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This experimental study, blended jatropha biodiesel and higher alcohol (butanol) were employed in an unmodified diesel engine and its effects on exhaust emissions were studied. The jatropha biodiesel produced from jatropha oil by transesterification process. The evaluated test fuels were diesel (D100), jatropha biodiesel (BD100), 90% of biodiesel and 10% of butanol blend (B90A10), 80% of biodiesel and 20% of butanol blend (B80A20), and 70% of biodiesel and 30% of butanol blend (B70A30). The experimental results were compared with diesel fuel. Results show that the addition of butanol, enhancing emission characteristics owing to its inherent oxygen content. A significant reduction in all emissions was found when adding butanol in biodiesel at all engine loads. Overall, the butanol blending in jatropha biodiesel can be potential alternative fuel owing to its better emission characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, Transesterification process has been adopted for converting rice bran oil into rice bran biodiesel. The test samples were prepared from rice bran biodiesel (BD) blended with titanium oxide (TiO2) at different proportions of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm by the ultrasonicator. An unmodified diesel engine employed for experimentation for all samples. The test samples prepared by volume as follows, BD20 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel), BD20T50 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 50 ppm TiO2), BD20T100 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 100 ppm TiO2), BD20T150 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 150 ppm TiO2). From the experimental results, it is observed that nano-additives gives affirmative influence on exhaust emissions of rice bran biodiesel blends on a single-cylinder diesel engine. TiO2 nano-additives acts as an oxidation catalyst during combustion thus CO, HC, NOx emissions which reduces effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted using the novel catalyst for lowering the exhaust emissions of diesel engine powered with biofuel. Using transesterification, biodiesel is extracted from raw Prosopis juliflora oil. The catalysts were the mixture of CeO2 and MWCNT (Multi-walled carbon nanotubes) at concentrations of 50ppm and 100ppm. The current experimentation purely deals with engine operation at constant speed of 1500rpm at five engine loads namely 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% respectively. B20+CeO2MWCNT50 is prepared by blending 25ppm CeO2 and 25ppm MWCNT in B20 (20% Prosopis juliflora biodiesel+80% diesel) while B20+CeO2MWCNT100 is prepared by blending 50ppm CeO2 and 50ppm MWCNT in B20 (20% Prosopis juliflora biodiesel+80% diesel). Results indicate that the improved surface area to volume ratio of nano-additives resulted in significant drop in emission parameters. HC, CO, NOx and smoke emissions of nano blended biodiesel is comparatively lower than neat biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is experimentally testing a combination of thermal conductivity and viscosity characteristics to achieve optimal heat transfer utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) Therminol 55 as Nanofluid. Recent experiments have shown that Nano-fluids have outstanding properties that render them efficient in many thermal transmission applications in comparison to basic fluids. SiC-Therminol 55 Nano-fluid is synthesized at varying amounts (0.1 per cent to 0.3 per cent) by the production of SiC Nano-Particles of length (80 nm) in therminol 55. Temperature and viscosity were calculated using kd2 Analyzer and Fenske Viscometer at a temperature range. The experimental effect, demonstrated by the highest thermal conductivity, raises volume concentration and decre ases viscosity. At the end of the process, theoretical models are developed for the analysis of the propensity of the Nanofluid to well-established H-C models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the solar still with a novel stepped cup design has been proposed and constructed to desalinate industrial waste liquids. Leather industrial waste and plastic industrial waste liquids are the two industrial waste liquids taken for desalination. The daily productivity of the stepped cup solar still is compared with that of the single slope solar still. Further, thermal storage materials viz., paraffin wax and red brick are incorporated separately in the single slope and stepped cup solar stills and the variation in the productivity is observed. The daily productivity of the stepped cup solar still is higher compared to that of single slope solar still. The stepped cup solar still incorporated with red brick produces the highest amount of distillate when leather industrial waste liquid is desalinated. The experimental results are then analysed using Taguchi method to find suitable parameters for the highest desalination productivity. The economic analysis is done and the payback period is estimated. The two industrial waste liquids and their distillate are tested in the laboratory to find out their chemical composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium is a soft, silvery-white material which belongs to the boron group in the periodic table. Aluminium and its alloys are lightweight and are capable of providing solutions to optimize strength-weight ratio in automobiles but it cannot be used for high wear applications. So aluminium alloy is combined with high wear resistant alumina ceramic to make it usable n high wear application such as brakes. Due to passivation aluminium has the ability to resist corrosion. Alumina ceramic is a non-metal with good wear resistance. Aluminium can be coated with ceramic by various processes through adhesives, brazing & thermal plasma spraying, etc. Aluminium can also be joined with alumina ceramic by using an epoxy resin which is used to join metals and non-metals. Once the aluminium is coated with ceramic by epoxy resin, Tribological test and EDX analysis were carried out on the material for studying. Comparable mechanical and tribological properties can be achieved on thematerial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying of agricultural, food and other products is a valuable process used to increase the usefulness of the product during the non-seasonal periods. The need for agricultural and food products is always increasing because of the increase in population. Hence meeting the need in food requirement is a threat and it can be achieved by increasing the cultivation and also by reducing the wastage of crop, fruits, grains, food products, etc. The wastage of products can be avoided by using preservation processes like conventional and hybrid drying technologies. Also optimizing these technologies is very much important to improve the quality of dried products in a lesser time and at lower costs. In this review, various types of drying methods, the technological improvements in this field and the research work performed using solar and other drying processes are presented. The review papers presented related to these research works is summarized. The modelling methods used to analyse and optimize the process parameters are presented. Thin layer modelling equations developed are tabulated and the analysis of drying kinetics and the effectiveness of these models for various products with different drying methods are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is about the vortex ring production and its visualization using laser-based techniques. The tracer used is produced from a smoke emitting incense material via burning. The flow field is illuminated by using a pointer laser to produce a light sheet for image recording. A digital camera is used to capture the images and the captured images are post-processed for further analysis. The flow field show the evolution of plume, ejection of vortex ring and finally the evolution of free vortex ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant feature of removal of moisture from food products is to prevent the growth of microorganisms and Bacteria. Drying is a process of removing the excess humidity from the vegetable. Solar or air drying are not feasible methods due to increase in relative humidity in specified regions. The portable method is the use of Dehydrator for the removal of water content from the food. In this present experimental investigation, the product to be dried was brought down to room temperature. In drying process the vegetable was dehumidified by the isothermal process. Specific sensors were used in the system to control the temperature for the vegetables and optimum temperature was provided to dry the product without burning the vegetable. Motors were used to move the device from one place to another and move the fruit to the heating element. The main advantage of the process is that it has lower power consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sheet metal cutting machine is the heart of small scale sheet metal industries. Basically the sheet metal cutting machine is hand operated one for medium and small scale industries. The objective is to design and development of automatic sheet metal cutting machine to reduce the manpower and cost. Automation in sheet metal cutting machine has been incorporated with the help of solenoid valve, control timing unit, proximity sensor and microcontroller. The pneumatic double acting cylinder is also incorporated in the sheet metal cutting machine, which helps to cut the sheet metal precisely. The piston is connected to the cutting tool which in its motion. It is used to cut the small size sheet metal. The machine is portable and can be transported anywhere easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper primarily focuses on improving the efficiency of a helical spiral shaped turbine. The efficiency of the system proposed encompassed with helical spiral shaped turbine, is improved by heating the air that passes through the capsule containing the turbine. Further, the capsule is shaped like a nozzle in order to increase the pressure of the inlet air. By increasing the turbine inlet temperature, the overall efficiency of the turbine/system can be improved by a large margin. This heated air not only has improved efficiency benefits but also can have a greater benefit on the revenue of the manufacturers. The system proposed uses the ocean thermal, solar to preheat the inlet air. This is done to exploit the available energy from the ocean and solar to maximize the output. A new float which is part of the system has been designed in order to pressurize the air coming out from the solar collector using wave energy. This particular float has a dead weight that helps to provide more down force even during low waves. At the time of erratic wave conditions, the dead weight is forced to position itself to the mean position using an electro-magnet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. This research work deals with thermal barrier coating (TBC) on superelastic alloys. It is applied in gas turbine components such as blade, vanes, and integral wheels. The purpose of the coating focused on thermal insulation and oxidation resistance. In this experiment, IN738 is subjected to a coating process which is a widely used nickel-based superalloy. IN738 consists of chromium, carbon, cobalt, aluminum, titanium, and traces of molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, tungsten, etc. Carbon, zirconium is in limited trace to improve the cast ability process. IN738 resulted in the finest mechanical properties after it is heat-treated. Thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, and specific heat of IN738 depend on the temperature effect. In this work, the comparison of two different substrates is made by conducting a hot corrosion test, microhardness test, microstructural study and erosion behavior. Two specimens are prepared IN738 with thermal barrier coating (TBC) and IN738 with thermal coating and based glass-ceramic bond coat as a topcoat with 25% CeO2 doped in it. The specimen with topcoat shows better results than the other regarding corrosion test, mechanical test, and microstructural study [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In IC engine, aluminum cylinders are being utilized. As the motors are running at higher evaluations, Pistons are exposed to most extreme pressure conditions. In the current working conditions aluminum is worried to its most extreme conceivable pressure conditions, so the cylinder crown is getting warmed up. The new plan is currently advancing where the crown parcel is cooled by giving display inside the crown. Here as the burning bowl is in a balanced position the cooling display is additionally structured in a counterbalanced situation as indicated by the ignition bowl. Consequently, a salt center is being utilized to produce this sort of cooling exhibition in a cylinder. Four shower edges 150°, 155°, 160° and 165° and three distinctive cylinder bowl geometries in particular Toroidal Re-contestant Combustion Chamber (TRCC), Toroidal Combustion Chamber (TCC) and the standard Hemispherical Combustion Chamber (HCC) have been considered for a similar pressure proportion of 17.5. and with same chamber volume for every one of the three cases Simulation results show that shower edge fundamentally influences the blending and ignition process for each of the three bowl geometries and the motor having TRCC sort of burning chamber gives better execution. Use of biodiesel is significant for diminishing the utilization of non-renewable energy sources and improving outflows execution of inward burning motors in the transportation field. Hydrogenated synergist biodiesel is high caliber and eco-accommodating in nature the splash fluid length of hydrogenated synergist biodiesel is shorter than that of diesel fuel profoundly dynamic fuel which can be utilized to motors as a mix for new propelled burning modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Now a days everyone has a refrigerator in their home for the purpose to store foods, medicines and eatables etc. Some foods based on its property we can directly use after we taken out from the refrigerator. But under some conditions we can't use the products directly from the refrigerator so we need to bring the product into room temperature for better usage. If not done so some medical issues are being raised so to avoid this, we have a solution smart container in refrigerator which does the de-cooling in the refrigerator itself no need to keep it in temperature and this is a remotely operable from anywhere using IOT. This must be done in an efficient manner and the approach to solve this aspect is discussed further. The following we made cad design for the smart container. Before manufacturing we need the visual proof whether it is suitable are not to our daily household use the factor considered is the refrigerator temperature and the environmental temperature. Under this condition we are going to calculate the time. How long it will take to cool the container. The whole analysis is made in computational manner using the ANSYS software. The final verified result shows the time taken to cool the container is 14 seconds. The analysis result for time taken to de cool the container is 19.5 sec. According to the ANSYS report 20 iterations are need to make the calculation of the time. This will give the better and expected results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental investigations have been carried out with different types of inserts to enhance the heat transfer rate under turbulent flow of air in a pipe. Experimental data obtained using the different types of inserts for friction factor and Nusselt number, and an improvement in heat transfer rate had also recorded. Maximum enhancement in heat transfer is obtained by protruding the spiral-rectangle block inserts. The Performance Assessment Coefficient (PEC) has taken into account to analyze the increment of both the friction coefficient and Nusselt number with and without inserts with respect to flow and heat transfer. The outcome for PEC with different Reynolds number (Re) imply a real increase in Nusselt. The results for PEC with different Re indicate a true increase in the amount of Nusselt is up to 126 percent and the corresponding friction factor is 140 percent with the spiral-rectangle block inserts, in turn subsequent improvement in the heat transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the extensive use of fossil fuel, there is an accelerating and alarming impact on the environment as well as utilization on fossil fuel energy, Scientist are in search for the fuel fuels which is more renewable and is environmentally less hazardous as well as compatible. To contrast the fuel entrants, criteria have been developed, which make it possible to assign according to quality and grade. Amid all the fuels contemplated, hydrogen protrudes as the best. The following paper will focus on production and compares hydrogen with other conventional and unconventional fuels and comes to the conclusion that in every count hydrogen has the best attribute with many distinctive unique and beneficial properties. H2 is famed for its distinctive characteristics devising it as the most feasible substitute fuel and propellant and potential generation of electricity and power. Hydrogen is highly plentiful and is being used in a great many applications industrially. But hydrogen can be a principal source of fuel and with the familiarity of its different applied science, permutations and innovations hydrogen fuel production can then be addressed. Steam reforming of natural gas is the universally and widely used Hydrogen Production Technology. But environmentally safe and shielded production had been a pressing issue. Thus, a shift to a cleaner and the more sustainable primary energy source is needed and is critical. This paper gives a brief framework of the hydrogen production techniques using two primary energy resources as well as the developments, space, and the further developments and improvements required to be made. The property of H2 Synthesis technology lies from where it is produced, this paper aims to highlight the hydrogen fuel production from bio waste substances and its developments for high hydrogen yield from citric acid source of bio-waste recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that 40 – 50% of the total heat produced within the body is released through the head. This dissipated heat from our head gets trapped inside the helmet resulting in increased internal temperature along with the addition of external heat from the surrounding, making it uncomfortable for the user. This work discloses on the designing and fabrication of a cooling system implemented in a motorbike helmet with the use of PCM(Phase Change Material) and mechanically constructed Fins fixed onto the shell surface, to prolong the thermal comfort period compared to a normal helmet. The PCM material is packed in pouches and placed between the Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam(EPS) and Outer Shell of the helmet. As heat is generated inside the helmet, the PCM absorbs the heat, which is then transferred to the fins. Fins are provided to help in a faster heat transfer rate from the helmet to the surrounding. This hence helps in maintaining the internal temperature for the user by preventing the excess heat from accumulating inside the helmet and thereby removing a major cause of discomfort to the rider. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electricity is one of the key issues for our day-to-day activities in today's technology-driven world. The fact that the renewable energy sources are depleting at a lightning-fast rate is clear to us all. Solar wind hybrid system combines solar power stations and wind power plants. Solar panel is used for power generation. PV panel The Peltier module is used to improve PV panel efficiency and performance. Certain PV panels are used to compare the performance of both solar panels, without the Peltier module. The wind's kinetic energy is transformed through the wind turbine into mechanical energy. Dc motor rotates to produce the electrical energy which is transferred to a battery through dc to dc boost converter to increase the voltage output of the wind turbine. The power generated from all the three systems will be stored into the battery through the regulators and then it will be sent to the invertor for use in AC loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peanuts are prevalent food item used in oil and chocolate manufacturing industries, but we have to extract the peanut from the groundnut, since it cannot be used in the cultivated form. For the extraction of the peanut from shell, in industries the groundnut shell extraction machine used which are very big in sizes and not affordable for the small-scale farmer, to make the machine cheaper and portable in size for the benefit of small and medium scale farmers. The fabricated portable groundnut shell extraction machine will be beneficial for the farmers and for small-scale industries. The groundnut shell extraction capacity of the fabricated portable groundnut shell extraction machine is 49.95 kg/hr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy is very lots beneficial in the human day by day lifestyles whereas it is transformed from solar strength. One of the green methods of garnering warm energy is from the sun plate collector. This paper emphasizes an experimental observe of Nusselt range (Nu), Friction element (fr) and Thermal overall performance (η) of the Double-V-Trough solar Collector (DGVT) ready with plain twisted tape (PTT), horizontal wing twisted tape (HWTT) and vertical wing twisted tape(VWTT) bets under one of a kind turning situations (Y=3& 6) and same working mode. DGVT's warmness transfer capacity is better than an unmarried glass V-Trough sun collector (SGVT) with eight.84%. The usage of the double glazing glass within the V-Trough collector reduces the thermal coefficient which improves the thermal performance. Empirical data has been validated with basic equation and its associated errors are less than ± 14.79% & ± 4.17% for Nu and respectively. The experimental results showed that Nu, frand η in DGVT associated with HWTT were significantly higher than in the tube equipped with VWTT and PTT. The additional fluid disruption close to the tube wall persuaded by the wing and the secondary flow near the tube wall represented by HWTT and VWTT relative to the induced by PTT was determined as the cause of enrichment. Correlations are developed for Nu and to match experimental results and deviation falls within ± 9.25% and ± 7.18%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LHTES) device is most commonly used in waste heat recovery systems because of its high-energy storage capacity. Heat transfer enhancement also with various finned profiles. The current study is carried out to discover the effective waste heat recovery system from single cylinder diesel engine. The LHTES system is developed with inner shell and outer shell made up of steel for storing PCM and water circulation for unloading respectively. The spiral copper tube is placed inside the inner shell, through which heat transfer oil is circulated for loading purpose. The temperature changes inside the LHTES systems is studied for D-sorbitol Phase Change Material (PCM) without Nano material and with Graphite added Nano PCM. In addition, its performance is compared with internally finned inner shell. Results reveals that the heat transfer rate during is increased to 23% for PCM with Nano material compared with PCM without Nano material. Further, more it is increased about 8% for finned LHTES system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study presents the hybrid Taguchi-Fuzzy technique to predict the heat transfer coefficient in pool boiling of Copper surfaces with dissimilar coating layer of ZrO2 in the boiling experimental system with saturated water as boiling fluid. A hybrid Taguchi-Fuzzy technique was developed considering the coating thickness, voltage, concentration, and surface roughness as input variables and current, contact angle, wall superheat, heat transfer coefficient as output variables. The commendable correctness is found with the forecast optimal model findings with the experimental investigation in each test case. It is found that the highest performance with the Multi performance characteristics index value is 0.75 for the A4B4C4Dll case, which matched with the experimental result of S4 sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present environment, solar energy is one of the vital forms of renewable energy available free of cost. Solar radiation can be harvested and converted as a useful form of energy. Systems are already available for the generation of thermal energy by concentrating solar energy using reflectors. Hence in the present work, to augment the thermal efficiency of the system, a cascaded solar collector with automatic tracking system is fabricated. In this, nano fluids Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) and Copper Oxide (CuO)are used to raise the thermal energy of the system. The proposed system is a unique technique to harness the maximum solar radiation. A cascaded parabolic solar trough collector with single axis automatic tracking system along with quartz tube receiver was fabricated. The single axis automatic tracking system tracks the sun, from east to west direction. The quartz tube receiver is fixed at the focal point of the parabolic trough through which heat transfer fluid flows. At first, experiment was conducted using water as the heat transfer fluid. The experiment was then repeated with Aluminium Oxide nano fluid. From the literatures, it is found that Copper Oxide has high thermal conductivity, based on volume concentration and particle size, compared to Aluminium Oxide and water. Subsequently, Copper Oxide nano fluid was prepared with suitable volume fraction and adequate base fluid proportion and the experiment was conducted using this and the results were compared. It is observed that the Copper Oxide nano fluid gives higher thermal output than Aluminium Oxide nano fluid and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current energy crisis, fuels are draining at an alarming rate, there is a pressing demand to develop cost-efficient alternate energy sources. Solar energy is available in abundance, however conventional solar systems are less efficient and expensive. Hence there is a need to harness solar energy in a more efficiently and economically manner. The present work deals with the structural analysis of a cascaded parabolic solar collector. The system will be an integrated structure balancing the overall weight of the parabolic trough with a glass tube absorber through which water flows. The proposed system consists of three parabolic solar collectors connected in parallel to enhance the thermal efficiency. The structural analysis plays a key role to evaluate the external and internal stresses acting on the proposed structure, along with the different forces acting on it, which will help in proper and efficient functioning of the system. The analysis was carried out using ANSYS 16 with tetrahedral mesh so that mesh elements can easily fit into system's complex structural geometry. The software provides real time simulation of the structure under different loading conditions, which gives stress and strain at each predefined mesh. The scoping method used in this analysis is 'geometry selection', in which a total of 5091 element selection were made, and number of nodes and elements used for this structure is 193709and 118420 respectively. After the completion of meshing, the results such as equivalent elastic strain, elastic strain intensity, equivalent von Mises stress, maximum shear elastic strain, normal stress, normal elastic strain, maximum shear stress, total deformation, stress intensity of each component is obtained and evaluated. This analysis created a platform to compare and evaluate loads of different components, which helps to reduce the minor and major errors occur during the initial design, in order to obtain a highly stable and reliable structure. The structure is designed to withstand a load of 400 kg which includes the force exerted by the wind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea based on presented study is to model and simulate the natural frequency of the S type CMFS for SS and titanium material tube. S shape tube modeling was performed and analyzed on ANSYS 16.2. Simulation is done when tube is occupied with water. Titanium and Stainless Steel (SS) are used as material of tube. Water is used as fluid flowing in tube. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In conventional pact type cooling tower, Fill is used to break the fluid (water) into small droplets in order to increase the heat transfer. But the fill should be periodically changed because of the fungus deposited over it. The fungus deposited over the fill will restrict the free flow of fluid (water) leads to poor heat transfer. A small modification of a conventional pact type cooling tower to a shower type cooling tower by removing the fill material and by rotating the feed nozzle 180 degrees in upward direction can increase the heat transfer zone by increasing the height of water flow. The present study investigates through a counter flow mathematical model with respect to height, difference in temperature, specific humidity, change in diameter of water droplets and change in enthalpy of air water mixture. The performance of a shower cooling tower is studied with conventional pact type cooling tower and effectiveness of both of them is evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the improving performance of air conditioning system by reducing the compressor work. The copper tube with the cold-water supply reduces the temperature of the compressor and water is sprayed on the condenser coil. This reduces the temperature of condenser coil because specific heat capacity of water is 4.187kJ/kg, it is higher than that of air (0.718kJ/kg). Therefore, heat rejection can be carried out by both air and water. Spraying the water on the condenser coil also helps in cleaning its surface from the dust. When the temperature of condensing coil is reduced the work done by the compressor is also reduced. This reduction of heat is achieved by circulating the condensed water from the indoor system of an air conditioner. The waste water from the evaporator is used to cool the condenser; due to this additional cost for coolant is eliminated. The condensed water will have the temperature below the room temperature. So, the heat rejection can take place at faster rate. The compressor is prevented from overheating and other failure due to heat. There is continuous generation of water from the indoor unit, hence the cooling happened continuously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of potable water can be overcome by converting the saline water in to the drinkable water. The objective of the work is to enhance the performance of solar still by using phase change material (PCM) and mixing1% concentration Nano fluid in the water. A special paraffin wax with potassium nitrate is used as PCM and graphene oxide as nanofluid. The phase change materials are used to store the heat in day time and can be used in the night time for carrying out the desalination process. The experiment results showed that the productivity of water is increased for solar still with PCM and 1%concentration of nano fluid mixed in water compared with solar still with PCM and conventional solar still. The condensed water which is collected for conventional solar still, solar still with PCM and solar still with nano fluid and PCM are1820ml, 2680mland 3430ml respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present running force to be reckoned with is a significant factor, however, to produce power we utilize either an inexhaustible or non-sustainable asset. Yet, we execute a new idea of intensity in creation through Solar Panel, TEG, and DC generator. The fumes gas from the motor is used to control the TEG since the colder side of TEG is available to climate and more sizzling side to put close to the fumes and because of temperature distinction power will be produced. At the same time when beams from the sun strike the sun-oriented board, we get AC. DC Converter is utilized to change over AC produced from sunlight-based board to DC. To transmit power from a sprocket we need either a chain drive or a rigging drive, we use an affix drive to transmit power from different inexhaustible just as non-sustainable assets to charge a battery. The point of venture is to execute the best and proficient methods for power age. Since we use fumes gas produced by the motor in the silencer of the vehicle to create power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the flow of the particles as dust in between the plates in parallel position along with velocity in angular which makes the steady magnetohydrodynamic flow as the viscous fluid based on electrically. The major model considered for the solving the differential equations using transformation (similarity). The output of dust particles and fluid used are determined as a velocity. The result established the overall velocity of the particles in the fluid is lesser than the dust particles velocity based important parameters it is explained and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind energy is the cleanest form of energy, abundantly available in nature. There is a major concern growing in the world for substituting fossil fuel by renewable energy to cut off the emissions. Energy extracted from the wind can be classified into high power and low power energy. Savonius wind turbine can produce energy from poor wind conditions. Savonius wind rotor has many advantages over others in that its construction is simpler and cheaper. It is independent of the wind direction and has a good starting torque at lower wind speeds. The wind blades are designed using CAD software. Design is varied by helical angles such as 90° and 110°. The design was carried out for three-bladed and two-bladed savonius turbines. A commercial CFD software is used for simulating the blade profiles by varying the tip speed ratio ranging from 0 to 3 with an interval of 0.2 for constant wind speed. From the validation process, the result produced shows that the most efficient blade profile was 3 bladed Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine with a helical angle of 110°. At a tip speed ratio of 2.6, it produced a cp of 0.48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vapor compression refrigeration system is commonly used for air-conditioning and refrigeration. It is also used in domestic & commercial refrigerators and cold storage applications. Industrial sectors like refinery, petrochemical, chemical, pharma & pulp also benefit from it. The refrigeration system cools the process fluids to the desired temperature. The most commonly used process fluids are water, air, and brines. Irrespective of size and application of the system, all of them operate on common thermodynamic cycle called 'Vapor compression refrigeration cycle'. Oil is used in compressors of refrigeration systems for lubrication, sealing, cooling, reducing pressure pulsations (leading to silencing effect) and for auxiliary functions like capacity control in screw compressors. Oil gets mixed with refrigerant and is discharged out from the compressor along with refrigerant at high pressure & temperature. Oil, if not separated from the discharge gas, can deteriorate heat transfer in heat exchangers in the refrigeration system. In extreme cases, if oil does not return back to compressor then compressor damage can happen. Therefore, separation of oil from refrigerant before the condenser is important. In this paper the conditions when oil separators are necessary in refrigeration systems are discussed. The paper presents a review of variety oil separation technologies used in different types of refrigeration systems. These technologies are based on fluid flow mechanisms involving velocity reduction, change of direction, gravity settling, centrifugal motion, demister pad, impingement separation and coalescing separation. Every technology has unique advantages and limitations. Construction and operation of commonly used oil separators, employing different technologies for oil separation are explained. Though article focuses on refrigeration systems, the concepts discussed are also applicable to any oil-gas separation systems [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model north wall insulated greenhouse solar dryer has been manufactured and tried under natural convection mode. Trial has been led in two unique reflectors in the north side. Sun oriented dryer which is utilized to dries out and safeguard the agricultural items for extensive stretch. A very suited and least expensive technique is open sun drying in which items are just laid on ground, streets, mats, rooftop and so on however the open sun drying a few disadvantages like moderate drying rate, relies on great climate and decrement of residue, birds and insects harms the products. To beat these challenges sun based dryers are created with closed condition for drying, farming items successfully and for best utilization. Lately a few specialists around the world have grown new drying frameworks for improving the item quality, expanding the drying rate, reducing the vitality utilization and it continues now too. Difficulties and future bearings are likewise featured. The survey will be helpful for new analysts going to this at any point required and consistently developing field of building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automotive Aerodynamics may be a vital physics within the design of a passenger cars and sports utility vehicles. The main objective of the automotive aerodynamics is to normalize the drag force, reduce the noise and preventing the lift forces to avoid aerodynamics instability at high speeds. The main sources of drag force is caused by viscous, pressure effects are to be minimized by the shape of the vehicle body with suitable aerodynamics considerations. The present computational analysis focuses on the drag reduction technique used for a passenger car using vortex generators. Different shapes of vortex generators are considered and investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The flow characteristics round the car body with and without vortex generators are predicted and compared. The present analysis also investigates the combined effect of spoiler with vortex generators and the change in aerodynamics characteristics of the car body is presented. In the recent trends of automotive aerodynamics, a good research works is administered to scale back drag produced by the road vehicles and hence to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the automobiles. For most of the sports vehicles and passenger cars, aerodynamic drag directly influences the speed and fuel economy. The wake formed behind the passenger cars and sports utility vehicles in conjunction with a strong flow separation is that the main cause for drag production in automobiles. Various techniques are identified to attenuate the drag by influencing the flow field at the buttocks. Also, a comparison of vortex generators at the buttocks has been done to justify better aerodynamic performance of passenger cars. In the present investigation, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is effectively wont to simulate the flow field and comparison of aerodynamic performance. The Drag Co-efficient (CD) of the car model has been compared with and without vortex generators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has many different levels of parameters hence prediction method is required for FDM users. The main aim of this paper is to predict the mechanical strength of the components before fabrication of FDM process. In this paper, the most influenced FDM process parameters of Layer thickness, Infill density, print speed, temperature and build orientation were considered for prediction of tensile strength of the fabricated part. The tensile test specimen (ASTM-D638) was fabricated by FDM process with PLA (Polylactic Acid) material, based on the central composite design. The actual tensile strength values were obtained by conducting a test on Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for the PLA material. The results data were used to develop the mathematical models for the prediction of tensile strength of fabricated part from response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Similarly, ANN tool was used to predict the tensile strength of the specimen with the aid of 33 experiments and result data. The predicted values from the results of RSM, ANN, ANOVA were compared with the actual tensile strength. The ANN technique gives the minimum value of percentage deviation in Error (1-2%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, Aluminium 6061 with various weight percentage (1 %, 3 % and 5 %) of Silicon Carbide (SiC-40nm), composite was fabricated by single stir casting (single SC) and double stir casting (double SC) process. Besides, the mechanical properties like hardness, ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the prepared composites were used to compared the effects of single SC and double SC process. Completely, these properties were enhaced with increment of the reinforcement upto 3%, and then decreased due heterogeneous distribution/ agglomeration. In addition, both processed samples of optimum level of reinforcement (3 % of SiC) morphology and quantitative analysis was carriedout. Overall, the double SC improved the nano particle distribution and mechanical properties than single SC process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible films are thin films intended to contain, store, and protect the food and beverages. As they are made from edible polymers, the consumption of edible films does not harm human or living things. They are easily biodegradable, producible from renewable sources, and safe for consumption. Hence, they have high potential in food packaging sector to overcome the problems associated with synthetic and biodegradable plastics. Hydrocolloids and lipids are widely investigated and found suitable for making the edible films. Among many sources of hydrocolloids, starch based films have advantages, such as highly transparent, highly flexible, having high degree of polymerization, easy processability, requiring less chemicals for production etc. However, literature showed that the edible films produced from native starch exhibit poor water resistance and low mechanical strength as compared to those of other hydrocolloids. Incorporation of nanomaterials with edible films is considered to be an effective method to improve the functional properties. In the present investigation, the influence of nanocellulose on the film properties of edible films is investigated. Nanocellulose was produced from rice husk through a three step chemical process: alkaline treatment, bleaching and acid hydrolysis. The edible films were prepared from native potato starch through solution casting method by varying nanocellulose content (0%, 5%, 10% & 15%). Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), mechanical strength (tensile strength, Young's modulus and percentage of elongation) and film color were tested for the produced films. From the results, it was observed that the addition of nanocellulose had shown lower WVTR, increased mechanical strength and higher transparency, as compared to the control films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article welding of two dissimilar metals will be carried out, why do we select dissimilar welding because the usage of the dissimilar metals is increasing day by day mainly in the heat transfer core places. So welding of dissimilar metals becomes unavoidable, which is normally a challenging process and the same is addressed by number of researchers over the period of time. Here the discussion is about the welding process and the impact due to high temperature of welding process on the strength of the weld bead. The high temperature induces corrosion which is undesirable. In this research we are focused to identify the welding parameter which induces the least corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing competition and innovations in automobile sector tends to modify the existing products or replacing old products by new and advanced material products. A suspension system of vehicle is also an area where these innovations are carried out regularly. More efforts are taken in order to increase the comfort of user. Weight reduction has been the main focus of automobile manufacturers in the present scenario. Weight reduction can be achieved primarily by the introduction of better material, design optimization and better manufacturing processes. The suspension leaf spring is one of the potential items for weight reduction in automobiles as it accounts for 10% - 20% of the unstrung weight. This achieves the vehicle with more fuel efficiency and improved riding qualities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxyapatite [Hap] is considered one of the most efficient biomaterials with a commonly accepted formula Ca10[PO4]6 [OH]2. To boost the biological and physical properties of the Hap crystal, a lot of elements such as Ag, F, Mg, CO3, Zn, Bi, and Na have been used for doping hydroxyapatite. In this study, the Silver-substituted hydroxyapatite (Ag-Hap) synthesized through chemical co-precipitation was investigated. The crystal structure, phase purity and functional groups of the synthesized sample were explored through X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology properties and elemental analysis by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-spectroscopy (EDAX) are studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion is the characteristic degradation of materials by interaction with the operating environment. One of the important and widely adopted method to prevent corrosion is coatings on the materials. The intention of the present study is to understand the corrosion behaviour of Ni-Ag and Ni-Cu coatings using DC/RF magnetron co-sputtering technique onto stainless steel (Grade 304) substrates. Thin film X-ray Diffraction method to decide the crystalline structure and provide information on unit cell dimensions. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopic method (FESEM) to produce a magnified image with high resolution. Atomic Force Microscopic method (AFM) to study the surface properties of the coated material. Electrochemical corrosion test to analyse the corrosion pattern of the coated materials. The results suggest that the surface modified SS304 exhibits better corrosion protection as compared with uncoated samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As microwave assisted preparation is a green synthesis technique, present work focus on preparation of Mn2O3 nanoparticles in that easier method and evaluation of its structural properties and morphological variations. Annealing process greatly influences the structural and morphology of nanoparticles and hence prepared Mn2O3 were annealed at three different temperatures 300, 500 and 700 °C. Micro structural changes were monitored through XRD and FTIR measurements. Surface morphology was imaged in SEM and its dependency to annealing temperature was confirmed.The band gap evaluation wasanalyzed by ultraviolet - visible spectrometer(UV-Vis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work describes an attempt to develop hybrid bio-composite material using Bombyx Silk & glass fiber reinforced in epoxy resin as matrix varying the orientation of silk fiber to the glass fiber at an angle of 90.˚ In medical industry weight is an important parameter that is considered widely in manufacturing of artificial limbs for physical disabled. Usually to support the person the structure needs enough strength to carry the weight of the person. The limb needs to be light in weight, so it should not affect the daily routine of the person. The structural member undergoes continuous cycles of compression and tension when the user is performing day to day activity. The procured materials were designed using COMSOL and different testing namely tensile, compression, flexure to be conducted on the samples [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the manufacturing of disc brake rotor using Aluminium Metal Matrix Composite (AMMC). AMMC used in this study is the combination of aluminium and titanium diboride. The idea behind the research is to find an enhanced suitable brake rotor material. This paper is focused on developing a composite by adding titanium diboride (TiB2) as reinforcement material in aluminium metal matrix (AA6061) by weight ratio of 5%, 10%, and 15% through stir casting method. Hardness, Impact, wear and tensile tests were performed to understand and analyze the mechanical properties. It was found that better mechanical properties were found at 15% reinforcement of titanium diboride. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium is more effectively fitted for implant operation as could be in contact with the living system without producing an adverse effect. It has a modulus of elasticity close to the natural bone. In this investigation magnesium composite (AZ31) was reinforced with graphene nano particles by employing liquid casting method. The dry wear test on Mg matrix composite reinforced with GNP was carried out using the pin-on-disc method. The various parameters adopted for the pin-on-disc method are applied load, velocity and weight proportion of graphene reinforcement. The experiment was conducted based on L9 orthogonal array employing Taguchi technique. The optimal wear rate was obtained by ANOVA, the regression equation and the influencing parameters are identified. The signal to noise ratio was used to review the effect of the parameters. The Experiment results revealed that the presence of GNP in different composition increases the wear resistance of composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred years following the first powered ground-breaking flight of the Wright Brother in Kitty Hawk, Carolina, on 17 December 1903, aerospace engineers countenance defy within sympathetic along with controlling flight path and physics. While human space and space flight started in the 20th century, this may mark the start of autonomous uninhabited, computer-controlled flight in the 21st century. Uninhabited air vehicles (UAVs), which were inspired by a variety of civilian, national security and military goals, have evolved as the choice of platform for war fighters conducting surveillance and identification maneuver in hostile upbringing. Due to their comparatively low-down expenditure and tendency to provide perfect monitoring in sequence, plentiful UAV expansion programs cover been launched around the world. As specified in Figure 1, characteristic UAVs encompass a wingspan of more than 1 meter and a "GTOW" of more than five kg. Nonetheless, a novel rank of UAV has arisen in the past decade, which is at least a smaller order of magnitude and two lighter order of magnitude than earlier urbanized airplane. This novel UAV rank call a Micro Air Vehicle (MAV) or is also called a micro UAV. The size of these vehicles is no longer of about six feet, amid unpleasant starting weights of about two hundred g or less. These systems, a novel rank of aircraft, face many unique challenges which are difficult to design and design. In a very sensitive regime for Reynolds numbers, for example, micro air vehicles work. Many complex flow phenomena occur in the boundary layer under this regime. Separation, transition, and reattachment may take place within a short distance along a wing or rotor chord line and may have a significant impact on lifting surface performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we would discuss the possible other methods of propulsion system i.e. detonation wave engines. After some extensive research and experiments in the initial proceedings of the combustion system the researchers have concluded that there is a significant rise in the pressure which in turn increases the overall efficiency in comparison to deflagrative combustion. The types of detonative combustion engines i.e. Pulsed Detonation Engine (PDE) and Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) are also discussed here. As, Rotating Detonation Engine provides more advantages over Pulsed Detonation Engine there is more emphasis on the rotating detonation engines. They are mostly applied for all kind of jet engines like ramjet, scramjet, turbine and rocket engines. Researches have been conducted with different combination of fuels like Hydrogen- Air, Hydrogen-oxygen etc to find the most efficient combination under laboratory conditions. Finally, the possible combination of engines is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motive of this paper is to produce Non-Asbestos Organic brake pad for the automotive application using bamboo fibre reinforced with binder epoxy resin, friction reducer wheat and filler material kaolin clay. Three different brake pads were developed and named A, B and C with various compositions of the materials using hand layup technique. For detail understanding of the material nature varied mechanical testing was done, the properties examined are Tensile strength, Hardness and physical traits like porosity, density too was tested with varied testing standards, the surface analysis was done by SEM for the topological imaging. The unique nature of bamboo fibre brought a great influence in the brake pads in both physical and mechanical traits hence it can be said that replacement of the conventional brake pads can be done with this bamboo reinforced brake pad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unstoppable need and fast paced progress in the field of science and technology related trades has unlocked the door and set in new frontiers for researchers across the world, specifically those in the field of electronics. Out of many areas the one with a huge impact is the soldering technology.Ever since the birth of electronic era, soldering is seen as an important assembly having interconnectedness with technological and electronic products and this particular field is known to have a bright future over time. These solder joints have been seen as feeble associates of electronic products and the consistency of every single joint can be in charge of an electronic product's entire lifetime. To define soldering in simple terms, it encompasses the reaction of chemicals between the solder and the couple of surfaces combined together and subsequently the vitality of getting to know about the chemical reactions between the solders and bonding surfaces. Certain limitations towards the usage of hazardous substances (RoHs) that prohibits using lead-based solder because of safety and health issues have been important factors to uplift and develop new solder technology from lead-free solder. Trials are to overcome when the newly formed solder holds exactly analogous features with Sn-Pb solders. But then, these new solder alloys are said to have concerns with corrosion behavior. One of the main issues faced by a solder joint is corrosion and variety of procedures are taken up to reduce corrosion in solder joint. For this purpose, popularly SST (Salt Spray Test) is executed on the solder joints to check its corrosion effect. This study discusses the overview of corrosion in solder joints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper Vanadium pentoxide was synthesis and coated on Magnesium AZ31B Alloy by using Dip coating process. The presence of vanadium pentoxide was studied using FTIR and EDAX testing and Profilometer study tomeasure the surface roughness. The coated specimen are then analyzed for its wear test and corrosion test through potentostat and impedance test and it corrosion rate was calculated. The morphology study of the corroded sample was studied through SEM analysis. It was observed that V-treated layer improvesthe wear rate and the corrosion resistance of the V- treated Magnesium sample reduces considerably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]