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Solar cells are the most potential energy source for the future because they are a renewable and pollution-free energy source. Currently, solar power plants are increasingly being used to meet the electricity needs of consumers. Fixed-mounted solar panel construction makes the panel position the sun does not always face the sun, so the absorbed energy becomes not maximal and the electrical energy produced is not optimal. Therefore, solar panels equipped with a solar tracker system that can absorb energy more sunlight and produce greater electrical energy are described in this paper. This paper aims to investigate the solutions which were thought to maximize the absorbed solar energy. The performance of this system has been tested and compared between fixed-mounted, single-axis solar trackers, and dual-axis solar trackers. As a result, the dual-axis solar tracking system generates more power, voltage, and current. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar modules are generally modeled with equivalent electrical circuits for simulation, optimal operation and detailed study. In the lack of field test data, parameter estimation of the solar module model can be carried out using the manufacturer's data. This paper presents the use of a multi-trial vector-based differential evolution (MTDE) algorithm to estimate the parameter values of solar cells or modules. Information from the manufacturer is used as data in estimating the parameter values of the solar cells or modules model. Various types of commercial solar cells or modules are used for testing purposes. The minimum value of the difference between the actual value and the estimated value is used as an objective function to be achieved. The test results show that the MTDE algorithm can estimate the parameter values of the models accurately by producing the objective function value close to zero for all types of solar modules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, magnetic levitation (maglev) technology has begin to be developed and applied in several field, such as in the fields of transportation, promotional and learning media. The control of Maglev to levitate smoothly and accurately is still challenging problem that need to be solved. In the control field, there two type of reference position of maglev that to be reached by the maglev system, such as waypoint tracking or trajectory tracking. In this paper, the proposed controller is used to control the maglev to track waypoint and trajectory. The control system of magnetic levitation is important to levitate the metal object. The Adaptive PID control based on frѐchet Tuning Algorithm system is applied to control the solenoid maglev. Based on simulation result, the proposed controller is able to tune the PID controller to control the magnetic levitation adaptively. However, the steady state error still occured in trajectory tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]