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A high prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) among the workers from different industries has been reported. REBA ergonomic quick assessment tool is widely used to evaluate the WMSDs risks of a variety of tasks. Previous studies analysed the REBA scores of just a few specific frames due to the manual evaluation done by the experts. Moreover, the postural angles, which are the input of the REBA assessment, are previously analysed using observation, a goniometer, or video processing tools. These methods might cause errors in obtaining the angles. Recently, the Xsens MVN Inertial Measure Units (IMUs) and an automated REBA system were used to improve accuracy and efficiency. However, the trunk angles obtained by the system were underestimated, which reduced the trunk REBA score and the overall REBA score. This study aimed to identify the best-represented trunk angle parameter in the Xsens MVN and to develop an automated REBA system which used the identified trunk angle parameter. The data samples used for analysis were obtained from the databases from a clinical trial study about patient transfer tasks. The subjects were put on with Xsens IMUs and carried out tasks which involved trunk flexion and lateral bending. Five frames were randomly chosen for trunk flexion analysis and two frames for lateral bending. Three types of parameters related to the trunk angles were obtained from the Xsens data and these angles were compared to the angles identified from the photo samples. An automated REBA system was created using the MATLAB platform and the REBA scores were compared to the scores generated from the existing automated REBA system. Vertical-T8 angles have the lowest difference (1.2°±1.0° for flexion and 6.2°±0.0° for lateral bending) from the trunk angles identified in the photos. The existing REBA system underestimated the trunk angles which caused an underestimation of the trunk REBA score and overall REBA score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional method of the robotic system remote control in the form of a physical control panel is limiting interaction between the operator and the robotic system (RS). This becomes especially important when operating a special-purpose RS equipped with sophisticated attached equipment. In addition, there exists at present no effective technology to monitor operation of a multicomponent RS. Virtual reality technologies (VRT) could be used to control ground-operating robots under conditions of low visibility, target designation, control of attached equipment, land reconnaissance, marginal and highly rugged terrain, adverse urban conditions, as well as in search and rescue operations in areas of significant destruction. At the same time, this tool makes it possible to increase informativity and situational influence of the operator. This paper presents description of a possible implementation of a mobile RS remote control device using the VRT. To increase the operator's capabilities, a mock-up was developed consisting of RGB cameras stereo pair mounted on the two-axis suspension. HTC Vive Pro virtual reality helmet was used as a device for immersing in the virtual environment. Virtual environment itself was reproduced using the Unity3D development environment. Thus, the operator was receiving video images of the environment with a stereoscopic effect, and the two-axis suspension repeated movements of the operator's head for the higher telepresence effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to review the status and visual map position of research in the internationally e-tailing publication indexed Scopus that used a bibliometric perspective. The research was carried out using bibliometric techniques. Data analysis as well as visualization utilizing VOS Viewer program and the Scopus function for analyze search results. In this review, the details collected applied to 294 documents issued from 1987 through 2019. The study reveals that Ko, C.S. and Robert Morris University were the most active individual scientists and affiliated institutions in e-tailing publication. In e-tailing, management and accounting and International Journal of Electronic Marketing and Retailing were the most areas of study and dissemination sources. There were five worldwide group maps with collaborative researchers. In order to identify the body of knowledge created from thirty-two years of publication, this study constructed a convergence axis grouping comprising of e-tailing publication: Commerce, Internet marketing, Benchmarking, Online retail, Marketing, Customer satisfaction, Electronic commerce and E-shopping, abbreviated as CIMOBCEE themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accurate measurement of the finger's range of movement (ROM) is essential to evaluate the patient's progress after treatment. In a pandemic situation, the patient commuting to the clinic is difficult. This paper proposed a Micro measurement smartphone application to measure the finger ROM at home. For this purpose, this study's objective is to analyse the reliability and validity of micro measurement applications by measuring six basic finger movements. With a physiotherapist's assistance, six basic finger movements of the left and right hands of 50 healthy subjects(30 female and 20 Male) has been taken. Three raters evaluated the six finger movements using the Andriod app (Micro measurement) on 50 volunteers (left and right hand). The Pearson correlation coefficient and simple regression methods analysed the validity of smartphone application against the gold standard goniometer's measurement. The Pearson correlation coefficient r > 0.9 with p = 0.01 (significant Correlation) which is coming under very strong correlation. The Standard Error of Estimation (SEE) was 0.5 to 0.65 degrees for all left and right-hand movements. The result of bland Altman plots also showed excellent agreement among the measurements. The Inter and Intra class Correlation Coefficients(ICC), SEM (standard error estimation), and MDC(Minimum detectable change) values were calculated for reliability analysis. The results are Inter and Intra-class correlation coefficient ICC(3,1) > 0.9 (excellent result). SEE ranging between 0.7 to 1.2 ° and MDC between 0.9 to 3.3° for all right and left movements. The Micro measurement smartphone application has excellent reliability and validity. It delivers an extremely close outcome as a traditional goniometer. Utilizing a Micro measurement application to measure the finger range of movement is extremely simple, precise, and can be used at anyplace. It is viable and convenient for all patients to quantify the finger scope of movement at home (in the pandemic circumstance) later in the rehabilitation workout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of technology in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has led to the miniaturization of the equipment on board these aircraft. The most used equipment mounted on a UAV is still the video sensor, with the help of which the video image from the aerial vehicle can be processed for dedicated applications (facility inspection, surveying and mapping, operational oversight, traffic control, etc.). In this paper, we present the prototyping of a three-axis gimbal using the direct drive technology to replace the current two-axis gimbal payload equipping our Hirrus UAV. The results demonstrate notable improvements both mechanically, by excluding the gearing of the transmission belt (generating friction and elasticity in the system), and in terms of video resolution, maintaining quality especially at high zoom levels (over 5x). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experimental measurement of the diffusion coefficient according to ISO 17497-2 is very time-consuming and requires several sample periods to evaluate the effect of diffraction lobes, an anechoic or large reflection-free volume, and far-field conditions. Wave-based BEM methods have predicted the diffusion coefficient very accurately [Hargreaves, T, Cox, T.J., Lam, YW, D’Antonio, P., (2000), “Surface diffusion coefficients for room acoustics: Free-field measures, “J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108 (4), 1710-1720]. This work will describe a new 3D BEM, cloud-based Python Virtual Goniometer program called VIRGO, which predicts the free-field diffusion coefficient from 3D CAD files. The program accurately predicts the properties of a reference 1-dimensional hemicylinder and periodic diffraction grating lobes from a 2-dimensional hemisphere. Furthermore, 3-dimensional polar responses and normalized diffusion coefficient of additional number-theoretic and optimized profiled and curvilinear shapes will also be compared with scale model boundary-plane goniometer measurements. The results will verify that it is possible to predict the diffusion coefficients following ISO 17497-2 in.reasonable time frames without having to fabricate or 3D print scale models or full-scale samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A dedicated X-ray diffraction beamline “Micro-crystal X-ray diffraction beamline (μ-XRD)” for advanced and non-ambient crystallography of chemical crystal research are scheduled at TPS 15A, a Phase-II beamline at TPS (Taiwan Photon Source). The beamline consists of a tapered cryogenic undulator source (CUT15), a coupled Double Crystal Monochromator (DCM) / Double Multilayer Monochromator (DMM) system, three focusing mirrors (HFM1, VFM, and HFM2) and two end-stations (ES1 and ES2). CUT15 will generate high brilliance X-ray, the designed available energy range 9 – 35 keV. The X-ray beam is focused by HFM1 and delivered to ES1 with adjustable beam size 100 – 200 μm²; then X-ray is focused again by a pair of Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) mirror (VFM and HFM2) down to ~ 2 μm² (FWHM) in diameter at the sample position of ES2. Experiments can be conducted in either monochromatic (by DCM) or pink (by DMM width bandwidth 3-5 %) beam mode in both end-stations. A set of instrument, including the high-heat-load chopper, millisecond shutter, and a high-speed Jülich chopper,1 are synchronized to the storage ring clock, which will be used to isolate a single X-ray pulse (< 100 ps) and deliver to the sample at ES2. Both end-stations will equip with a high precision kappa geometry goniometer and a large and fast area detector for data collection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The function of the design of driver's seat is to provide a convenience driving. The purpose of this study was to provide recommendations based on the study on Indonesian driver's posture in electric city car by using goniometer as the measurement tool. This study was conducted in several stages, namely: setting up the existing seat, documenting human models as sitting on the seat, and measuring the images, particularly the angles of necks, shoulders, elbows, wrists, torsos, hips, knees and ankles by using goniometer. The results of body joint angles' measurement were used to determine the convenience of electric car's driver seat. The recommendations for the safety and the convenience of the driver seat were formulated based on the findings of this study, including: the backrest should be adjustable in accordance with the incline angle, the backrest should be adjustable up and down as well as in and out, the seat height should be adjustable, the seat bottom incline must be adjustable, the seat bottom should be adjustable particularly for driver with short stature to reach accelerator and brake pedals, the seat back should be linearly adjustable (forwardbackward) with the seat bottom (for shorter and taller persons). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface preparation is essential in the adhesive bonding process for composite materials. Surface energy measurement is one promising technique to characterize and inspect prepared surfaces for optimal surface conditions prior to bonding. Two popular methods for surface energy measurement are contact angles and Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC). Contact angles are measured from a side view of the drop using a video goniometer. IGC, while well-known for measuring the surface energies of powders, is a relatively new method for characterization of the surface energy of composite materials. This dynamic technique outputs the composite's dispersive, specific (acidbase), and total (dispersive + specific) surface energies. Various adsorptive molecules are passed along the prepared surfaces to calculate several physico-chemical properties of the composite material (absorbent). In this study, surface energies were reported on Toray 3900/T800 6K composite panels with various peel ply surface preparations including: (1) Precision Fabric Group 60001 polyester, (2) Precision Fabrics Group's Nylon Peel Ply 52006, (3) DIATEX 1500EV6 Polyester Peel Ply, (4) Henkel EA9895 0.033psf Wet Peel Ply (WPP), (5) Cytec Solvay MXB-7668, and (6) fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). Surface energy measurements taken via IGC are compared with surface energy data generated from contact angle measurements and discussed for the different surface preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article the analysis of the prior art in the field of human biomechanics goniometric control and determined the most promising trends in the development of information systems goniometric. The analysis and developed of the structure by information-technical support of the automated goniometric control, having adaptability to the dynamics of the control object. A basic mathematical model that defines biomechanics parameters in the base coordinate system and the accelerometer are determined mathematical model of the motion elements of the human skeletal system. Substantiated the phase accelerometric method of primary data processing about the articular movements parameters. The algorithms of collection and pre-processing of goniometric control data, giving the opportunity to conduct an automated initialization and calibration of the accelerometer measurement system. It is found that the described algorithm collecting and preprocessing data goniometric control uses a linear approximation, whereby informative signal linearization is achieved, which allows to obtain the required accuracy. For most high-quality diagnosis and optimization of the rehabilitation process, it is proposed to build goniometric control systems with the use of biofeedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a relation between incident angle and rotation angle detector in the Total Internal Reflection (TIR) experiments when using a right angle prism. In the TIR method, the light coming toward the prism will experience reflection and out of the prism at a certain angle direction. Results of analysis of the geometry and Snell's law shows that the angular position of the detector is not only determined by the angle of incidence of light alone but also by the size of the prism and the detector position from the rotation axis of goniometer. The experimental results show relation between the angle of detector and angle of goniometer. When the prism rotated 45°, position of goniometer detector is 2 × 45°. However, when the prism rotated at an angle instead of 45°, detector position µ is not always equal to twice the rotation angle goniometer Ψ, so that this relationship needs to be corrected. This correction is also determined by the value of the refractive index of the prism is used. By knowing the relationship between detector position and the incident angle of light, this formulation can be used to control the position of the sample and the detector in the experiments based on ATR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upper limb spasticity is commonly seen in conditions of upper motor neuron pathology, of which includes traumatic brain injury, stroke, high cervical spinal cord injury and Cerebral Palsy. Trained physicians, physiotherapists and occupational therapists are needed for the rehabilitation of such patients. To obtain skills in addressing spasticity, current practice in training of students utilizes patients as primary learning subjects. Novices without the required skills put the patient safety at stake. Further, physicians and therapists evaluate spasticity using the Tardieu, Ashworth, and Modified Ashworth Scale which can vary dependent on experience. Variability in rater scores suggest that training can be improved. To tackle this issue, an upper limb part-task trainer that is capable of consistently emulating spasticity symptoms is proposed for pre-clinical training of physicians, therapists and medical students. In order to obtain clinical data for the emulation of upper limb spasticity symptoms, a noninvasive evaluation procedure has been designed deploying a goniometer and a manual muscle tester. The goniometer measures the angle of elbow joint of the patient while the manual muscle tester measures the force applied by the rehabilitation physician on the patient's forearm. The elbow joint angle and its resistance force are recorded in real time via a data acquisition interface and NI LabVIEW software. The evaluation procedure was carried out by a rehabilitation physician during a routine rehabilitation session to the patients with symptoms of upper limb spasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper design and manufacturing of glass molded lenses need to be performed in several steps. The whole process from customer requirements to final functional product is shown on two examples - a lens for street light and a lens for spot light with narrow lighting angle. After discussing customer requirements, optical design is made. Thanks to various commercial softwares with optimization, manufacturer of the lens can work as well as a designer which enables simplification and acceleration of lens manufacturing, since limitations of the manufacturing process are considered during creation of the design. When the prototype is made, its functionality needs to be evaluated. This work shows measurement of light distribution for street light lens in a dark room using goniometer and measurement of light intensity for spot lens fixed on an optical bench. These measurements can reveal the root cause in case of lens malfunction, which enables to optimize manufacturing process or modify lens design accordingly. Designing, manufacturing and evaluation of molded optics under one roof enables creation of easily manufacturable design and fast solution of problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UAlbany HIRRBS (High Resolution RBS) system has been updated for better use in rapid analysis. The focal plane detector now covers the full range from U down to O using a linear stepper motor to translate the 1-cm detector across the 30-cm range. Input is implemented with zero-back-angle operation in all cases. The chamber has been modified to allow for quick swapping of sample holders, including a channeling goniometer. A fixed standard surface-barrier detector allows for normal RBS simultaneously with use of the magnetic spectrometer. The user can select a region on the standard spectrum or can select an element edge or an energy point for collection of the expanded spectrum portion. The best resolution currently obtained is about 2-to-3 keV, probably representing the energy width of the incoming beam. Calibration is maintained automatically for any spectrum portion and any beam energy from 1.0 to 3.5 MeV. Element resolving power, sensitivity and depth resolution are shown using several examples. Examples also show the value of simultaneous conventional RBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are several approaches for determining the Rayleigh wave dispersion of surface treated materials. Most of them are based either on ultrasonic probes in contact technique or on laser excitation or detection of ultrasound. Disadvantages of these methods for in-service use are coupling problems (contact methods) and very high device costs (laser based methods). The paper presents an immersion technique trying to avoid the disadvantages of the previous approaches for practical use. The High precision Ultrasound Goniometer (HUGO) allows to vary both: the sound beam angles and the distance between the excitation and detection sound beams. Thus, the Rayleigh wave velocity and its dispersion can be determined by two independent methods: by the drop in the reflexion coefficient at the Rayleigh angle and by change in travel time for a given change in travel distance. The dispersion can also be determined for surface skimming longitudinal waves. The application for stress determination in surface treated aero-engine materials is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have developed intelligently controllable ankle-foot orthoses (i-AFO). In a previous report, we discovered that the rotational velocities of planter flexion in the initial phase of gait correlate with the walking speeds of a patient suffering from flaccid paralysis in his ankles. This fact has a potential to be used as a control model of the i-AFO. In order to confirm this fact for more numbers of subjects, we conducted gait experiments for healthy subjects. We developed a new measurement system that can realize (1) the phase detection of gait, (2) measurement of ankle angle, (3) that of step length, and (4) that of stride width, simultaneously. Experimental results show that periods of initial contact to foot flat doesn't correlate with walking speeds. Additionally, the rotational velocities of planter flexion of foot in the initial phase of gait depend on the walking speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The method of system simulation for analyzing fly condition of the missile has two advantages: it costs little, and the parameters can be set and recorded expediently. In this paper, the constitution method on simulation model of control system of certain missile is introduced for analyzing the fly condition of this missile. Firstly, principle and mathematic model are introduced based on the composition of control system. Then the simulation models of angle measurement link, nonlinear link and missile body and motion link are discussed in detail. At last, the simulation model for the whole control system is constituted, and it can be used to analyze the fly condition of this missile. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Submicrometer single crystal diffractometry for highly accurate structure determination was developed using the extremely stable and highly brilliant synchrotron radiation from SPring-8. This was achieved using a microbeam focusing system and the submicrometer precision low-eccentric goniometer system. We demonstrated the structure analyses with 2×2×2 μm3 cytidine, 600×600×300 nm3 BaTiO3, and 1×1×1 μm3 silicon. The observed structure factors of the silicon crystal were in agreement with the structure factors determined by the Pendellösung method and do not require absorption and extinction corrections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the results of ultrasonic goniometry measurement in Aquilaria (gaharu) wood. Ultrasonic wave was transmitted into the surface of gaharu wood and the reflected amplitudes by corner reflection were measured. The measurements were performed on gaharu sample with dimension of about 3 mm×15 mm×25 mm by attaching to corner reflector goniometer made of mild steel. The measurement results are explained and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conception of a tridimensional digital model of solid figures and plant organs started from topographic survey of virtual surfaces [1], followed by topographic survey of solid figures [2], fruit surface survey [3] and finally the generation of a 3D digital model [4] as presented by [1]. In this research work, i.e. step number [4] tested objects included cylinders, cubes, spheres and fruits. A Ronchi grid named G1 was generated in a PC, from which other grids referred as G2, G3, and G4 were set out of phase by 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of period from G1. Grid G1 was then projected onto the samples surface. Projected grid was named Gd. The difference between Gd and G1 followed by filtration generated de moiré fringes M1 and so on, obtaining the fringes M2, M3 and M4 from Gd. Fringes are out of phase one from each other by 1/4 of period, which were processed by the Rising Sun Moiré software to produce packed phase and further on, the unpacked fringes. Tested object was placed on a goniometer and rotate to generate four surfaces topography. These four surveyed surfaces were assembled by means of a SCILAB software, obtaining a three column matrix, corresponding to the object coordinates xi, also having elevation values and coordinates corrected as well. The work includes conclusions on the reliability of the proposed method as well as the setup simplicity and of low cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new ultraprecision profiler has been developed to measure for example asymmetric and aspheric profiles. The principle of our measuring method is that the normal vector at each point on the surface is determined by making the incident light beam on the mirror surface and the reflected beam at that point coincident. The gradient at each point is calculated from the normal vector, and the surface profile is then obtained by integrating the gradients. The measuring instrument was designed in accordance with the above principle for the measuring method and is called Surface Gradient Integrated Profiler (SGIP). In the design, four ultraprecision goniometers were applied to adjust the light axis for the normal vector measurement. These goniostages make it possible to attain an angular resolution of 0.018 μ radian by electrically dividing a pulse of the rotary encoder. The surface gradients are determined only by the rotational angle of goniometers. Thus in the measuring instrument, the most important factor is the accuracy of the normal vectors measured by the goniometers. To attain an accuracy of 0.1 μ radian, we developed a system for correcting the rotational angle error of the goniometers in which the trigonometric measuring method is utilized for geometrical angle determination. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the residual stress depth profile near the surface of steel treated by laser peening without coating using X-ray diffraction at SPring-8. This investigation was carried out using a constant penetration depth sin2ψ method. In this method, the sin2ψ diagram is measured controlling both the ψ angle and the X-ray penetration depth simultaneously with a combination of the ω and χ axes of the 4-circle goniometer. This method makes it possible to evaluate the residual stress and its depth profile in material with a stress gradient precisely and non-destructively. As a result, we confirmed that a compressive residual stress was successfully formed all over the range of the depth profile in the steel treated properly by laser peening without coating. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel insert was developed for top-loading liquid helium cryostats that allows a combined ±90°sample tilt with a full 360° azimuthal rotation. This sample stick is operational down to 1.5 K and was primarily designed for X-ray scattering in reflecting geometry. The device not being intended for scanning but positioning purposes, motion precision, resolution and repeatability specifications were relaxed to 0.1°and readily achieved. This setup was initially designed for a specific cryostat and implemented at beamline ID20 of the ESRF but it can be easily adapted to similar top loading cryostats including cryomagnets. Initial results on the low temperature phases of CeB6 are presented. © 2007 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyzed a case of rolling the gas cylinder movement for a large technology company in Taiwan. Four experienced employees participated in this study and their cylinder transporting postures were analyzed by a goniometer. Results showed that, the repetitive activity for both wrists was as high as 1 time/s. The radial deviation for both wrists and the dorsiflexion on right wrist nearly reached the maximum range of wrist's motion. The occupied time percentage of awkward wrist postures during cylinder atilt rolling movement was also extremely high. This implied the tasks may potentially cause injury to the wrists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of 3 MeV protons and 16 MeV O5+ ions through a single cylindrically-shaped insulating macrocapillary glass has been investigated in a preliminary study. The capillary had a diameter d = 0.18 mm and length l = 14.4 mm, giving an aspect ratio l/d = 80. The sample was mounted on a goniometer to permit precise positioning with respect to the incident beam direction. Results show that 3 MeV protons transmit through the capillary without energy loss at small tilt angles (near zero), and the 16 MeV O5+ ions show transmission through the sample also with little energy loss at the same small tilt angles and little change in their charge state (∼1%). For a larger tilt angle (= 1.5°), appreciable losses in energy occurred for incident O5+ and the ions changed their charge state up to 7+. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]