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In relationships between people, politeness is often not enough in the socialization process and in trying to avoid interpersonal conflicts. When two different cultures come into contact, frustrations and agreement can arise from the different way of perceiving respect or interpreting non-verbal language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During code review, developers critically examine each others' code to improve its quality, share knowledge, and ensure conformance to coding standards. In the process, developers may have negative interpersonal interactions with their peers, which can lead to frustration and stress; these negative interactions may ultimately result in developers abandoning projects. In this mixed-methods study at one company, we surveyed 1,317 developers to characterize the negative experiences and cross-referenced the results with objective data from code review logs to predict these experiences. Our results suggest that such negative experiences, which we call "pushback", are relatively rare in practice, but have negative repercussions when they occur. Our metrics can predict feelings of pushback with high recall but low precision, making them potentially appropriate for highlighting interactions that may benefit from a self-intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article addresses teachers counseling needs, from the perspective of the relationship with preschoolers and pupils, in order to motivate them to achieve high school performance and to develop their personality. Teachers are also in an ideal position to bring their concerns to the attention of parents and offer guidance on different strategies and sources of help which may be needed. At the same time teachers are now expected to work more closely with parents and other professionals such as psychologists and social workers. In addition, senior teachers are expected to be able to support and appraise other teachers. To fulfil their roles in each of these areas teachers need to possess basic counselling skills. The article presents several aspects regarding counselling needs, in order to maintain the teachers' wellbeing and to prevent occupational stress. To identify all these counselling needs, we applied to a number of 112 teachers from three counties, a questionnaire developed by us, which contains 10 objective and subjective items. Thus, within this article, the answers offered by the teachers are presented, analyzed and interpreted, in order to structure a complete picture of this situation. The results of this analysis, of the teachers' counseling needs, target aspects such as: methods of knowing children and pupils, strategies for solving interpersonal conflicts, techniques for optimizing the relationship with parents and pupils, ways to stimulate motivation for play and learning, ways of preventing school failure, effective methods of integrating children or pupils with special needs, preventing aggression, as well as the need for programs aimed at preventing intra-family violence. The article finally presents conclusions and recommendations regarding teachers counseling needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand a city, we must analyze its most powerful stakeholders, central among them the owners of city land. However, urban sociologists have rarely made landlords the focus of empirical work, and we lack an understanding of who owns our cities, as well as how differences in their internal characteristics relate to differences in their management behaviors. This paper draws on over three million tax assessments, corporate directories, and land records to create a detailed census of the owners of rental properties in Boston, Massachusetts, between 2004 and 2018. Descriptive analyses reveal that the rental market is largely decentralized, with the majority of units owned by landlords with fewer than ten total units. Connecting this ownership data to records of evictions, renovations, and housing complaints, I find that different types of landlords manage their properties in distinct ways: Small-scale landlords evict less often, invest more in their properties, and have fewer housing complaints compared to large-scale owners. However, amateur landlords also have higher rates of legal and interpersonal conflict during the eviction process, suggesting that the informal way in which they manage their properties has downsides. This article advances research on the political economy of cities by documenting the ownership structure of one municipality and showing how that configuration affects its built environment and social life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

America is becoming ever more of a multi-racial society, and from the beginning has been home to an eclectic mix of political ideologies, yet increasingly the political sphere is polarized. These broad macro-societal patterns are reflected in individuals' social networks, which can be sources not only of comfort but also conflict. Though relationship difficulties can coexist with the range of benefits obtained from a particular relationship, to the extent that difficulties in interpersonal relationships may undermine social connectedness, there may be ancillary consequences of interpersonal conflict within personal networks to one's well-being and health. Although the pursuit of diversity within civic society is a quintessential part of the multi-ethnic melting pot of America, the association between network diversity and health-related markers of social connectedness has been undertheorized and underexplored. Because of this, this study seeks to examine whether political and racial/ethnic difference within one's personal network, and a sense of control over one's destiny, are associated with experiencing difficulties in interpersonal relationships and health-related markers of social connectedness. These markers include feeling lonely, depressive symptoms, and impaired social support capacity. To test these questions, we drew upon Wave I of the University of California Social Networks Study (UCNETS), a survey of adults (n=1,159), ages 21-30 and 50-70, spanning six counties in the San Francisco Bay area. We found that racial network diversity was associated with increased loneliness and depressive symptoms, whereas political network diversity was associated with increased levels of family and friend support. Surprisingly, we found that political network homogeneity was associated with increased difficulties with alters. A perception of control of one's destiny plausibly explained a large proportion of the relationship between network diversity and both loneliness and depression, and having difficult alters mediated the relationship between network diversity and social connectedness. While the sociological literature on homophily tends to emphasize structural underpinnings of observed patterns of segregation, this study shows who benefits from maintaining social homogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze how marginalized men's coparenting experiences shaped their. Background: Qualitative studies of RF programs reveal how participation influences men's views of themselves as fathers, but less is known about how they think of themselves as partners and coparents. Though previous research has found that RF programs shape men's fathering identities to support greater paternal involvement, men cite strained coparenting relationships as a barrier to the level of involvement they desire. Method: In-depth interviews and focus groups were conducted with a nonrandom sample of 64 low-income fathers of color who participated in a federally funded RF program. Inductive coding techniques were employed to identify how men utilized the program to manage complex and conflicted coparenting arrangements to gain greater access to their children. Results: The program helped fathers manage common coparenting challenges, including interpersonal conflict, mothers' gatekeeping, and financial obstacles. They found support for forming closer relationships with children outside "package deal" understandings of fathering and for proving their paternal commitments amid severe economic constraints. Conclusion: Fathers enrolled in an RF program largely due to conflicted coparenting relationships exacerbated by poverty, unemployment, and homelessness. Program services helped them navigate the challenges of raising children with partners, exes, or coparents with whom there was never a romantic connection. Implications: These findings reinforce the importance of addressing coparenting, but not marriage, in RF programming. Messages and services should align with how fathers prioritize bonds with children and seek to prove their paternal commitments to coparents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability to constructively resolve interpersonal conflicts is a crucial set of social skills people need to effectively work and live well together. Is it possible to design social robots to support the early development of children's interpersonal conflict resolution skills? To investigate this question, 64 (32 pairs of) children ages 3-6 years engaged in a 50-minute play session consisting of 5 activities facilitated by the robot Keepon. Children were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions. In the mediation condition, Keepon directed the play session flow by indicating when and which activity to switch to, and whenever possible, signaled the onset of object possession conflicts that occurred between the pair and offered prompts for constructive conflict resolution. In the control condition, Keepon only facilitated and directed the play session and did not intervene during children's conflicts. Results show that children were more likely to resolve conflicts constructively in the mediation condition than in the control condition, and that a key function for a robot mediator within the conflict process is to successfully flag the conflict onset. Drawing from these findings, we discuss design recommendation for a robot mediator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a study related to automatic detection of lines of controversy in the energy domain. Topics discussed include detection of framing used in shaping the disagreement space about fracking in controversies about energy; complexity of arguments used to back up the network of opinion; and automatic detection of arguments in large quantities of data.

Online review platforms feature user-generated content that users rely on to form impressions of objects of which they have no prior experience. Using the theoretical framework of majority and minority influence and negativity effect, this research investigates the effects of the argument strength and the valence of review messages as well as their consistency with aggregated user representations on readers' attitude toward a review object. Results of an original experiment demonstrated that review messages consistent with the aggregated rating of the review object were more potent at changing readers' attitudes toward the review target than messages that were inconsistent with the overall rating. Moreover, argument strength was found to have a stronger effect on readers' attitudes toward the review object when the messages were negative than when they were positive. The results support and extend multiple theories on social influence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is a key element in all the interactions of a couple. In addition to conversation and dialogue, the intrinsic laws of real communication reveal similar or opposite personality structures, show reciprocity in some acceptances, decisions, trust in the partner's capacities, but also dysfunctional interventions, disproportionate expectations and motivations, in certain couples or families. In a couple or a family in its entirety, communication can complicate interaction, due to the communication style differences. The present study is designed to analyze various communication styles and conflict management strategies, starting from certain particularities of the couple. The research was conducted on 158 male and female subjects, aged between 18 and 70 years old. Almost 60% of the subjects were involved in a relationship for at least 5 years. To research the strategies applied to manage couple conflicts, a questionnaire designed by Guerrero, Andersen and Afifi (2014) has been applied. In addition, the author developed a questionnaire to assess the communication style. The metric qualities of the research tools are discussed. The study revealed that most of the subjects are characterized by an assertive communication style and adopt collaborative strategies to manage couple conflicts. The particularities of these strategies are described and discussed in the subsequent sections of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an analysis and some arguments to outline possible ways to improve the team-learning outcomes of military students at university seminars. The pedagogical solution for university evaluation process are taken over and adapted from military training, which seem to be more effective in this respect. The argumentation is built up around a student's statement according to which military training enhances the cohesion of the students group and conversely academic classes destroy it. An important aspect that could improve the evaluation of the teamwork at university seminars is taking the group outcome as a whole and giving the same grade to all members of the group. The paper deepens the analysis of this evaluation practice and brings arguments for its widespread use in evaluation of the military students' team-learning at seminars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between conflict and the effectiveness of work groups. The authors used multi-dimentional models of intra group conflict and performance groups. The first model includes three levels of conflict such as interpersonal conflict (between individuals), microgroup conflict (between some individuals and non formal subgroups within a group) and group conflict (between some individuals and a group). Each of these levels contain within them two types of conflicts -- job conflict and subject conflict. The second model shows two types of performance effectiveness and social effectiveness each of which has certain indicators. Data was collected from 334 workers from 42 groups and from different government and commercial organizations. The research was conducted on computers using 4 respondents connected to a Group Profile Computer Technique. Hypotheses were tested on the connections and levels of conflict with indicators of the two types of performance groups. Results show that job effectiveness according to the assesment of experts has inverse relationship at different levels and types of conflict, however, according to the assesment of group members from two types of microgroup conflict Social effectiveness groups are connected with interpersonal and group conflict. The levels and types of conflict occur based on group and subgroup effectiveness working together in unison and not separately. Four regressive models are highlighted that show the connection between several levels and types of conflict with the indicators of job effectiveness groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of choice practically affects all aspects of human life. Public interest to the topic of decision-making process has been continuously and extensively escalating over the last decade. This study explores the basis of conflict in choice of decisionmaking strategy and provides a thorough research analyzing how matriculates choose what universities to apply to and what strategy they are inclined to use when doing so. The article provides results of such research and represents collected data on more than 1100 matriculates and students from 12 cities of Russia. The methodology included questioning and in-depth interviews. During these two stages, data on what sources of information matriculates use to research universities was gathered as well as the most valuable factors and criteria influencing their choice of decision-making strategy when applying to university. The hypotheses put forth in this research was confirmed based on the data received in the respective study, thus, proving that choice of a particular university as a place of study presents a complicated multi-criteria decision, which reflects all stages of decision-making process and variety of the possible decision-making strategies. Furthermore, the research has confirmed the link between certain types of conflict and choice of particular type of decision-making strategy. Finally, this work represented some possible methods to optimize choice and prevent both internal and interpersonal conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction includes the present quantitative study that addressed the potential benefits verbal argumentativeness could relate to the retail industry and determined the perception of verbal argumentativeness by retail store managers. The data collection method was a survey of retail store managers within San Diego County. A chi-square univariate analysis was conducted of these participants. The results of the study indicated verbal argumentativeness was somewhat of a healthy strategy to incorporate into business acumen as a new approach to contribute to the body of research for possible behaviors and plans retail store managers could adopt in relationships with employees. The discussion section shows an untapped source from the retail industry and how this industry can use this study to further research within the retail industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integral component of projects which is necessary for their realization are people. In that case interpersonal conflicts on projects are inevitable. In addition to process and task conflicts, interpersonal conflicts represent one of the important determinants of project success, and therefore it is important to determine which conflict management style is the most dominant. Since previous studies have confirmed the importance of conflict management, this research examined the conflict management style of 29 project managers and 97 project team members. All surveyed project managers and project team members are engaged in projects in Serbia. The results of this empirical research show that the most dominant project managers’ styles are Compromising, Integrating and Dominating, while team members’ are Compromising, Integrating and Avoiding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to reveal main characteristics of the conflict interaction between a business and authorities in Russia. Another purpose is to verify analytical possibilities of several concepts of the conflict studies for their usefulness in the examination of our subject in the post-Soviet Russia. This analysis gives us opportunities to solve an analytical problem of the conflict analysis in Russia and to describe the content of the new business development in Russia. There are specific ties between business and authority in Russia. This ties cause a negative attitude to both institutes. In order to show this attitude and this entire situation we use empirical data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides the idea of changing cultural patterns in the image of the elderly in the Russian feature films shot in the late 1970s - early 1980s and in the 1990s and 2000s. The source base consists of popular movies where the main heroes are the elderly people. We use structural analysis of Vladimir Propp and identify key signs of cinematic texts. We discuss the ways of verbal and visual poeticization and social control of romantic emotions in the latter years. The authors are interested in observing the relationship between social policies, socioeconomic context and the ways of representing love in the latter years in mass cinema. The research focus is on two socio-cultural landscapes - Soviet and Post-Soviet - each of them characterizes a particular culture of ageing and an approval of romantic relationship. It was performed in ITMO University under support of the grant by the Russian Research Fund (project 1 14-18-03434) "Models of the interaction between society and the elderly: a study of opportunities for the social inclusion". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shift in global power has led not only to a diffusion of power, but also to a diffusion of ideas, concepts, principles, value and preferences in the last decades. A comprehensive approach called "security governance" has been introduced in order to cope with the problems caused by this conceptual change. Security governance, which presents an understanding of the concept of security beyond the issue of defense and encompasses the 'more diverse, less visible and less predictable', has become one of the most controversial issues both for academicians and defense experts. In this study, we aim to discuss the present condition of security governance both in Turkey and in the world in a comparative manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

dynamics by repairing interpersonal violations that occur during a team-based problem-solving task. In a 2 (negative trigger: taskdirected vs. personal attack) x 2 (repair: yes vs. no) betweensubjects experiment (N = 57 teams, 114 participants), we studied the effect of a robot intervention on affect, perceptions of conflict, perceptions of team members' contributions, and team performance during a problem-solving task. Specifically, the robot either intervened by repairing a task-directed or personal attack by a confederate or did not intervene. Contrary to our expectations, we found that the robot's repair interventions increased the groups' awareness of conflict after the occurrence of a personal attack thereby acting against the groups' tendency to suppress the conflict. These findings suggest that repair heightened awareness of a normative violation. Overall, our results provide support for the idea that robots can aid team functioning by regulating core team processes such as conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of empirical investigation of the specific features of children and adults' behavior in the situations of physical and psychical strain are presented in the article. The phenomenon of steady transfer of the complicated situations by the personality is connected with the pattern of self-restriction. It is shown that selfrestriction is a way to overcome internal personal conflict within the trichoyomy of "I want - I cannot - I need to". This pattern is mastered by the children and adolescents when they interact with the adults in joint attaining the goals of some activity. Methodological approaches to the problem in L.S. Vygotsky's and M. Cole's papers have been considered. The description of self-restrictions as a personality's quality with cultural foundation has been given. It is stated that children meaningly and emotionally shape their line of behavior in the situations of standing the complexities together with the adults. The material of unembodied observation explaining some types of behavior of children and adolescents in various conditions is of great importance. Research data for prospective investigations of the problem have been given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the correlation among relationship conflict, job stress and work morale, and ascertains whether relationship conflict can aggravate job stress and work morale. We used a dual questionnaire to establish the correlation. The dual questionnaire design consists of the relationship conflict construct of conflict scale developed by Jehn and Chatman (2008) to assess employees' reactions to relationship conflict; and of Chen's (2000) questionnaire, which was yielded by validating literature through pre-test and validity-reliability analysis to evaluate employees' job stress and work morale. 100 questionnaires were distributed to the staff of Miaoli County Fire Department in Taiwan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study tries to examine the influence of bondholder-stockholder conflict over dividend policy to the implementation of accounting conservatism. The examination uses the regression model that relates independent variables to dependent variable. The dependent variable is accounting conservatism and the independent variable is bondholder-stockholder conflict over dividend policy. Accounting conservatism is measured by accruals based conservatism. Bondholder-stockholder conflict over dividend policy is measured by three proxies, ie uncertainty of operation, dividend, and leverage. The model also includes three control variables of profitability, firm size, and sales growth. This study uses secondary data, financial statement of non-financial companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange at December 31, 2011-2012. The result of this study indicates that three proxies of bondholder-stockholder conflict over dividend policy are positively influence accounting conservatism. Profitability and sales growth also significantly influence accounting conservatism. This result indicates that the higher the bondholder-stockholder conflict over dividend policy, the higher tendency that firm implement more conservative accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the presentation of self on Facebook by looking at user perceptions and behavior in times of conflict. Through semi-structured interviews with Facebook users, we examined users' perceptions of Facebook as a front stage for social performance as well as the context of conflicts that they experience on Facebook. The findings show that interviewees experience conflicts when they encounter unexpected behaviors from peers that disturb their "performances" on Facebook. Violated norms activate different coping mechanisms, and interviewees often considered the goal of self-presentation when adopting coping mechanisms during online conflicts. We also found that transitions in life situations were related to the heightened concerns of self-presentation. Our study sheds light on the nature of conflicts occurring on Facebook and contributes to our understanding of a user's decision-making process in pursuing the dual goals of impression management and interpersonal relationship maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entrepreneurial context is known as stressful, studies use models and tools extracted from employee stress research. On one hand stressors indicated are not totally pertinent. On the other hand, existing models do not capture all stressors. The aim of this study was to identify pertinent stressors among entrepreneurs in the context of SMEs. A qualitative approach was used with of life story interviews. Twenty participants related their entrepreneurial experience and recognized twenty-nine factors as stressors. Entrepreneurs face work-related stress and its negative outcome on physical and psychological health. The analysis of transcript interviews shows that environmental stressors interact with personality and lead to role stressors. The relation to public administration and to interpersonal conflicts are revealed as entrepreneurial stressors that are not mentioned in previous studies. These findings advance entrepreneurial stress research and introduce the notion of interactions between stressors [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflict has existed everywhere, where there are people, where there are ideas, values, circumstances, styles and standards that may conflict, which means that anything can be the cause of a conflict: objectives, goals, aspirations, unconfirmed expectations, habits, prejudices, personalities and ideologies, competition, sensitivity and injury, aggression, and more. It is said that "there are more conflicts than grains of sand in the world and it may be true, as true as the fact that our society itself affects our values, principles and beliefs, behaviour and views on conflict. Nevertheless, transposed into specific organizational context, the basic idea is that for any manger, addressing conflict, which is an inherent element of group life, becomes as equally important for organization life as the other management functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which analyzes the talk within on/off relationships to gain insight into the challenges that all romantic relationships experience in their development. It highlights relational vulnerabilities that are revealed and managed through the discourse of partners in on/off relationships. The results indicates that the management of relational vulnerabilities is part of the interpersonal communication process that is present in romantic relationships in general.

Though communication technologies have become ubiquitous in today's society, little is known about the role of text-based communication technology in romantic couple conflict. Through a series of in-depth interviews (N=24) in which participants in romantic dating relationships discussed past conflicts with their partners in detail, this exploratory study examines the role of communication technologies during three general stages of conflict: conflict initiation, conflict discussion, and conflict resolution. Results reveal that individuals have a number of motivations to use technology-mediated communication and that the use of these communication technologies during conflict has both drawbacks and benefits. This study is also the first to map out how couples "channel switch," or move between forms of mediated and face-to-face communication throughout a conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which examines theories associated with face and interpersonal conflict processes of the Japanese. The study discusses several critical factors including relational closeness, social status, and interpersonal categorical differences. The importance of cross-cultural studies is highlighted.

The purpose of this study is to understand how the organizational and structural features of news organizations in a non-democratic setting affect news selection autonomy. Eight news organizations in China with variation in orientation and official rank were selected to compare their news selection strategies for news issues that showcase state and public interest conflicts. Based on interviews, we find that party-oriented outlets generally have lower autonomy on news selection than nonparty outlets. Party outlets with higher official rank are less autonomous than their party counterparts with lower official rank, while nonparty outlets with higher official rank are more autonomous than their nonparty counterparts with lower official rank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Playing massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs) is often blamed for a loss of interpersonal offline relationships. Using the dualistic model of passion as theoretical framework, we examined whether this is mainly the case for people scoring high on obsessive passion for MMORPGs and whether people scoring high on harmonious passion build online relationships without neglecting offline relationships. Obsessive passion describes an irrepressible urge to engage in an activity and has often negative outcomes, whereas harmonious passion describes the voluntary engagement in an activity that results in positive outcomes. In an online survey among 406 MMORPG players, obsessive passion was negatively related to number and quality offline friendships, and positively to number of online friendships. Harmonious passion was related positively to number and quality of online friendships and unrelated to offline friendships. The results confirmed the usefulness of the dualistic model of passion in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The present research seeks to pinpoint individuals susceptible to adverse effects of exposure to pornography on attitudes supporting violence against women in a design that enables causal conclusions. Aim. Using a representative sample of young Danish adults 18-30 years of age, the study aims to investigate if a theoretically relevant personality dimension, specifically Agreeableness, moderates the relationship between exposure to pornography and ASV. Main Outcome Measures. Attitudes supporting violence against women as measured by a composite z-score of the Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence Scale and the Rape Myth Acceptance scale. Methods. Using a randomized experimental design, participants were exposed to either neutral stimuli (control group) or pornography (experimental group). Past and following exposure subjects were asked to complete questionnaires related to background, personality, pornography consumption, and outcome measures. Results. The results show a significant moderating effect of Agreeableness on the relationship between pornography and attitudes supporting violence: Participants low in Agreeableness exposed to pornography had significantly higher attitudes than other groups. Conclusion. The results help explain the diverse findings on the effects of pornography by demonstrating an "adding fuel on the fire" effect of exposure. They show that it is confluence of being low in Agreeableness and being exposed to pornography that results in higher attitudes supporting violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study content analyzes the comments posted immediately after the stories published on two online newspapers and investigates political discussion involvement reflected in the comments posted in online newspaper forums. More than one-third of the comments on the online newspapers involve disagreement expressions towards others' opinions, and the comments provide fewer reasons for others' opinions than for one's own opinions. Online disagreement expression is positively related to opinion reasoning and discussion involvement. The finding's implication for online newspaper's role in deliberative democracy is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to highlight the issue of resolving conflicts within multicultural teams in industrial enterprises. The authors build upon the concept of multiculturalism which seeks for possible ways to enable different cultures to coexist and the means of communication between them. The authors base the study on the assumption that extensively developed intercultural relationships lead to mutual understanding between people and consequently to less interpersonal conflicts. In the introduction, the authors explain the importance of increased attention and interest in the area of multiculturalism. The training focused on skills development in this area can help to reduce interpersonal misunderstandings, bring new ways of conflict resolution and harmony in the workplace and thereby also increase productivity. The authors focus on the "outdoor method" as an actual phenomenon, which is used in teaching the topic of tolerance towards cultural diversity. They describe the individual stages of this method and introduce a modified version of Tuson's model as an effective tool for conflict resolution in the workplace. The tools introduced in this paper, place particular emphasis on actions to prevent conflicts in the workplace. This paper builds upon the theory of knowledge processing and its role as a theoretical basis for knowledge development in the area of multiculturalism. Furthermore, it teaches us to be tolerant towards others, their habits, culture and history. "Strangers" can be a source of experience for us and they can enrich our personal lives. Discussion of the issues surrounding multiculturalism and also the identification of sustainable key performance parameters within multicultural work environments can contribute to more effective conflict resolution in the workplace and promote awareness towards the tolerant coexistence and social cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which analyzes the presence of stereotypes in different regions. As mentioned, stereotypes is a mass media issue, interpersonal issue and a local issue. It further analyzes the portrayal of incidents that occurred near the Mexican-American border in national, regional and local newspapers.

The article presents abstracts on organizational behavior topics which include the impact of negative interpersonal interactions on employees, gender stereotyping and bias in organizations and the mediating role of moral disengagement.

The article presents abstracts on entrepreneurship topics which include community involvement of businesses, conducting business under adverse conditions in developing countries, and international strategies for examining new-venture partnerships.

The article presents abstracts on conflict management topics which include the downside of interpersonal relations in organizations, a behavioral ethics approach to understanding antecedents of unethical behavior in organizations, and behavioral integrity in diverse settings.

The article presents abstracts on conflict management topics which include the effects of culture and personality on the propensity to initiate negotiations, the behavioral and punitive manifestations of tolerance of free-riding, and anxiety's negative effect on negotiator performance.

Informal relationships that convey advice and knowledge are critical to knowledge flows in organizations, and these relationships are often impacted by interpersonal conflict. This study investigates the relationship of personal- and work-related conflict on advice seeking in a midsized US firm. Findings demonstrate that conflict might differentially impede or improve knowledge sharing in organizations, and provide evidence on how conflict in work settings might be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the issue of abusive supervision. Topics include the attributions and perceptions of abuse supervision by subordinates, the relationship between attributions and abusive supervision, lead-member relations as a mediator, and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) relationships. It concluded that a large part of the variability in subordinates' perceptions of abuse is accounted for by their attribution styles. It also showed a positive relationship between LMX perceptions and perceptions of abuse.

The article presents the results of research on conflict between entrepreneurs and angel investors in terms of financial exit strategies, focusing on distinctions between perceived conflict and actual incompatibility. An overview of related previous studies is provided, along with details of the research protocol, which involved surveys of both Belgian and Californian firms. It was found that investors tended to remain invested the longest when they perceived their firms to be exhibiting moderate performance.

When parents reveal inappropriate information about each other to their children, it can have a detrimental impact on children's well-being (Koerner et al., 2000). One hundred eighteen parents and adolescents from divorced and non-divorced families were asked to talk about something stressful related to the parents' relationship. Their cortisol and α-amylase were measured at four time points. The current study is significant because it is the first to show that parents' inappropriate disclosures can impact children's bodies in the form of cortisol and A-A reactance. The findings also illustrate the importance of the age of the child in determining children's stress responses. Young adults from divorced families appeared to be the most bothered by their parents' inappropriate disclosures. This study also examined parents' stress reactions to their own inappropriate disclosures. The extent to which parents' disclosures increased or decreased their stress depended upon the strain in the parental relationship, if the parent was divorced or still married, and the appropriateness of the disclosures. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue in this article that the association between topic avoidance and dissatisfaction in romantic relationships is bi-directional, but that this association probably differs for men and women, especially in situations where the topic avoidance turns into conflict avoidance. We contend in our Standards for Openness Hypothesis that when women are avoiding with their partner and/or they think their partner is avoiding with them, it is more likely to make them dissatisfied than it is men because women have been socialized to maintain and identify problems in their relationships. More specifically, the hypothesis states that the discrepancy between how much people think their partner ought to be open with them (standards) and how much they perceive their partner is really open with them, will predict their dissatisfaction. This will be especially the case for women and will be exacerbated in conflict inducing situations. These standards are grounded in cultural and individual ideals for relationships. Because openness is equated with healthy relationships in the United States culture (Bochner, 1982; Parks, 1982), people are likely to equate avoidance with potential trouble areas in their relationships and ruminate about why they (or their partner) are avoiding, which should make them dissatisfied. We also argue that unmet standards for openness should also reduce women's commitment to their relationship, which should result in relational dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction, in turn, is likely to create an even wider "communication gap" or discrepancy between the standards for openness and reality. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to explain why people have varied reactions to hurtful messages by integrating relational communication into the relational turbulence model. Hypotheses predicted that relational turbulence would be positively associated with perceptions of dominance and disaffiliation in a hurtful interaction with a romantic partner (H1). We also predicted that perceptions of dominance and disaffiliation would result in more intense reactions to hurt, as indexed by intensity of hurt, negative emotions, and perceptions of intentionality (H2). One hundred and fifty participants rated their perceptions of hurt, negative emotions, and perceived intentionality after engaging in two five-minute conversations with their romantic partner about the participant's traits or values. To evoke hurt, one partner was recruited as a confederate and was coached to be unsupportive and hurtful in one conversation with the participant. Results showed that relational turbulence positively influences perceptions of dominance, with regard to either a hurtful interaction or a conversation focused on resolving a past hurt. Furthermore, perceptions of dominance positively predicted perceptions of disaffiliation, which influenced people's reactions to hurt, as indexed by intensity of hurt, negative emotions, and perceived intentionality. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on management topics which include hidden conflicts in organizations, market formation and international management.

Although the relationship between diversity and conflict in teams has received much attention in the past two decades, prior research has yielded inconsistent results. Drawing from the conceptual work on team faultlines, we present an integrated model of the relationships between the three types of diversity: separation, variety, and disparity and three types of conflict: task, relationship and process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is absent from the research on relational conflict is an analysis of (a) the language of those everyday communication topics that provoke micro-level processes of relational conflict, (b) how these micro-level processes empirically give rise to macro-level dynamics of relational conflict, and (c) how these macro-level dynamics become candidate criteria for the subsequent development of theoretical frameworks. Relational partners (n=246) in established relationships (n=123) reported topics that communicatively trigger everyday conflict. The micro-level language of reported accounts (n=288) consisted of thirty-one (n=31) topics of relational conflict, consequently characteristic of seven (n=7) macro-level dynamics of relational conflict. These macro-level dynamics were subsequently utilized to develop a theoretical framework of topical conflict. The study, and the proposed model, aid in the exploration of understanding the symbiotic relationship that characterizes micro-level topics and macro-level dynamics of everyday relational conflict. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies examined whether race of a roommate or a resident advisor affected conflict for participants from two regions of the U.S. Results from the first study showed that participants were likely to seek outside help when the roommate was a different race from them. The racial identity of the resident advisor did not appear to matter. Participants with stronger ethnic identity made more internal attributions about the different race roommate. In the second study, participants from the Southeast indicated that they would seek help from a mediator for most conflicts regardless of roommate race. Many participants indicated they would prefer to avoid conflict if at all possible. They used significantly more internal attribution for roommates of both races compared to participants in the Midwest. The data from the second study showed differences between Euro-Americans and African-Americans. When roommates were a different race, Euro-Americans tended to seek outside mediation. African Americans were less likely to use mediation either for same or different race roommates. Implications of these findings for university mediation services are discussed. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]