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RED-SEA (https://redsea-project.eu/) is a European project funded in the framework of the H2020-JTI-EuroHPC-2019-1 call that started in April 2021. The goal of the project is to evaluate the architectural design of the main elements of the interconnection networks for the next generation of HPC systems supporting hundreds of thousands of computing nodes enabling the Exascale for HPC, HPDA and AI applications while providing preliminary prototypes. The main technological feature is the BXI network, originally designed and produced by ATOS (France). The plan is to integrate in the next release of the network – BXI3 – the architectural solutions and novel IPs developed within the framework of the RED-SEA project. The consortium is composed of 11 well-established research teams across Europe, with extensive experience in interconnects, including network design, deployment and evaluation. Within RED-SEA, INFN is adopting a hardware/software co-design approach to design APEnetX, a scalable interconnect prototyped on latest generation Xilinx FPGAs, adding innovative components for the improvement of the performance and resiliency of the interconnect. APEnetX is an FPGA-based, PCIe Gen3/4 network interface card equipped with RDMA capabilities being the endpoint of a direct multidimensional toroidal network and suitable for integration in the BXI environment. APEnetX design will be benchmarked on project testbeds using real scientific applications like NEST, a spiking neural network simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the sparrow search optimisation algorithm (SSA) is utilised to obtain the optimal values for proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters to reduce frequency deviation and change in tie-line power in interconnected power systems within a deregulated environment. A load frequency control (LFC) was designed and analysed for the proposed power system model, which consists of a two-area reheat steam turbine generator integrated with a solar thermal renewable energy source in area 1 and a geothermal energy plant in area 2. All possible contracts in the deregulated power market, including Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract violations, were thus investigated, and the performance of the proposed controller analysed. The simulation of the proposed model was implemented using MATLAB/SIMULINK, and the robustness of the proposed control technique using a PID controller using SSA compared with the results of using a Particle swarm optimisation technique (PSO) and Gray wolf optimisation (GWO). The SSA algorithm optimised PID controller performance was found to be considerably better in terms of the settling time of power system frequency deviation, with improvements of 71.25%, 67.44%, and 56.39% in terms of Poolco, Bilateral, and Contract scenarios seen, respectively. Moreover, the rise time and steady-state error of the frequency deviation and the change in power in the tie line were also significantly enhanced. The suggested controller was thus shown to be more reliable and to produce superior outcomes in all possible scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study arises from the challenges imposed by society to an interconnected education, for which a more efficient and innovative learning is required; its objective was to determine the form of use and learning generated by learning and knowledge technologies used for the interconnected education of students at the University of Guayaquil. As a methodology, a quantitative development was proposed, with field modality, descriptive type, a questionnaire of twenty items and Likert scale was used. The sample was chosen with stratified sampling, it was made up of 461 students. As results, it was found that the apprentices use diverse technological resources; however, it is necessary to promote the use of social networks as a resource to enhance learning; enthusiasm was almost always fostered; however, these learners must propose actions that lead to the construction of knowledge. In the adaptive learning activities, a lack was evidenced in the application of the diversity of evaluations and in the flexibility of the content. The study of the dimension: generated learning allowed to observe that the apprentices do not have the possibility of a rhizomatic learning, only sometimes they have the possibility of a nomadic learning; and, they almost never have the possibility of carrying out their educational process through open learning ecosystems. In conclusion, the form of use and learning generated by learning and knowledge technologies in the students of the University of Guayaquil are not adequate to the demands of an interconnected education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, power systems have developed connections along the entire chain from generating power plants, substations, and power transmission lines. The electrical modes of the Unified Power System of Central Asia were built on the basis of the need to ensure the interconnection of energy and irrigation in the countries of the region. The article discusses the issues of increasing the reliability of electricity supply to consumers in Central Asia on the basis of modernizing transboundary networks, solving water and energy problems, improving conditions for electricity transit, expanding the market for ancillary services, creating additional power reserves in the interconnected power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work studies the performance of the less explored fractional order (FO) based cascade tilt-integral-tilt-integral-derivative (CTI-TID) controller for load frequency control (LFC) of interconnected restructured power systems having nonlinearity through time-domain simulation. The efficacy of the proposed controller is tested by comparing its results with that of other studied controllers such as cascade proportional-integral-tilt-derivative (CPI-TD) and proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. However, a heuristic water cycle algorithm (WCA) is used for realistic comparison to find their optimized gain values. In this work, firstly, the efficacy of WCA over other powerful algorithms like genetic algorithm, teaching learning-based and differential evolution algorithm is established in tuning designed CTI-TID controllers. Secondly, to analyze the supremacy of the proposed WCA tuned CTI-TID controllers, frequency responses obtained under it are compared with that of WCA tuned CPI-TD and PID controllers. Lastly, the impact of the capacitive energy storage system on LFC's performance under the proposed WCA tuned CTI-TID controller is analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, a Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) technique has been proposed for the optimal coordination of interconnected power network grids (RPP). It has successfully implemented various techniques that improve bus voltage performance in real time while cutting costs at the same time. The best planning by minimising reactive power generation and transformer tap settings can be achieved through optimal implementation of shunt capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a mismatch between the way public services are designed, and the chronic dilemmas of the welfare state. Through two case studies we show how tool-dependent, instrumental and systems-oriented approaches fall short in tackling these dilemmas, and how the there is a need for a new, relational turn in design. Relational design takes into account interdependencies and dynamic situation of society, and calls for a new design vocabulary that discusses and approaches the relational aspects and opens up for a more situational and sensitive design agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current CE approach, and its many definitions, does not explicitly consider the interconnectedness of the biological and technological cycle. This paper uses state-of-the-art to articulate nuances of the CE to encourage a more comprehensive understanding of the concept from a perspective of both cycles. The results address that acknowledged sustainably driven shifts of resources between cycles are neglected in most state-of-the-art. Therefore, the Dual Circularity (DC) definition is proposed and further evaluated by three examples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an algorithm for load frequency control of multi-area power system. A more realistic models is used to represent the elements of power system. The frequency bias factor (B) is set optimally. The effect of generation rate constraints (GRC) and the dead band characteristics of the governor is taken into consideration. A simultaneous optimization of the fractional order (PIλDµ) control parameters, the speed regulation (R) of the governor and the frequency bias factor (B) is proposed for the first time. The objective function to be minimizes is a modified integral time absolute error (MITAE). The tuning of the control parameters is based on using cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) to minimize the objective function. The proposed algorithm is applied to a typical interconnected three-area power systems with a different levels of load step change. Results of simulation of the presented method are compared with those obtained by applying particle swarm optimization technique. The results obtained reveal the robustness of the suggested algorithm in terms of settling time and peak over shoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 of the 14th of April 2016 establishing a network code on requirements for grid connection of generators introduces a framework for building a structural harmonization of technical stipulations across Europe. Network operators must implement this regulation in national grid codes or federal legislation. This regulation requires new power generating modules (PGM) connected to the system to satisfy technical requirements throughout its life. Therefore, provisions on compliance testing and simulation are introduced during the PGM commissioning stage. This paper describes the PGM certification structure related to this regulation in Spain in the form of technical standards (NTS) for the conformity assessment. NTS is a guideline for submitting the corresponding PGM conformity certificates and the final version is planned by the end of 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inertia and voltage source behavior are essential for power system stability. At present, these essential features are provided by synchronous generators (SG). Grid-forming voltage source converters (VSC) can emulate these essential properties of SG and make interconnected power systems with up to 100% converter based generation possible. However, VSC lack an important property of SG: overcurrent capability. Up to now, current limiting has not been considered holistically in most grid-forming control concepts of VSC, although it has a massive impact on their dynamic behavior when active. In this paper, it is shown that this becomes particularly evident in the analysis of transient stability. By means of simulations, the stability behavior of current-limited VSC is compared to the unlimited case. By a synthetic study case and subsequent EMT simulations of a simple transmission system model, we show that there are significant differences and that the transient stability reserve is reduced due to current limitation. If current limiting is not considered in the grid-forming control concept, faults that are easy to cope with in a SG dominated system may lead to instability in power systems with a large share of such grid-forming VSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investment decision making by developers of interconnected mini-grid in an underserved electricity distribution network is very critical. This can be achieved by utilizing existing customer data and alternate site characteristics facts available with the utility company. This study developed an investment-based site-selection model (IBSS) that applies the weighted values from pairwise comparison of the criteria and sub-criteria obtained from experts' judgment survey. The criteria for consideration in the study are Customer Lifetime Value (CLTV) and Site Characteristics (SC). The investigation adopts the multi-criteria decision-making tools of the Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic and Analytical Hierarchy Process (IT2F-AHP) to rank the potential sites. The aggregate values of both criteria rankings are obtained to get the final rankings of suitable sites that are arranged based on their weightings and suitability. Interconnected mini-grid investors and developers can use this model in deciding on project geographic coverage area within an underserved electricity distribution network and determine a definite return on investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electronics industry in the Philippine is the largest contributor to the manufacturing sector within the country. The Philippines is also considered the fastest growing economy in the region where its electronics products are among its top exports. The manufacturing of new electronics devices that comes with the emerging technologies translate to new processes that require new equipment that poses challenges to the industry. Thus, innovative solutions are developed by the engineers to improve and increase the production yield. This study presents the development of a monitoring system that is interfaced to an existing wirebonding machine as a means of improving production yield. The system detects and records the bouncing of the "area under bond" which is identified as a major cause of product rejection. The Arduino-based microcontroller takes the U/SG (Ultrasonic Generator/Gain) signals from the machine. The Raspberry pi monitors the real-time signal provided by the microcontroller and compares the signal from the database module with trained signals. Tests run show that the system can detect the signals and present it in a ".csv" file format. Twenty (20) units of a specific electronic device were tested to identify between good and defective device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy sources are expected to take a very large share of electricity production in 2 degrees scenarios. The main objective of the study is to analyze the use of the demand response (DR) in high variable renewable depending electric power systems and explore the potential advantages of using DR to compensate intermittency. We also considered the interactions of DR with the entire power system, including the other exibility options (storage, electric grid, and dispastchable power plants) using European Unit Commitment And Dispatch (EUCAD) model. In the supply and demand balance modelling, DR is similar to electricity storage: they both displace an electric load between two time-periods, although their technical operating constraints differ which makes their economic models and behaviours slightly different. We perform studies with very different renewable shares which are expected to be representative of different time horizons, today, in 2030 and 2060, years. We found that the need for implicit DR grows up to 20 % of the peak load but might have a value after which its use is saturated. Surprisingly, the competition with storage capacities appear to be very limited. Regarding to explicit DR, the level of usage is more sensible to the price when the high VRE claims for more exibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces cooperative decentralized control method to control power flow through dc microgrid with interconnected renewable energy sources (RES) and distributed generation (D.G). A hierarchical control structure that comprises of primary-secondary and tertiary controllers is applied to mitigate operational terminal voltages at different points of the grid. Besides, it enables power sharing between various power sources and assures seamless power transition between different modes of operation. Primary control is mainly based on an adaptive droop mechanism [1], [2] to regulate voltage output of each converter and balance generation amongst sources. Secondary controller is applied to measure voltage across the micro grid and update voltage setpoint for primary controllers. However, tertiary controller is a higher-level control utilized for economic dispatch control and to optimize power generation cost. Moreover, this paper discusses stability issues introduced by constant power loads. Constant power loads (CPL) are one of the main factors causing destabilization in dc microgrids by which the main bus voltage shows significant oscillations and may collapse. Distributed generations are connected to the microgrid thorough Line Regulating Converters (LRC). However, novelty of this paper is in implementing tertiary controller by taking in consideration Transmission line current constraint that is effective for tertiary controller to maintain terminal voltage. In addition, applying cooperative decentralized voltage and current control, based on dead zone and power generation capacity, to mitigate voltage oscillations in dc microgrids and to reduce the entire generation cost by controlling voltage output of every single power converter. Ultimately, the effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK 2016b based on a composite dc microgrid test system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The amount of solar PV installed capacity has steadily increased to 44.5 GW at the end of FY2017, since the introduction of the Feed in Tariff (FiT) to Japan in 2012. This seems to be more likely to achieve 64 GW, the target value of solar PV generation in the 2030 energy mix by the Japanese government. On the other hand, since the first curtailment of solar PV was conducted on October 13th, 2018 in the Kyushu area, the curtailment has been frequently executed including wind power after that. In order to reduce curtailment, it may be possible by changing the operation. For example, it shall review about a priority dispatch rule in each area, a demand response, and so on. However, it will be difficult to execute immediately, as it relates to other power generation and consumer circumstances as well. Therefore, in this study, it will be focused on cross-regional interconnector and pumped hydro energy storage (PHES). In Japan, there are 9 electric power areas which connected each other by cross-regional interconnectors. According to the historical operation, cross-regional interconnectors were secured as emergency flexible measures, but after the implicit auction was started from October 2018, it is used on merit order. There are many time slots when market split occurred between electric power areas because the capacity of the crossregional interconnector is not enough. An enhancement of cross-regional interconnectors is required. Regarding PHES in Japan, they have been built with nuclear power plants for several decades. Because the output of nuclear power generation is constant, so PHES is used to absorb the surplus at nighttime when the demand declines. All nuclear power plants in Japan have been shut down after the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant following the Great East Japan Earthquake that occurred on March 11th, 2011. There are several nuclear power plants that have been restarted (9 reactors, as of August 2019). In this study, the amount of curtailment for solar PV in the Kyushu area is sent to the Chugoku area using the crossregional interconnector (Kanmon line). Then, PHES in the Chugoku area is pumping with low price. Because the spot price in the market is low when the curtailment is executed. After that, PHES is generating at night with high price when the solar PV is not generating. It makes a profit by the deference for the cost of pumping and the revenue of generating by PHES. As a calculation result, for one week from May 2nd to 8th, 2019, a profit becomes 152.2 million JPY (about 1.22 EUR). For this purpose, it is necessary to raise the operation capacity of the cross-regional interconnector up to the rated capacity with the frequency control function of solar PV instead of the capacity to keep frequency in the event of an accident. This will allow the further introduction of solar PV in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, starting from a review on Grid Code Requirements for different sizes of PV systems, typical challenges of utility PV- and storage plants, like low SCR (Short Circuit Ratio) operation and examples for the correct use of existing functions like dynamic voltage support in case of grid faults are depicted. Not all challenges arising with a further increasing share of large PV systems in the coming years may be handled with the existing control functions. New control schemes like "grid forming" inverter controls are widely discussed to overcome such challenges in weak or low inertia grids with a high penetration of power electronic generation and loads. In this paper, motivations for the application of voltage control mode or "grid forming" control schemes are discussed. Such control schemes are applied today in PV-diesel-hybrid-systems with a very high share of PV, in order to maximize the use of energy from PV by allowing to turn off the diesel gensets. Following the same principle physics, battery storage systems are expected to become an important building block in the future's interconnected electrical energy system. Some examples of the performance of grid forming inverters connected to the transmission or distribution grid are thus presented. Depending on the application, connecting the storage system to the DC or the AC side of PV systems may be favorable. In other cases, a standalone storage system connected to the grid may provide the best solution. A general insight on such topological approaches is given in the paper. Finally, there is an outlook on open e.g. regulatory or grid code related challenges to be resolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) rules and arrangements were developed in the 1990s when the majority of the energy was generated from large thermal generating units that were relatively close to the major load centres. These generation and load centres are also interconnected to allow energy to be transferred and traded to improve reliability and efficiency. New generators have open access to the network provided they negotiate their connection with the network operator and meet acceptable performance standards. In the past decade changes in technology and climate change incentives have driven an evolution in the NEM rules and market arrangements. However, in recent years pace of change has increased and there has been a dramatic increase in the number of solar and wind generating systems installed and actively being assessed. These generating systems are smaller than the existing thermal generating units and are generally connected in more remote low voltage locations due to resource availability. The paper will discuss how the NEM has evolved under the high volume of concurrent connection applications, including: • the need to coordinate generation and network investment to avoid excessive congestion, including the role of the Australian Energy Market Operator's (AEMO's) integrated system plan; • the negotiation of performance standards in the presence of multiple concurrent connection applications, including the need for system strength remediation; • the impact on network losses and the associated loss factors used to provide locational investment signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Hornsdale Power Reserve (HPR) project, consists of a 100 MW Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) in South Australia and was delivered in a period of under 100 days The HPR project has proven to be a commercial success and a critical part of the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM) providing energy, contingency and regulation services and a critical part of that regions power system protection scheme. Many renewable generators have since identified opportunities to implement BESS projects for additional revenue streams and capture the energy that would be foregone due to system curtailments. However, many of these new potential projects have either failed to materialize, been reduced in scope or have been delayed. If the Hornsdale BESS project was so successful in such a short delivery time, why have subsequent projects proven to be either too great a financial risk or have been difficult to implement? Some of the existing problems had been already identified during the HPR implementation but a number of other factors have since emerged that have significantly increased the complexity of these new BESS projects and resulted in either the project abandonment, restrictions or costly delays. Many of the factors that are restricting the potential implementation of BESS projects are not technical. All of the existing battery projects that have been successfully delivered since the HPR project have been from large organizations that have experience with the complexities of power systems and functional trading and operations teams. BESS installations are a critical missing part of the power system to allow for large proportions of renewable energy in Australia and for many other international markets, but what is required to make these projects a success? The rapid pace of development of power technology is much faster than the reform processes of market rules and operations. There has been a huge increase in the number of individual generator stakeholders in the market, especially with new renewable generation projects. Market reform is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve with an uneasy balance between incumbent financial interests and fair and efficient market design that matches the reality of the dynamic power system. It is imperative that the renewable industry can successfully implement BESS projects and that these projects are successful. By mitigating the technical and non-technical risks and by the adoption of reliable and proven systems, it is possible for small and large renewable generators to develop new revenue sources in energy and ancillary service markets by delivering successful BESS projects and participate in the realization of the goal of 100% renewable generation power systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent development and cost down of PV technology drive change of power system structure. The participation of PV generation is increasing, and the size of each PV farm is getting larger. In order to integrate large PV farms into the main grid, substation for interconnection needs to be sized properly. Unlike substations for load and conventional generators, PV farm substation has an uneven utilization ratio due to characteristics of solar radiation. With proper sizing method for the capacity of the substation can reduce the building cost of facilities. A combination of an energy storage system can further reduce the capacity of the substation. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) can shift the peak production of PV during the daytime to midnight. According to market circumstances, BESS can reduce further construction costs by producing profit based on time difference of electric cost. For proper sizing of substation capacity, several factors must be considered including environmental factors, market structure and BESS in the system. In this paper, a series of assessment methodology is introduced to calculate the optimized capacity of substation and BESS for PV farm interconnection. The longterm solar radiation data is analyzed for a given site of the PV farm. Based on market structure, the operation of BESS is optimized to make maximum profit during operation. The iterative calculation of each step results in the calculation of the optimized capacity of BESS and substation for given PV farm size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ireland and Northern Ireland, a weaklyinterconnected island power system with a high penetration of wind power, the range of ancillary services has been expanded with innovative products over the past two years to allow the system to be operated with up to 65% System Non-Synchronous Penetration (SNSP). (SNSP is a metric defined by EirGrid and SONI, the transmission system operators of Ireland and Northern Ireland respectively, to measure the nonsynchronous generation on the system at an instant in time and therefore quantifies the instantaneous renewable energy on the system). By 2020 it is aimed to operate the power system with up to 75% SNSP. As ancillary services become more valuable to system operation, there are different possible approaches to ensuring that such services are provided. The approach that has been adopted in Ireland and Northern Ireland is to provide financial incentives for units to provide services above and beyond their grid code mandated requirements and also to procure new services not defined in the grid code. These new services address technical scarcities which are forecast to arise due to the displacement of synchronous generation with a high level of variable renewable generation. Twelve services have been procured to date from a range of technologies including conventional generators, wind farms, interconnectors, batteries and demand side units. The system services framework also provides a mechanism for new technologies to be trialled, proving their capability for service provision. Service provision is open to all technologies on both the transmission and distribution systems. The existing ancillary services (reserves across varying timeframes and reactive power) were augmented with three new ramping services over various time horizons, designed to manage variable renewable sources and changes in interconnector flows while maintaining system security. Ramping services are now provided by both conventional units and aggregated demand side units. In addition, a synchronous inertial response service has been procured from conventional synchronous units. This service helps to address the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) during power imbalance events. The response of conventional generation on the power system to optimise the contracted volumes of inertial response which they can provide has been significant. A new fast acting reserve service, Fast Frequency Response (FFR) has also been contracted from conventional units, demand side units and wind farms. This paper outlines the innovative services that have been procured, the range of technologies providing these services, the significant behavioural changes which service providers have made to improve their service provision and the changes in operational policy that these services, together with improved control centre tools, have facilitated allowing Ireland and Northern Ireland to operate their power systems with high levels of renewable generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

System restoration after a total blackout of an interconnected electrical energy system is an exceptional challenge for all participants involved. The restoration process requires ad hoc decision making of the operators in the control centers. Especially the coordination of generation dispatch and load supply is a challenging task. Compared to conventional generation, distributed generators (DG) do not play an active and constructive role in today's restorations plans. To elaborate potential improvements, simulations of system restoration scenarios including a noticeable share of DG have been performed using an operator training system. This training system delivers the operational realistic control center view of transmission system operator (TSO) and the connected distribution system operators (DSO). The impact of active use of DG even during the early stages of the restoration process could be identified. Depending on the voltage level of DG point of connection different levels of DG controllability are considered. Based on the simulation results proposals for further improvements on unit- and system level are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to experience, system splits in the European electrical system happen every few years. Compared to normal operation, high frequency gradients occur due to spontaneous imbalances within the different network islands caused by a system split. The chance for surviving of these islands rises with a fast and reliable detection of the situation and an appropriate reaction of the generating units. Quick frequency estimation is important for fast adjustment of the feed-in power in relation to the frequency. On synchronous machines, the grid frequency can be easily determined from generator's speed of rotation, while inverters need to determine the frequency by analysing the voltage progress at their terminals. In future there will be fewer synchronous machines and more inverter based generators. The chance of the different islands to survive rises if inverters are able to realise the situation and to react quickly. Different methods to determine the frequency are described in detail and analysed by using measured voltage and synthetic test signals representing different disturbance situations. The created synthetic test signals represent voltage progress during a system split as well as during other disturbance phenomena. In comparison to the Zero Crossing Method and the Clarke Transformation it has been shown, that the Discrete Fourier Transformation is a robust and reliable frequency estimation method under realistic conditions. With this method it is possible to clearly distinguish a frequency gradient from other disturbances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deployment of a vast amount of wind power can be induce large fluctuations of system frequency. In smaller balancing areas, the fluctuation of wind power generation more easily comes up to the surface. Balancing areas in Japan can provide characteristic cases of fluctuations of renewable energies, because each balancing area is small and has interconnections with small capacity. One way to deal the fluctuation is mitigation control. However, there is a trade-off between the effects of the control on mitigation of the fluctuation and the amount of energy loss. We focus on mitigation control of the short-term fluctuation which can be a major factor in fluctuation of system frequency when the share of wind power is accelerated. We use high-resolution data of wind power generation in a balancing area and simulate numerically the mitigation control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, CIGRE (Conseil International des Grands Réseaux Electriques) as worldwide technical organization launched a pre-feasibility study on the economic interest of a global electricity network for inter-continental and crossborder backbone interconnections. This grid could take advantage of diversity from different time zones, seasons, load patterns and location of Renewable Energy Sources (RES), thus supporting a balanced coordination of power supply of all interconnected countries. The paper presents the progress report of the work performed so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses electro-chemical and electromechanical energy storage components, and the main associated interface components, power electronics and electric machines. The component models reported are derived from studies undertaken for all-electric and hybrid electric vehicle systems for which there is validation data to support the models. The application and interconnection of such energy sources at an electric grid level is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil has increased the installed capacity of wind power plants due to its great wind potential, especially in the Northeast and South regions, and due to the decrease in the final price of production, motivated by improvements in the technologies of wind turbine generators and plants, and the generation expansion model based on energy auctions. The country has the highest capacity factor of wind power generation in the world (42% in 2016) and the wind generation capacity in Brazil is expected to grow from 10.74 GW in 2016 to 17.30 GW in 2020, which represents 6.5% and 10.1%, respectively, of the total installed capacity of the Brazilian interconnected system. In order to adapt to this reality, the Brazilian Power System Operator (ONS) developed a wind generation forecast model based on wind and observed generation data and numerical weather prediction. The influence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone on wind generation in the state of Ceará shows that one of ONS's challenges is to improve the understanding of these meteorological system uncertainties, which are inherent to the predictions and model of their impacts in the wind power generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HVDC technology is being increasingly used to integrate RES, transmit power via long distance connections, interconnect regions to allow for cross-border sharing of resources and, strengthen AC networks among others. Such penetration will lead to the expectation of meshed HVDC grid constructions into the future. Converters have been known influence power quality and on the long term, supply security. More so as they are expected to dominate future grids. This paper aims to analyse the harmonic stability and interactions in meshed HVDC network by employing impedance models of the converters and grid distinctly, and applying the Z-bus concept to connect them together. Finally, classical frequency domain tools are applied to the derived closed-loop Z-bus matrix to analyse the shape of obtained impedances at each bus, and the transfer impedances to detect interaction. Additionally, the impact of control parameters is studied. Finally, the method is compared with the eigenvalues of the system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the analytical method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full decarbonisation of energy sectors in Australia can be achieved through large-scale adoption of renewable energy in the electricity sector, along with direct or indirect electrifications of heating, transport, manufacturing and mining. A synergy of large-scale interconnection between electricity grids, energy storage, and demand-side management enabled by smart energy systems can help to build energy system resilience with high level of energy security and reliability. Remarkably, large-scale integration of solar energy with support from wind enables 100% renewable energy to be cost-competitive with fossil and nuclear energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]