow unknown elastic constants to be calculated and are important also for numerical models to be verified. The issues involved in creating a number model for advanced composite fibrous structure to determine the mechanical characteristics are further described, either by describing the continuum or a complex numerical model that has a structural configuration to enable closer interaction between fibres and matrices. Numerical simulations show a comparable stress pattern in strain compared to the averages derived from experimental samples with results from simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental research deals with improving flexural strength of hybrid titanium sheet Ti6A14V and reinforced novel synthetic fibre titanium epoxy composites. Materials and Methods: Titanium sheet used in this research was Ti6A14V. experimental groups in this study are novel synthetic fibres namely kevlar, carbon, and glass fibre, and natural fibres (jute, pineapple, kenaf) epoxy composite as a control group. By using ASTM input parameters in a strength test machine, 20 samples per group were carried out. Result: While comparing reinforced synthetic composite with titanium epoxy composite flexural strength is higher than the control group. The flexural strength of kevlarfibre composite was 63.0605 MPa, carbon fibre composite was 14.8570 MPa, glass fibre composite was 22.8485 MPa and flexural strength of control group epoxy titanium composite was 12.3020 MPa. all four composites have a significance value of 0.000. Within the limit of this work, reinforced composite proves higher flexural strength than titanium epoxy composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this research work is to identify the orientation on the tensile and the fiber loading effect and the impact strength of the composite materials. Glass fibers have found a lot applications in the marine engineering sectors, industrial, automobile and others primarily due to the light weight properties of glass fiber and inexpensive. One main approach that fulfils the aim is the use of reinforcing glass fibers as fillers into typically resin polymers, dental materials, in order to obtain glass fiber of reinforced composite. Glass fiber composites are also developing for orthopedic posts as ideal fillers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of additive Ni in the fabrication of CU-Al-Ti composite phase Matrix reinforced with thick metallic plastic, glass are studied. It was a success to create a microstructure made of solid solution particles enriched per millimeter Ni dispersed in the BMG Matrix. In a copper mould, a casting alloy (CU4Al3Ag4)95Ni5 was used. It should be seen that particles of NI-rich solid solution are generated during solidification for the first time the Fusion is liquid, while the rest of the Fusion solidifies in the amorphous phase at a lower temperature. The compression force of monolithic (CU4Al3Ag4)95Ni5 BMG matrix is 2080 MPA and the fracture deformation is 4.2 percent, but the matrix compound (CU4Al3Ag4)95Ni5 has a substantially superior plastic deformation up to the fracture of 16.2 percent. The presence of Ni-rich particles with high flexibility can explain the considerable improvement in the plasticity of the composite material (CU4Al3Ag4)95Ni5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective way to increase the resistance of reinforced concrete structures to the action of aggressive environments is the use of polymer composite reinforcement, in particular, glass composite reinforcement. In the scientific and technical literature, there are practically no data on the effect of the diameter and topography of the lateral surface of the glass composite reinforcement on its operational properties. The purpose of the work is to establish the influence of the diameter and topography of the lateral surface on the strength of the glass composite reinforcement. As an object of research, composite reinforcement with a diameter of 6-24 mm, manufactured by Ruscompozit (Russia), was used. The strength characteristics were determined in accordance with current standards on modern testing equipment. It is shown that with an increase in the diameter of the glass composite reinforcement, the density increases and the physical and mechanical characteristics of the reinforcement decrease. At the same time, composite reinforcement with sand coating has a higher strength compared to the glass composite reinforcement with a spiral winding. It has been established that with an increase in the ambient temperature from -60 °C to +60 °C, the strength of the glass composite reinforcement decreases. It was revealed that the chemical resistance of the glass composite reinforcement depends on the chemical nature of the aggressive environment and, to a lesser extent, on its diameter. Data on the resistance of glass composite reinforcement with sand coating and with spiral winding in an alkaline environment are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Void is one type of defect emerging in composite material due to the missing of some elements during the fabrication process. The presence of voids can affect the mechanical properties and increase the potential damage of the composite. Voids possess micrometer size and various shapes, which requires a micrometer resolution technique for identification. This study aims to identify, classify, and count the number of voids in resin-covered fiberglass composite digital images, as well as to correlate the voids with the composite tensile strength. For that purpose, we applied the template matching method in digital image processing combining with the normalized cross-correlation (NCC) method to analyze the digital images of the composites prepared by dry-, wet-, and rolled-lay-up methods. We observed various shapes and sizes of voids present in the composite surface and correlated them with the composite tensile strength. Even t hough the samples are prepared with the same fabrication processes, the number of voids on each sample are varied. However, only voids with a diameter size larger than 70µm were found to influence the tensile strength strongly. The composite tensile strength tends to decrease with the increase of large voids numbers, whereas no consistent relation is observed between the number of small voids and tensile strength. We also found that RGB image templates are more accurate for localized void identification with a strong contrast with its surrounding. This study reveals the potential of digital image processing methods for identifying and characterizing various void geometries in composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, polymer composite materials have captured the interest of the current generation, taking the place of rigid composites and metals. Generally, both industrial applications and researchers prefer thermoplastic polymer matrices to thermosets due to their shorter manufacturing time, lower processing costs, and availability. As the need for composite materials grows, materials such as Glass Fiber Reinforced (GFR) are increasingly used in thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) matrices as reinforcement in order to produce composites. Reinforced Glass Fiber Composites improvement and identification of the mechanical characteristics of polypropylene composites. Reinforced Polymer Glass Fiber Composites are manufactured using the hot press hydraulic compression moulding process in the current work. The overall strength of the thermoplastic polymer matrix with Glass Fiber (GFR/PP) is comparable to that of steel or aluminum, and it is even with plastics, ceramics, or polymers alone it is impossible to attain characteristics. Polymers are classified into two groups, depending on how the forced composite is perceived. The test is conducted in accordance with ASTM guidelines. Mechanical thermoplastics and thermosets will be characterized in this analysis. They are more complex and ductile thermoset fabrics in general. These fabrics are reversible and may be reshaped using heat and pressure. Since thermoplastic molecules lack the principle of cross linking, they are malleable and reform able. Typically, materials have poor strength and damage resistance, which results in internal defects such as delamination. Tensile, flexural, and impact properties are all examples. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the broken specimen used to determine the consistency of the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene's interfacial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A spring might be an uncomplicated spring variation, usually used for wheel suspension. The leaf springs measure long, slender plates linked to the trailer frame which is higher or lower than and below the trailer axle. It is critical to manage out safe limit stress and deflation for Safe and pleasant driving, avoiding the transmission of road shocks to automotive parts and protecting people against road shocks. The objective is to detect stresses and deformations by static load in the spring. For structural static analysis, fully various materials are thought-out with various mechanical characteristics. So spring is supposed to take the static load on the car into account within gift job. The prototype of spring is constructed in solid works with 2 different thicknesses of the 5mm and 6mm springs, and the analysis has been finished with the victimization. Thus, a structural study at 6685N is carried out with wind strength and stress, strain, shear stress and total deformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current world of mechanical industry is in search of new advancements in material constructions involving advanced technology. The new phase of industries began with the replacements of natural fibers with synthetic materials. The introduction to natural fibers is rapidly cruising due to their high performance, recyclable and good properties. The industries are looking for the biodegradable feature due to environmental concerns. According to study, the natural fibers have low weight and moderate mechanical properties when compared to synthetic glass fiber composites. The hybridization of natural fibers with glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP), can result in enhancement of mechanical properties of composites in source of strength, low density, impact resistant, corrosive, thermal and bacterial resistant. In this paper the natural fiber sisal is mixed with E-glass fiber to form hybrid composites. The chemical agents epoxy and hardeners are used in required quantity. The sisal and glass fibers are layered in sandwich structure by the use of advanced core materials. The sandwich structure are light materials, with high stiffness and exterior surface transfer load by bending and core material transfer load by shearing. Tensile and flexural tests are carried out to explore the mechanical properties of sandwich structure composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, material characterization and radiation shielding efficiency of tellurium lead-borated glass composites with the molar composition 50H3BO3 - 10 Na2CO3 - (40-x) TeO2 − x PbO (where x=0, 5, 10, 15, 20 mol percent) was investigated across a wide energy range of 0.015-15 MeV. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of BO3, BO4, TeO3, TeO4 compositional components. The measured mass attenuation coefficients (μm) for all prepared glasses ranged from 7.99 x10−2 – 8.88x10−2 g/cm2 at 0.662 MeV. Compared with the previously prepared glasses and other materials such as Barite and Portland concrete, the prepared glass samples have a higher mass attenuation coefficient and effective atomic number at the same energy and PbO mole %. The Geometric Progression (G-P) approximation was used to calculate the prepared samples' exposure build-up factors (EBF). Fast neutron removal cross-sections ranging from 0.135 to 0.145 cm- 1for the variation of PbO concentrations 0-20 mol % were also obtained. Based on the obtained results, the prepared tellurium lead-borate glass composite developed in this work has more enhanced shielding capabilities, enabling the construction of a highly efficient, transparent gamma-ray and fast neutron shield for medical radiation shielding applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bending and thermic behaviour of raw banana, pineapple leaves and S-glass poly-lactic acid (PLA) composites was examined in this study. In order to achieve improved thermo stability, raw banana and pineapple leaf fibres were hybridised using S-glass fibre. The bio-composites had 25, 35 and 45 wt percent of fibre in the shape of long fibres about 30 cm long, with various fibre ratios in the composite samples. The composites were produced by the manufacturing method of the hot press. The goal of this work was to examine the effect of different fibres, using bending tests and dynamical thermal stability tests, on the thermal properties of bananas/pineapple leaf/S-glass fibre/PLA. The effect on the bending and dynamic thermal stability of banana/pineapple leaf/S-glass/PLA hybrid composite hybridity was analysed for various hybrid fibre ratios and the hybrid composite PLFS 25 demonstrated the greatest bending strength and flexural modulation in all composite samples. The banana/pineapple leaf/S-glass fiber /PLA hybrid compounds have dynamic thermal characteristics that vary with their fibres, probably because of difference in the chemical composition of the three fibres. The PLFS 25 hybrid composites showed the maximum thermal dynamic characteristics to their optimal hybridisation of both fibres. The analysis of thermal dynamic properties demonstrated that the dynamic thermal stability of PLA composites had little impact on both the pineapple leaf/S-glass fibre and banana/s-glass fibre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the effect of changing the ratios of reinforcing of glass and carbon powders on the optical properties of unsaturated polyester resin has been studied. Optical examinations transmittance was carried out using a UV-visible spectrometer within a range of wavelengths (400-1000 nm), and through these measurements the optical energy gap, extinction coefficient, refraction and reflectivity were also calculated for all samples. It was found that the optical permeability is directly proportional to the wavelength and inversely with the increasing in the weight fractions of the support materials, as it was found that the permeability of the glass's composites was higher than that measured for the carbon superpositions. It was also found that increasing the weight fractions of the reinforcing materials led to a decreasing in the value of the optical gap energy with a range between (3-2.75) and (3-2.72), with an increasing in the weight fractions of glass and carbon, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the effect of diamond cutouts and fibre orientations on the failure behaviour of Graphite Epoxy and Glass Epoxy composite laminates. Two important approaches were used in this study which were numerical validation and failure analysis. For numerical justification, simulated results were compared with the analytical value calculated from Wolfram Alpha website. It was observed that an acceptable difference occurred, with the highest percentage error of 0.313% and 0.339% in x and y directions, respectively. Moreover, for the failure analysis, its simulation was conducted using plates with and without the diamond cutouts, using maximum stress theory as the failure criteria. The outcomes showed that the plate with cutout had considerably lower strength as compared to the one without it. However, it was also observed that plate with cutout was far less affected when the fibre orientation was varied, as compared to the without cutout type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of effective protecting structures is currently one of the most popular areas in the construction industry. In order to ensure energy efficiency and environmental safety in the construction of civil buildings, masonry made of aerated concrete blocks with high thermal protection properties is used as protecting structures. As adhesive and cement-sand solutions in masonry have low thermal conductivity and are temperature bridges, the issue of filling through seams of cellular concrete masonry is very acute. The authors have developed a double row of concrete masonry, as well as single-row masonry on polyurethane adhesive, which allow reducing the deformability of the enclosing structure on polyurethane adhesive due to the device of fixators in the form of glass composite rods in the vertical seams of the masonry and directly into the blocks. The paper also presents a study of the reduced resistance to heat transfer of the enclosing structure, taking into account heat-conducting inclusions, on the basis of which a conclusion is made about ensuring the energy efficiency of the developed wall fences due to the increased thermal uniformity of the masonry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days, Composite manufacturing Engineers having a greatest challenge of producing light weight and higher strength composites with more developed technology for manufacturing of structural components of aircraft such as fuselage, wing, aerodynamic bodies of automobiles, stator and rotor blades of gas turbines. The polymer composite material made from glass and Glass/carbon hybrid composites and epoxy resin. Then, at that point the filler material graphene was utilized to build the strength of the glass fiber composites. The Laminate of composite was being made by hand layup process and Vacuum bag Moulding. The laminated composite was being sliced to the necessary measurements according to ASTM norms. Then, at that point different mechanical properties were analysed according to the ASTM norms. Then the influence of nano materials is studied on the glass fibre mechanical properties glass fibre mechanical properties alone, Glass fiber composites with Graphene and Glass/Graphene-enhanced carbon fibre composites. Then the modelling analyses of the components are carried out by Fusion 3600software and the tensile analysis was done utilizing ANSYS 14.5. The carbon and glass fiber with Graphene had shown a higher mechanical strength of the materials. And the modification of G/C FRP composites with Graphene improved the durability more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the volumes of fiber reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) used for aircraft applications is a relatively small percentage of total use, the materials often find their most sophisticated applications in this industry. In aerospace the performance criteria placed upon materials can be far greater than in other areas - key aspects are light-weight, high-strength, high-stiffness and good fatigue resistance. Composites were first used by the military before the technology was applied to commercial planes. Nowadays, composites are widely used, and this has been the result of a gradual direct substitution of metal components followed by the development of integrated composite designs as confidence in FRPs has increased. The airplane uses a range of components made from composites, including the fin and tailplane. In the last years, composite materials are increasingly used in automotive applications, due to improvement of material properties. In the aerospace and automotive sector, the fuel consumption is proportional to the weight of the body of the vehicle. A minimum of 20% of the cost can be saved if it used polymer composites in place of the metal structures and the operating and maintenance costs are also very low. Glass fiber-epoxy composites are widely used in the making of aircraft and automobile body parts and are not only limited to these fields but also used in ship building, structural applications in civil engineering, pipes for the transport of liquids, electrical insulators in reactors. In this article, was establish the high-performance of composite material, type glass-epoxy used in automotive and aeronautic domains, concerning the tensile and flexural tests and SEM analyzes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our research work is based on the use of natural and synthetic fibers within the replacement of plastic in automobile instrumental panel. The incorporation of jute and the composites of glass fiber are gained improving the purposes in the field of engineering. These composites are subjected to give high strength and light weight fiber composite material. Our aim of this research is to compare the difference of two material which have different properties and conditions, namely the first one Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene [ABS] and the materials of composite of Jute as well as glass fiber by means of epoxy resin. The experiment outcome demonstrates so as to the mixture composites contain increased the properties of mechanical. In this research a real time component model of instrumental panel is fabricated with jute and glass fiber and due to limited resource, this component model needs further improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The weight reduction of driveshaft has a big role to play and it becomes a highly desirable goal when achieved without decreasing quality and reliability. The epoxy laminated composite material is excellent material where a high strength to weight ratio is desirable. In the present study, the problem undertaken is finite element modeling and simulations of the glass-epoxy composite drive shaft for its performance and failure analysis. The analysis results have shown the torsional and torsional buckling strengths are 3589 Nm and 25757 Nm, respectively. In the dynamic simulation, the natural frequency is 315.2 Hz and the driveshaft is stable up to 16319 rpm. The progressive failure analysis has shown all local stresses are below the ultimate strength of glass epoxy composite lamina and positive safety margin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of the glass fiber reinforced epoxy pipes is produced by filament winding process due to of its low costs, convenient and easy to install. The main objectives of this research is to optimize new fabricated filament winding machine and investigate the effect of winding speed. The problems for a new fabricated filament winding machine that must be optimized at first and lack of data for parameter in winding speed. The production by using filament winding process can be produce varieties of products such as tanks, pipes and vessels. The production of glass reinforced epoxy pipes of filament winding process was used different of winding speed levels. The new fabricated filament winding machine have 6 different winding speed that must be tested to get the optimum mechanical strength results. The process was stopped when the thickness of the samples is about 5.5 mm wall thickness. The samples were tested with density for physical test and compressive strength for mechanical testing. The optimum winding speed to produce high mechanical strength for this new fabricated filament winding machine is winding speed two and the angle of the winding for speed 2 is 55°. This study, helps to determine winding speed for calibrate new filament winding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The sisal fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated sisal fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to predict the deterioration and failure of composites under essentially any type of loading—constant, variable, bending, torsion, tension, compression, or others. G10/Fr4 is a thermosetting industrial fibre glass composite consisting of a continuous filament glass cloth material with an epoxy resin binder. It was matrix formed and layer by layer formed with glass fibre and epoxy resin to study different mechanical properties. Initially experimental and computational studies were performed on matrix formed sample to characterize tensile and compression properties of thermosetting fibre glass composite. When the results of computational and experimental methods were compared, similar values are obtained. Other sample of G10 FR-4 made by layer by layer forming with glass fibre and resin sample is used for bending test. Also, tensile, compression and bending loads are applied repeatedly many number of times to predict the fatigue life of material. Both experimental and computational tests were conducted and compared. We get similar tensile, compression, and bending properties in experimental and computational method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensable but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal and banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite is characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber based hybrid composite preparation. The sisal fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The sisal fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated sisal fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials are indispensible but the supply is limited. In particularly, the supply of material is limited for specific applications. Light weight low strength applications are very wide. This investigation focuses the natural fibre hybrid with artificial fiber-based hybrid composite preparation. The banana fibre is used to prepare the composite with glass fibre. The banana fiber is here treated with specific concentration of sodium oxidanide in the distilled water. The composites synthesized with treated and untreated banana fibres. The alternate fashion of horizontal and vertical is followed for fibres' orientation. The bio epoxy is employed as matrix material with mix of hardener. The prepared composite are characterized by water absorbability, tensile properties, flexural properties and shock absorption capacities. The synthesized composites also characterized for dry and wet applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the mechanical properties of different thickness of glass fiber composites of thickness 2mm, 3mm and 6mm with the fabricated the specimens are made into 200mm. As per the ASTEM Norms the specimen is cut and the mechanical strength is Evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy/glass composites reinforced with micro boron carbide (B4C) made by hand lay-up method. The effect of micro B4C powder on dry sliding wear behaviour of epoxy/glass composites was studied. Taguchi method was used to design the experiments and analyze the results. Incorporation of B4C filler resulted in improvement of wear resistance of composites by 25.9%. The percentage influence of selected composite parameters are 28%, 70.97%, 0.82% respectively, for filler content, fiber volume percentage, and fiber orientation. The deformation mechanisms under dry sliding wear were investigated using SEM photographs. The study of effects of selected machine parameters i.e. load, speed, and sliding distance on weight loss of composite consisting of 2.5 wt% of B4C, 31.5 vol% of glass fiber, and 45˚ fibers orientation revealed that there is 53.19%, 27.81%, 15.60% influence on wear loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an effort to develop a fire-retardant sandwich structure made of 3-dimensional woven glass-polyester composite. The sandwich composite was designed to be applied as a floor panel in the transportation industries. Hence, for safety reason, fire retardancy is one of the crucial properties of consideration. Fire retardancy of the sandwich composite was studied based on the basic ignitability test method for testing a rigid material developed by ORE Working Group B 106.2. With this method, materials are classified based on the burnt surface area and the burn time after the source of flame extinguished. The sandwich composites were produced in a variation weight proportion (30%, 40%, and 50%) of aluminum trihydroxide (Al(OH)3) in the polyester matrix, followed by the ignitability test to study the effect of the aluminum trihydroxide addition on the fire retardancy of the material. The ignitability tests were also carried out to the basic 3-dimensional glass-polyester sandwich composite and 2-dimensional woven glass-polyester composite for comparison. As a result, it is found that the 2-dimensional woven glass-polyester composite falls into classification A, which is the best classification of materials in terms of fire retardancy, while the basic sandwich composite falls into classification C, which is the worst one. However, fire retardancy of the sandwich composite improves after the addition of Al(OH)3. The sandwich composite reaches the classification A with the addition of a minimum 40% of Al(OH)3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discussed the behavior of rice husk ash as fillers in polyester-fiber glass bi-panel composites to withstand the high-impact projectile impacts. This composite bi-panel consists of unsaturated polyester resin BQTN 157 and S-glass woven reinforced with rice husk ash. Specimens were prepared by varying the volume fraction of rice husk ash as fillers (3, 5, 7, and 9 %v) into the polyester resin. Composite panel manufacturing was fabricated using a hand lay-up method. Each panel has a size of 20 × 20 × 0.4 cm. Then the ballistic test was carried out using a 9 mm FN ammunition pistol with a velocity of 380 m/s projectile at a distance of 5 m. Characterizations were conducted using a Simultaneous Thermal Analyzers (STA) and a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The optimum ballistic result is obtained on the bi-panel composites with the addition of 9 %v rice husk ash as fillers with a density of 1.604 g/cm3. This can be seen in the TGA and DSC analysis showing the changes in the panel decomposition temperature with the addition of rice husk ash. This decomposition temperature has contributed to better material characteristics. Rice husk ash increases the ability of the bi-panel composite to withstand the impact of a high-speed projectile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered Cementitious Concrete (ECC), widely known to be Bendable Concrete. The advantage of ECC is that it can be molded easily in the required form and it is utterly reinforced with short random fibers, both polymer, and non-polymer fibers. It is known for its good compressive, tensile and flexural behavior. To overcome the absence of strain hardening property in conventional concrete, ECC was instituted. In the sulfate chloride environment, the ECC material remains durable when compared to normal concrete. As per referred works of literature the fibers usage should not exceed 2%. In this study, four mixes were made. There were two mixes with mono fibered reinforcement and two mixes with hybrid fibered reinforcement. Here the PVA and Glass fibers are hybridized to reach the mechanical performance of the ECC mixes. Superplasticizer used here in this study, improves the workability and minimize the shrinkage cracks. As far as mechanical performance is concerned, hybrid fiber reinforcement of PVA and glass is shown to be high in compression, mono fiber reinforcement with glass is shown to be high in both tensile and flexure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical and tribological performances of glass-epoxy (GE) and carbon-epoxy (CE) pre-peg composites are presented in this paper. Composites were prepared from their respective pre-pegs using compression molding technique. The mechanical and three body abrasive wear tests were conducted as per ASTM standards. Evaluation of mechanical properties indicated that carbon-epoxy composites had superior properties compared to glass-epoxy composites except the tensile modulus and percentage elongation. The three body wear study has shown the considerable influence of sliding distance on wear rate. The sliding velocity and normal load have shown lesser influence on wear rate. This study has shown that pre-peg composites can be successfully prepared using compression molding technique and can be tested as per ASTM standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper involves the modeling and analysis of a composite material. Here, the wear properties of the given composite are analyzed and appropriate conclusions are drawn from the tests conducted. The composite material is made up of filling coconut shell powder as the filler material in a glass fibre epoxy material. Polymer materials composites (PMCs) are widely coming into application as a novel material due to its high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness to weight ratio, its ease of processing, significant reduction in cost and its excellent performance in varied conditions. They are finding increasing use in the aerospace, automobile, marine and civil industries in todays world. This study conducted analyzes the influence of independent parameters such as sliding velocity, normal load, filler content and sliding distance on the wear performance of the manufactured composite material. The experiment was conducted using a standard pin on disc setup of a wear and friction testing apparatus. The addition of the extra filler materials greatly influences and optimizes the wear performance of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]