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To encourage environmental preservation and achieve environmental, economic, and social sustainability, a global trend has emerged over the past ten years. Due to the detrimental effects that fossil fuels have had on the environment and energy security, investments in electric vehicles and renewable energy storage have increased. In order to meet the Paris Climate Accords and power portable electronics and electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries, such as nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion batteries, conventional lead-acid batteries, and nickel-cadmium batteries, are essential. Copper is the most valuable metal found in lithium-ion batteries, which also contain lithium, cobalt, manganese, and nickel. The unsustainable use of these materials, however, is a factor in the pollution and deterioration of the environment. Common techniques for recovering valuable metals from used Li-ion batteries include pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, but these techniques have drawbacks like the production of hazardous gas and energy consumption. Leaching is suggested as a possible substitute, but it's critical to prevent posing fresh environmental risks. Alternatives such as organic acids are ideal. The goal of this review is to present a thorough technological advancement for recycling metals from used Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its superior mix of high energy and power density, lithium-ion batteries are the preferred technology for portable gadgets, power equipment, and hybrid and completely electric cars. Lithium-ion batteries are therefore highly sought after by business and government in order to complete the energy transition to net-zero emissions. Materials containing nickel, manganese, and cobalt oxide as cathodes are predicted to hold the largest market share for battery components. The metal ratio can be changed because each metal adds different properties to the final product, which allows for changes to the NMC. So, this study has evaluated the electrical performance of the NMC-721 was synthesized by co-precipitation method. Two variables were conducted, namely stirring times of 30 min and 60 min, to produce Li-NMC721 materials. The synthesized materials were tested by using EIS and CV to examine the electrochemical performance, and the result shows that longer stirring times result in lower transfer resistance values but increased ionic conductivity based on the EIS test. The longer stirring time also increases transportation during the redox reaction based on the CV test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repurposing used batteries for second-life applications has gained attention as a sustainable practice to reduce electronic waste. However, implementing reverse logistics for batteries faces significant challenges, including complex regulatory landscapes and safety requirements. This study focuses on the transportation of batteries failing safety criteria and highlights the need for specialized logistics firms. A recent breakthrough involving cryogenic freezing for lithium-ion batteries inspired this research, showing minimal impact on electrical performance. After flash cryogenic freezing, we extended this investigation to sodium-ion batteries and conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of both battery types. Our results reveal that cryogenic freezing has no discernible impact on voltage stability, battery capacity, or energy efficiency for either battery chemistry. These findings highlight the resilience of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries to extreme cryogenic conditions and suggest their potential suitability for applications in harsh environments. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and operational parameters for specific use cases. Nonetheless, our study provides a strong foundation for considering these batteries under cryogenic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Battery is an electrical component which is capable of storing energy in the form of chemical reactions. In the process of receiving (charging) and releasing (discharging) energy, some of the energy can be lost and turned into heat. Excessive heat can impair performance and shorten battery life. Immersion cooling is one of the direct contact cooling methods for Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS), where the battery modules are immersed in a pool of dielectric coolant. The present work will discuss the cooling performance of immersion or direct contact method for a battery module by CFD code analysis. The simulated battery model is a Lithium-Ion type with a capacity of 50 Ah, and the coolant used is Novec 7300. The immersion will be varied based on the surface area of the battery module immersed: 100%, 90%, and 50% immersion. From the simulation results, it is found that 100% immersion and 90% immersion can keep the battery temperature below 308.15 K, which is the upper threshold of the safe operating temperature for lithiumion battery. 100% immersion can keep the average battery temperature at 300.40 K. 90% immersion can keep the average battery temperature at 301.89 K. 50% immersion can keep the battery temperature at 308.40 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnesium halide and nickel halide batteries, then lithium ion batteries, ruled for several decades. Polymer batteries are the subject of the latest research, and they are of considerable scientific significance. In comparison to their liquid analogues, polymer electrolytes typically have poor ionic transmission. Consequently, numerous attempts are made to enhance its ionic conductivity by different means such as blending, adding lithium ions, plasticizers, ionic liquid, and/or inorganic additives. This study focuses on the processing and analysis of nano-polymer electrolytes made from PVC-PBMA blends for use in lithium batteries. The impact of adding rare-earth(RE) to a nano-polymer electrolyte is studied during its preparation using solution casting method. The prepared RE-PVC-PBMA blended polymer electrolytes are characterized by XRD, FTIR, ac impedance, TG/DTA, SEM, and mechanical analysis with regard to their structural characters, complex formation, ionic conductivity, thermal properties, morphological and mechanical behavior and discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the world is moving towards technological advancement and industrial revolution, the need for eco-friendly and portable energy sources for various applications is and will going to increase. We are surrounded by so many gadgets to run our daily life smoothly. Li-ion battery stood out as the most reliable and suitable device for storing energy so far which have applications from small scale to bigger applications like electric vehicles. Highest theoretical capacity of 3860 mAhg−1 for Li metal anodes, lightweight, high energy density and many other parameters makes it attractive choice for the applications whereas it shows the lowest electrochemical potential of −3.04V versus standard hydrogen electrode (SHE). Researchers are trying the alternate materials for cathode and anode where different structural cathode materials are being tested and various anode chemistries have been tried. Silicon anode has the potential to replace the regular graphite anode-material as it has 10 times the specific capacity as compare to graphite. This paper reviews the anode materials which are currently under research to enhance the characteristics of Li-ion battery in comparison with the currently commercialized graphite anode (372 mAhg−1) that how structural and morphological modification can change the properties like cycle life, shelf life, specific capacity, charge rate and stability of the materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition toward electric vehicles (EVs) powered by lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has gained momentum due to their potential to reduce fossil fuel dependence and mitigate environmental impacts. However, the thermal management of LIBs remains a critical challenge affecting their efficiency, longevity, and safety. In this study, we employ ANSYS numerical simulation software to investigate the thermal behaviour of pouch-type LIBs used in commercial applications under various discharge rates. To analyze thermal behaviour, we utilize the empirical model proposed by the Multi-Scale Multi-Dimensional (MSMD) group's researchers Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim. The simulations are carried out at different C-rates (1C, 2C, 3C, 4C, 5C, 10C, and 15C), and detailed contour plots of phase potential for both negative and positive tabs are presented. Our results indicate that the battery's maximum surface temperature is directly related to the discharge rate, with higher C-rates leading to elevated temperatures. To address this thermal issue and enhance discharge capacity, we introduce a water-based liquid cooling system and evaluate its effectiveness in reducing the maximum cell surface temperature. This study plays a pivotal role in advancing the development of innovative cooling systems for LIBs, with the aim of optimizing battery performance and ensuring safe operation. As the electric vehicle industry continues to grow, addressing thermal management challenges will be paramount in achieving sustainable and efficient EV technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The detrimental effects of climate change and global warming have become major concerns due to an increase in carbon footprints across the globe. One of the techniques to minimize carbon emissions is the use of clean and green energy while limiting the use of fossil fuels. Interestingly, rechargeable batteries based on lithium-ion technology serve the purpose due to their stability and reliability. In particular, lithium-ion batteries have gained more attention due to their higher energy density, high coulombic efficiency, high discharge power, and longer cycle life. Graphite is still employed as an anode material because of its simple and highly ordered carbon structure. However, the search for new materials and their hybrids cannot be ignored, as graphite's interaction with electrolytes leads to poor performance on prolonged usage. MWNTs (Multi Wall Nano Tubes) exhibit exceptional electrical conductivity, a large surface area, and mechanical strength, contributing to an enhanced lithium storage capacity and rate capability, ultimately leading to improved battery performance. Additionally, we have investigated the material using various characterization techniques to ensure that the materials have been synthesized in the correct phase and purity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continual learning is being used to improve the estimation of State of Charge (Soc) in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. Accurate SOC estimation is essential for preventing issues such as overcharging and overcharging, which can damage batteries and reduce their lifespan. By using continual learning, the system will be able to adapt to changes in operational or environmental parameters over time, allowing it to continually improve its predictions. This will help to ensure that the SoC estimation remains accurate even as conditions change. Using a battery dataset to train the model will help to ensure that the system is based on real-world data and accurately reflects the behavior of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles. This is important for ensuring that the system can provide reliable and accurate predictions. Overall, the project has the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of more accurate and reliable battery management systems for electric vehicles. This could help to increase the uptake of electric vehicles and reduce environmental pollution and reliance on fossil fuels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assembling Lithium-ion batteries into a battery pack requires a connection process between battery cells and metal connecting plates through spot welding. This welding process demands good speed and precision to produce high-quality battery packs. Currently, welding in battery pack assembly is still done manually, resulting in suboptimal outcomes. This study aims to develop a prototype CNC Spot Welding machine for Lithium-ion battery pack assembly. The fundamental concept and design selection were determined using the Pugh Matrix method, resulting in a design deemed best suited for the purpose. The final detailed design was then transformed into a 3-axis CNC spot welding machine prototype. The prototype machine has been designed and fabricated with a build volume of 558 mm x 508 mm x 448 mm, and a working area of 350 mm x 220 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a strong push for further research into methods to lessen our reliance on fossil fuels. Electric cars, in particular, have seen a surge in popularity, and there is an ongoing need to improve battery technology so that these vehicles can cover greater distances. Amidst the many of factors that have contributed significantly to expansion, fossil fuels have unquestionably played a fairly large part. In this project, we use simulation software to model various input and output parameters of a Lithium-ion battery and compare them to other batteries that share their features. Graphical representations of the results are produced by this simulation. As a result of doing simulations, we are able to determine the different battery properties, and then we compare those results to those of lithium-ion batteries. Based on the graphs generated from the simulations conducted in the relevant programme, the optimal battery with the greatest performance among all of the batteries has been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling technology for spent lithium-ion batteries is critical for achieving a circular economy since it transforms hazardous wastes into valuable resources. Technology opportunities refer to the potential for technological progress in a technology field. Based on the perspective of technology opportunity analysis, this study focuses on identifying the technology opportunities of lithium-ion battery recycling technology by exploring the knowledge gaps between scientific and technological publications of the technology. This study improves the previous framework by using a deep learning-based clustering approach and introducing the Latent Dirichlet Allocation approach to identify the knowledge topics. The findings indicate that the scientific knowledge of recycling and preparing anode materials and the management and monitoring of the batteries need to be applied further in technological development. The technological knowledge of separating and recycling electrode materials has received less attention in scientific publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of low carbon emissions, new energy vehicles powered by battery technology are rapidly emerging as the dominant driving force, replacing traditional fossil fuel vehicles at an astonishing pace. To comprehensively understand the current development and trends of automotive battery technology, this paper analyzes the application status of power batteries in new energy vehicles. Furthermore, it conducts a performance study on the three mainstream chemical batteries—lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Simultaneously, this paper delves into a discussion on the three major challenges encountered while developing new energy vehicles—battery safety, range anxiety, and charging speed. Ultimately, it identifies significant growth potential and market applications for lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the article proposes current technological strategies to address the challenges faced by the development of new energy vehicles and highlights relevant policy support. With the anticipation of technological breakthroughs in the near future, it is believed that new energy vehicles will eventually dominate the traditional fossil fuel vehicle market and achieve global proliferation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After being used in an electric vehicle, a battery's life continues. In reality, there are several stationary energy storage applications where batteries can be reused, greatly enhancing their value. Several electric car batteries can be reused before being recycled. The goal of Repurpose Energy is to recycle EV batteries and offer dependable, cost-effective "second-life" energy storage systems. Therefore, one may increase the cost of these batteries, improve by making storage less expensive, they can also make it easier for the system to absorb more renewable energy. The global transition to sustainable energy sources is facilitated by the robustness and long-term viability of energy distribution networks. Resilience and long-term durability of energy distribution networks facilitate the global shift to renewable energy sources. The development of practical second-life batteries and cells could reduce waste while halting future depletion of Earth's resources. Batteries and storage are tools that enable sustainability as a component of the ecosystem of energy transition solutions, but they also need to be 100 percent sustainable. This research investigation lists the opportunities and difficulties in repurposing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion battery is electrochemical energy storage that can take the form of a rechargeable secondary battery. Li4Ti5O12 or lithium titanium oxide (LTO) is widely used as an anode material in lithium-ion batteries due to its zero-strain characteristic, in which it experiences no change in lattice volume during charge-discharge processes. Li4Ti5O12, however, has a low electrical conductivity, with a value in the range of 10-8 to 10-13 Sm−1. In this study, taking into account its favorable electrical conductivity and high specific surface area, activated carbon was used in the production of an LTO-based anode in hopes of improving the electrochemical performance of a Li-ion battery. This study aims to determine the effect of the LTO/C ratio on electrical conductivity, characteristics, and electrochemical performance of the battery comprised of the LTO/C composite with the best conductivity value. The stages involved in this study were the preparation of activated carbon from rice husks, the synthesis of LTO from LiOH.H2O and TiO2 through a solid state reaction, and, lastly, the synthesis of LTO/C composites with ratio variations of 1:1; 2:1, and 1:2. The results showed that, of the three variations, LTO/C 2:1 composite had the best electrical conductivity, with a value of 2.33 x 10−3 Sm−1, alongside activated carbon of 4.72 x 10−3 Sm−1. XRD results demonstrated that there were crystals formed in the composites, namely Li4Ti5O12 crystals in presence of rutile TiO2. FTIR confirmed the presence of said crystals through the appearance of absorbance of the TiO2 group at the wave number range of 642 cm−1. SEM-EDX presented that the LTO/C 2:1 composite was composed of 43% Ti, 41% O, and 12% C. The LTO/C 2:1 composite had charge and discharge specific capacity values of 150.49 mAh/g and 34.91 mAh/g, respectively, whereas activated carbon were 150.83 mAh/g and 56.02 mAh/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolyte composited by poly(vinylidene fluoride) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) has been optimized for solid-state lithium-ion batteries taking into account the LiTFSI concentration. Computer simulations of battery systems was used to evaluate the influence of LiTFSI concentration at different battery operation temperatures (278.15 K, and 353.15 K) and different discharge rates (C/30 and 3C), evaluating also the dissipated ohmic heat. It is shown how battery performance depends on LiTFSI content, which is correlated with ionic mobility, diffusion and temperature. A minimum of 30% of LiTFSI content is essential to obtain suitable solid polymer electrolytes for battery operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By 2030, an estimated 100-120 GWh of electric vehicle batteries will reach their end-of-life stage. Efficient recycling processes for secondary sources are crucial due to the global reserves required for battery production, their limited lifespan, and the importance of recycling strategic and valuable metals from electric vehicle batteries. Mainstream recycling technologies, such as pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, have drawbacks, including high energy input, generation of hazardous waste streams, and emission of dangerous gasses. This study employed a literature review methodology to investigate the current state of the art regarding the selected process to recycle electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries. Supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) has recently gained interest in recycling strategic materials from end-of-life products because of its sustainability and efficiency. SCFE is a process for extracting substances using a fluid, such as CO2, above its critical temperature and pressure. Metals that can be recovered from electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries through SCFE using CO2 are Li, Co, Mn, and Ni, with approximately 90% efficiency. Moreover, the CO2 required for the process can be obtained from the steel industry using sorption-enhanced water gas shift (SEWGS) carbon capture technology, which enables the production of high-purity CO2 up to 97,6—99,6%. The innovative process developed in this study offers a solution for effectively recycling end-of-life LIBs, preserving natural resources, and advancing global energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a magnetohydrodynamics simulation of a plasma propulsion system for small satellites was studied and modelled using COMSOL Multiphysics and SOLIDWORKS software. This research aimed to study the operating process of a plasma propulsion system for small satellites. A PPS-1350 Hall Thruster with a xenon propellant was used as the prototype model. The propulsion system injects electrically neutral xenon gas through the propellant feeder (anode) into the discharge chamber to form positively charged xenon plasma and generate thrust. In this study, a plasma propulsion system model was simulated. This study contained 4 modules consisting of electrostatics, magnetic fields, fluid flow and plasma modules. The results were validated by comparing them with PPS-1350 experimental data. The study found that the simulation results tend to be lower than those obtained in the experiments. With a xenon mass flow rate of 2.31-3.7 mg/s, the thrust was found to be around 41-66 mN. When compared to the experimental results at the same mass flow rate, thrust was found to be around 46-80 mN. Overall, the deviation between the simulation and actual operating data were found to be within 20% despite some model simplifications and limited access to actual operating data and internal dimensions. Given that the prediction is on the conservative side, it can still be said that the simulation model of the PPS-1350 Hall Thruster is reasonably accurate and acceptable. The results of this study will be used as knowledge for further analysis of plasma propulsion systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present and conventional charging methods for Lithium-Ion batteries primarily employs an open-loop strategy in which the temperature of the cells are not dynamically adjusted for the charging and discharging process. This results in faster deterioration of cell and battery life. This article presents the implementation of Constant Current - Constant Temperature - Constant Voltage (CCCTCV) charging technique which overcomes the above-mentioned issues by dynamically adjusting the charging process according to the cell temperature. Also, in this article, an EV charging station for a shopping mall is modeled using a guidebook published by WRI India and the Delhi Government for which the performance of CCCTCV charging technique is tested at both cell level and battery level and its performance is compared and analyzed with the conventional CCCV charging technique. Some interesting observations on the performance of CCCTCV charging for different C-ratings are also documented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes on the characterization techniques for high energy and high-power cell dedicated to electric vehicles (EV's), as across the past few years the number of EV's has rapidly increased. Projections are such that, more than 250 million EV's will be used for transportation by next few years. The main requirement of energy storage is provided by the Li-ion cells/batteries. Lithium-ion cells are now being widely adapted owing to its properties such as specific power and energy density. In this paper, in order to achieve high performance of battery cells and to carry out the ageing study, we have designed and implemented a test bench to characterize energy and power optimized cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

State-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for electric vehicles (EVs') optimal functioning, but it is a difficult problem due to the very dynamic operating environment. By far, a lot of studies have been done on techniques and modelling to precisely estimate SOC for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LiBs) used in electric vehicles. In this paper, Feedforward Neural Network (FNN)-based SOC estimation has been proposed. This network uses discharge current, terminal voltage, and temperature as input and provides SOC as an output. The proposed FNN estimator is applied to Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) to check its validity in SOC estimation. The proposed model is simulated in MATLAB software and the results show that the estimation of SOC by FNN is better compared to conventional methods with reduced MAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In electric vehicles with lithium-ion batteries (LIB), its working temperature is an important parameter that limits the lithium-ion batteries' performance, charging-discharging capacity, and lifespan. Much research has been carried out to keep the operating temperature range from 15◦C to 40◦C by a battery thermal management system (BTMS). Various BTMS methods are available: air-cooled, liquid-cooled, Phase Change Material based, heat pipe-based, and refrigeration cooling. Among these methods, liquid cooled BTMS is an efficient way that provides greater thermal performance and cooling efficiency, which helps in improving battery efficiency. The following review concisely deals with liquid coolant and what different effects are observed when Nano particles with various combinations of base fluid are used in battery management system. Here such combinations are analyzed. This paper provides information about the changes in the system according to changes made in mixture of base fluids and Nano fluids. Considering future benefits from the data obtained from other research papers, this review paper has all the information related to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high energy storage capacity of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has received great attention as a potential power source for portable electronics. Carbon materials as the primary commercial anode materials have attracted constant and significant research due to their excellent cycling stability, safety, and affordability. The conversion of biomass wastes into long-lasting and affordable carbon materials is presently an interesting topic. This research aims to create carbon materials with a low production cost, efficient process, and eco-friendly through carbonization. Using biomass-rice straw as a source of carbon and melamine cyanurate as a source of nitrogen, nitrogen-doped carbon materials were successfully produced. A various of mass ratios of one carbon source: three KOH: x nitrogen source (x = 0, 0.5, and 2) were investigated. Moreover, carbon materials were tested by SEM to investigate the morphology and shape of surface material particles, XRD to analyze the crystallinity of materials, and FTIR tests to examine the functional groups on carbon materials. Electrochemical testing has been done using cylinder batteries with 0.1 C and 2.5-4.2 volts. The best electrochemical performance is demonstrated by Sample 2 (x = 2), which has a discharge capacity of 123.50 mAh g−1 and 76,19 mAh g−1 for one cycle and five cycles, respectively. Thus, the field of energy storage devices has a bright future for the carbon material from rice straw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion thermal battery management systems are continuously being developed to ensure better battery performance, safety, and capacity. Li-ion battery performance is strongly influenced by its operating temperature. Thus, to maintain its safety and performance, a thermal management system in the form of cooling fluid is necessary to maintain battery temperature. The purposes of this study are to predict the thermal characteristics of LFP battery numerically and determine the temperature distribution among cells in the variations of discharge rate from 0.5C to 1C. A constant 0.1 m/s air flow rate at 25°C are used for evaluating the thermal performance of the twenty-five 26650 LFP battery cells arranged in a 5 × 5 battery pack configurations. In this work, we do both numerical computation and direct experiment. Computational investigation was done using ANSYS Fluent 2020. The battery heat generation model used was Equivalent Circuit Model (ECM) which provided by ANSYS Fluent 2020. Then, the numerical results are validated by an experiment. The data obtained from the experiment are temperatures profile and contours of temperature. The temperature profile is drawn from the data recorded by a 4-channel thermocouple thermometer, while the contours of temperature are captured by using thermal camera. The investigation results reveal that a higher C-Rate gives a higher battery pack temperature; the temperatures achieve in the simulation and experiment show no big difference; and overall battery pack temperatures are below 34°C for 3600 s running. The maximum temperature difference among cells is lower than 5°C. An evenly distributed air flow provides uniform temperature distribution inside the battery pack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid Polymer Electrolyte (SPE) was developed to replace the liquid electrolyte in lithium-ion batteries which has a function as a medium for ion transport. SPE is the result of the synthesis of Cellulose Acetate (CA), Lithium Bis (Oxalate (LIBOB), N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), and ionic liquid (IL). This study examined the impact of boosting the IL concentration during the production of SPE. Variations in IL 0, 10, and 30%. The membranes were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), to study the crystallinity, pore morphology, and conductivity, respectively. According to the results of the XRD study, the increase of IL concentration reduced the size of the crystal grains, the smallest grain size on the membrane with the addition of 30% IL was 876,3 Å and the smallest degree of crystallinity. The results of SEM analysis showed that the pore morphology was abundant on the 30% CA/LIBOB/DMF/IL SPE membrane and spread evenly. The results of EIS analysis showed that the SPE CA/LIBOB/DMF membrane with the addition of 30% IL concentration had the highest conductivity of 2.67 x 10−4 S/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser processing for advanced material modification has been developed for more than two decades. Laser processing of the material is a fast, non-contact, and non-chemical method. This study presents a method to produce copper (Cu) silicon (Si) microstructure decorated by silicon nanoparticles as a potential lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery anode. Both processes were performed with a pulsed laser procedure. The Cu microstructure facilitated the silicon nanoparticle's physical expansion during the lithiation process. In this experiment, the roughness of structured Cu and particle size diameter of silicon were found at ∼70 and ∼2 µm, respectively. This result is a potential device for the Li-ion battery electrode-based metal-semiconductor combination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recycling of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is urgently needed to reduce dependence on non-renewable natural resources and environmental problems from battery waste. Nickel-manganese-cobalt sulphate is one of the intermediate products of valuable metal that can be obtained from spent LIBs using a hydrometallurgical process. This paper investigates a method consisting of several stages of precipitation methods for extracting valuable metals in the form of nickel-manganese-cobalt sulphate from the cathode materials of spent LIBs, namely 'black mass'. The precipitation of Ni-Co-Mn sulphate (mixed sulphate product) from the pregnant leach solution of spent LIBs was carried out in four stages: Fe-1 precipitation, Fe-2 precipitation, Ni-Co precipitation, and Mn precipitation. Later, the characteristic of the precipitation's product and residue was determined by comparing the outcome from each pH parameter. The study shows that the percentage of Fe precipitation is 99.5%, while Ni, Co, and Mn precipitation was 99.5%, 98.3%, and 88.3% respectively. Further, the precipitation outcome of nickel, cobalt, and manganese dissolved in sulfuric acid can be used as a precursor in the production of electric vehicle batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for Lithium (Li) for Li-ion batteries is predicted to keep rising as the development of electric motors and vehicles becomes more widespread. Unfortunately, Li availability in Indonesia is still very limited and it still needs to be imported. Brine water is a natural resource with the potential to produce Li. This study presents the synthesis of lithium bis(oxalate) borate (LiBOB) using lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) extracted from brine water. LiBOB as one of the additives in lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) electrolytes can increase the electrochemical performance of the nickel cobalt manganese (NCM) cathode. Electric car batteries generally use the NCM cathode for its large specific capacity, high safety, and excellent cycle stability. LiBOB was synthesized from oxalic acid (H2C2O4.2H2O), boric acid (H3BO3), and Li2CO3. The Li2CO3 was made from brine water using the powder metallurgy process with sintering at 240°C for nine hours. Electrochemical tests on LiBOB as an additive were conducted on the NCM/Li battery cells. The electrolyte mixture consisted of 0.8 M LiPF6 − ethyl carbonate (EC) / ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) / dimethyl carbonate (DMC), (1/1/1, weight ratio) with 0.2M LiBOB. The results from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed the formations of the LiBOB hydrate phase and functional group. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyses showed that the addition of LiBOB caused a shift of oxidation peak in the first cycle from 3.8 to 3.9 V, while in the subsequent cycles, the oxidation and reduction processes stayed stable. The addition of LiBOB could increase as well as stabilize the specific capacity and coulombic efficiency from the initial process of charging and discharging based on the results of charge-discharge (CD) analyses. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS) and field emission scanning electron microscope - energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) tests showed that the addition of LiBOB caused the formation of a surface film on the cathode. The surface film protects the cathode effectively and prevents the impedance increase due to the electrolyte solutions decomposition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important and difficult issues in indoor location detection utilizing global navigation systems is position estimate and approximation. This work is concerned with the indoor human tracking system based on the power contained in a received radio signal which is known as received signal strength indicator (RSSI). The real practical model handles a maze consists of seven rooms with different dimensions in single floor. Node MCU ESP8266 Microcontroller, serial communication, lithium-ion battery, OLED display, micro USB charger, and HC-05 Bluetooth model are among the hardware components utilized, which are compact in size, low in power, cheap in cost, and provide a high-speed response. Wi-Fi is used to collect software data, which is then communicated over Bluetooth. The system works with the information offline to acquire site information and then online to identify the location during system operation. The speed of the proposed indoor positioning system is fast with high accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is about the battery thermal management in the electric vehicle. Lithium-ion battery is the prominent component in the electric vehicle. Proper battery thermal management for lithium-ion batteries is essential to control and maintain safety operating condition, otherwise it causes explosion and fire accidents in battery. To avoid this problem, in this study we proposed phase change materials (PCM), to enhance heat transfer rate in battery. However, pure PCMs with low thermal conductivity is not sufficient to remove heat from battery, hence in this study we selected four different PCMs such as Rubitherm31, Rubitherm15, Expanded Graphite5 and Expanded Graphite26 with high conductivities. Experiments were conducted to identify which PCM is giving better performance even at extreme high temperatures of 50 ℃, Each PCMs are attached on either side of the battery, when batteries are exposed to 50 ℃ and thermal performance is evaluated during discharge condition. ANSYS FLUENT simulation is performed on the proposed BTMS. From the results, it is observed a significant improvement of heat transfer from battery. Expanded graphite PCMs protects the battery for a long time with improvement of 43% in thermal performance and recorded thermal gradient as 19.7 ℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles market is evolving rapidly, introducing a plethora of benefits for modern transportation. In addition, the evolution of lithium-ion batteries technology provide high efficiency and performance with sufficient range. To achieve that, advanced battery management systems monitoring parameters, like state of charge and voltage are required. It is essential to keep the battery cells at optimum state, enhancing their safety functioning and useful lifespan. In this paper, a low cost, unified prototype board is developed and tested for monitoring critical battery information, though logged data analysis. A monitoring system has been implemented to optimize system with constant operation diagnosis and data validation. Total efficiency improvement of 5% was established without advanced API interface. The system proved to be reliable with myriad possibilities, limiting battery stress and degradation. Further directions of this work include publishing the data as open-source material, adapting into a wBMS system for real-time adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most lithium batteries offer a wide range of applications. However, safety issues are still an unresolved issue for several applications. To solve the safety issue of Li-ion batteries, solid polymer electrolyte is a promising candidate to replace commercial liquid electrolyte. A 4-arm star poly(ethylene oxide) polymer with LiTFSI salt as an electrolyte was studied. The dynamics of this polymer were explored with the Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering technique. Furthermore, the influence of temperature and Li salt concentration on the polymer dynamics was investigated. The dynamics of the polymer ends of the arm show much higher flexibility than the core parts making those types of polymers attractive for further studies in battery research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy storage technology becomes the crucial aspect for supporting electrification agenda. The rise of renewable energy and electric vehicles trend for the past decade creates unexpected number of demands on battery technology. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) has been touted as a revolutionary technology on energy storage development. Besides LIB has been well-performed for electronic application due to its promising performance, it also has been well-known on its scalability for mass production. Although LIB is projected will still dominate the market for the next ten years, the growth of battery giga-factory, however, remains slow. The difficulty of production process and the numbers of machine used become the main reluctancy factor for bolstering end-to-end battery production on the industry scale. Because the absence of precise calculation on battery production chain possibly affects business sustainability. Hence, it is necessary to investigate scaling-up battery cathode production from laboratory into industry scale. The object study for this research was Indonesian leading battery research institute, National Battery Research Institute. The calculation was focused on NMC 811 cathode active material by considering cost structure factor such as raw materials, machinery, power consumption, and manpower. The result has successfully estimated the total cost for scaling-up 100 Kg production of NMC 811 cathode per batch or 36 Tons in a year. As a note, the data that was discussed in this manuscript limited on raw materials cost, while machinery, power consumption, and manpower aspect will be discussed separately in another article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries have the benefit of having a high storage capacity, a long cycle life, and being less damaging than present battery materials as a support for transportation in the future. The state of the cathode's manufacture is crucial since it plays a significant role. This study focused on synthesizing Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 precursor with oxalate Co-precipitation using time parameters of 30, 60, and 180 minutes. Next, a variation of lithium hydroxide was added to the precursor, then calcined at 800℃. Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 cathode was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and XRF precursor data. The cathode crystal structure of Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 is included in the hexagon structure, according to the findings of the X-ray diffraction study. Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide -721 has been successfully synthesized and can be used in lithium-ion batteries. Among the stirring processes of 30 and 180 minutes, the 180-minute technique produced the best NMC-721. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports on the synthesis and application of poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(acrylic acid) or PEDOT/PAA as a conductive binder for the silicon anode of lithium-ion battery. Due to its high electrical conductivity and the intrinsic flexibility of its polymer chains, PEDOT has the advantage of being able to maintain a conductive path between silicon as an active ingredient, carbon as a conductive additive, and current collectors in the form of copper foil. PEDOT/PAA was synthesized by in situ polymerizations of 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in a solution containing poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a templating agent using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant with ratio of 1:1:1.2. FTIR and XPS results confirm the successful polymerization of EDOT to PEDOT. The UV-Vis tests indicate that the electronic energy levels of PEDOT/PAA and PEDOT/PSS are identical. The cycle test and 180° adhesion peel test results demonstrate that PEDOT/PAA is a superior binder for silicon anodes in lithium-ion batteries when compared to other binders like poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT/PSS) brand Clevios PH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of renewable energy to minimize the current impacts of climate change has become a global issue that has captured the world's attention. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide, in various sectors such as transportation, industry, and others, has led society to start harnessing renewable energy in their daily lives. The utilization of renewable energy is closely tied to the role of batteries as energy storage devices. Apart from being used in electric vehicles, batteries can also be utilized in power generation systems, information technology, and other applications. This has resulted in a wide and diverse battery ecosystem. These conditions require battery manufacturers to continuously innovate and develop products to meet market demands while considering the preferences of buyers. In general, buyers desire batteries that possess certain criteria, such as long lifespan, high capacity, fast charging, affordable prices, environmental friendliness, and recyclability. However, creating products that meet these buyer preferences still requires further research and support from relevant parties, primarily due to the constraint of high prices of lithium-ion battery raw materials, which consequently affects battery prices. This study aims to provide an overview of product and business analysis for the development of lithium-ion batteries in PT. Batex, utilizing the technopreneur ship model, SWOT analysis, and Business Model Canvas (BMC). From this research, it can be concluded that the technopreneur ship model plays a significant role in the development of products and businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the first time, the mechanism of decomposition of the standard LP57 electrolyte during the charging of lithium-ion batteries was proved. It has been proven that the composition of the gases released during the decomposition of the standard electrolyte LP57 is the same as in the decomposition of the electrolyte EC within the experimental error. Therefore, in the LP57 electrolyte, EC decomposes mainly. It is shown that CO2, CO, and H2 gases are formed as a result of the decomposition of the LP57 electrolyte. Moreover, CO and H2 gases are formed as a result of electrochemical decomposition of the electrolyte, while CO2 gas is the result of the interaction of CO with atomic oxygen released from the active substance of the cathode. Therefore, the CO2/CO ratio in the evolved gas strongly depends on the amount of atomic oxygen released from the cathode. In turn, the amount of atomic oxygen released from the cathode strongly depends on the temperature and cutoff voltage during batteries charging. The proposed decomposition mechanism for the LP57 electrolyte corresponds to all known experimental data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

V2O5 nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical method using ammonium metavanadate as a precursor and nitric acid as an oxidizing agent. The investigation of the prepared nanostructures has been made through XRD, FESEM, and EDX. XRD analysis confirms the orthorhombic structure with high crystallinity of the prepared nanostructure. Synthesized V2O5 has a sheet-like structure as shown by FESEM micrographs. The chemical composition of the prepared material has been confirmed by the EDX analysis. The large specific surface of these V2O5 nano sheets-like structures could be used in lithium-ion batteries as a cathode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (Li-ion) are the first option in applications that demand energy storage devices due to their high capacity, high depth of discharging, high energy density, long life cycle, no effect memory, and low self-discharge capability. Li-ion of necessity must be controlled in anticipation of an operation to be in a safe situation and get the best performance, so it must be utilized battery management system (BMS). BMS functionality monitors, control, and protects the battery pack from over-discharge, active balancing cells, and over-temperature. This paper utilized BMS to compare several charge methods to validate an efficient approach for maintaining battery performance. Proposed state I multi-stage current (MSC) based on Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) depending on the state of charge (SoC) as input for specifying the charging current as FLC output. State II, based on FLC, considers the temperature as a factor with SoC in specifying charging current. The state II charge method prefers because the rising temperature during the charging process reduces other charge methods, preserving the battery performance and life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present, EVs manufacturing with the use of Li-ion batteries, provides longer driving range and higher energy concentration because of high energy. As we all know, the performance of electric cars is mostly determined by energy storage components. For electric and high-voltage cars, batteries are the most efficient and conventional energy storage components. In current or upcoming EVs the unique energy storage element is only ultra capacitor, the UC incarcerate and deliver quick rupture of energy because UC has high power density. As a consequence, a battery-UC combination has established a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) for high-efficiency electric automobiles. The Battery-UC HESS system combines the battery's high energy density with Cu's high energy density. With use of this harmonizing feature of battery-UC, HESS achieved the high power abilities and great energy storage at the same time with small size and light weight as compared to high power battery-only ESS equivalent. Because of previous research and investigations, the papers evaluates and talk about the benefits of hybridization of Battery-UC HESS, control strategies for an energy management needed to optimize or divide the power demand between the battery and UC. The paper concentrated on the investigation of energy supervision of rule based algorithm for control of energy, control algorithm on optimization based and other control mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have come up as promising devices for energy storage applications because of high energy density, low self-discharge, long cycle life and absence of memory effect, they are endowed with. High energy density LIBs are particularly considered as ideal sources for powering electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). Silicon and transition metal oxides are widely pursued anode materials for Li ion cells due to the advantages of high theoretical capacity, environmental friendliness and suitable and safe voltage profile. However, they encounter challenges arising from large volume expansion up to 300% on lithium insertion, poor electrical conductivity and formation of unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layers.1 Efficient working of an ideal Li-ion cell relies on never-ending shuttling of lithium ions during charging and discharging (or lithiation and delithiation) between the electrodes. For ideal performance of the cell, electrodes should retain their structural stability, porosity and conductivity after many cycles of charging and discharging.2 A hierarchical structure of mesoporous carbon as a shell grown around silicon nanoparticles via hydrothermal method is used as anode and is assessed against lithium metal in half-cell configuration. The test cells show an initial discharge capacity of 3102 mAh/g and charge capacity of 2101 mAh/g with initial columbic efficiency (ICE) of 67%. After 5 cycles the capacity retention of the cell is 37%. In the present work, we report assessment of failure mechanism of Li ion cell due to high volume expansion of Si composite anode using post-mortem analysis of the electrode based on FE SEM studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries has promising future in electric vehicles and storage of electricity. The two main issues with these batteries are the charging time and the heating problems. When we vary the discharging and charging rate of the battery, the temperature also increases/decreases respectively. Battery thermal management has a crucial role of maintaining life-cycle and performance of.battery. A battery thermal management system ensures thermal repeatability and prevents thermal runaway of battery. The paper presents the results derived from the experimentation undertaken with this purpose. An experiment was performed on Lithium-ion 18650 battery cells, which are charged with 2 C charging rate which are cooled with immersion cooling via dielectric fluid. The use of this BTMS ensures the thermal runaway is minimized and all the cells are cooled uniformly, which make sure that all the cells are working under desirable conditions. The simulation was verified with experimentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries are an essential component used in Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric Vehicles, where their temperature contributes a significant effect on safety and performance. This study design and analysis for a battery thermal management system using air as a coolant. The work was done by employing ANSYS Fluent. The modification of the position of the battery module with 18650 batteries was investigated. The space between the batteries supports the air conditioner flowing in and out. The two sides of the battery module wall were also fully opened. The heat generated during discharge was simulated with the help of a user-defined function. The ambient air temperature was set by 22 °C, where air velocity was kept constant by 0.1 m/s. A pressure-based, laminar, k-epsilon turbulent, incompressible, transient solver was used in the simulation. The solver used a SIMPLE algorithm for pressure and velocity coupling. Airflow in the fluid domain was considered as laminar flow. A three-dimensional arrangement equation solves the computing domain for mass, momentum, and energy eternity during battery discharge conditions. Fluid domains and solid domains are combined to simulate conjugate heat transfer. The simulation shows that the staggered battery module lowers the temperature better than the aligned battery module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are really being developed n reaction to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problem concerns, as alternatives to standard internal combustion engine-powered cars. Because of its extended cycle life and high energy density, the Li-ion battery is commonly utilized in cars. The Li-ion battery's state of charge (SOC) is an important determinant. SOC estimate accuracy can be adjusted the Li-ion battery's safe performance. However the conventional estimate approach, the ampere-hour method, which has an accumulated error and allows for the production of satisfactory outcomes that can endure for a long time in order to avoid noise. This research uses the Thevenin model of a battery to design an estimating model that can offer the battery's functioning state. The estimation error generated by Gaussian noise is then corrected using the extended Kalman filtering approach. Finally, a test system is created in MATALAB/Simulink to evaluate the suggested method's achievement. Simulated results show that the suggested method outperforms established methods regarding performance and estimation exactness under. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The battery combined model is generally employed to track the experimental battery terminal voltage due to a simulation process. However, this model requires an appropriate parameter identification in order to have an adequate output terminal voltage. The best tuning model parameters can enhance the model accracy and thus increase the accuracy of the state of charge, which is considered as an important state for battery management system. the parameter identification framework based on the battery model and a particle swarm optimization method is proposed. Firstly, the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) current profile is used as input of the battery in order to extract the experimental terminal voltage, and then the parameter identification framework is applied to find the best parameters by minimizing the error between the experimental and the optimized terminal voltage. The simulation results show that the proposed method can achieve high estimation accuracy with root mean square error and the maximum absolute error within 0.01 mV and 2 mV respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new self-doped polymeric complex of nickel with salen-type ligand, containing repeating unit having carboxylithium was synthesized. LiClO4 solution in acetonitrile was used for electrochemical polymerization of the complex. LiClO4, LiPF6 and LiTFSi in acetonitrile were used as electrolytes for studying the electrochemical properties of the obtained polymer film. Presence of Li in the polymer film structure was proved with XPS. Mixed anionic and cationic mass flows during redox processes in the films were determined with the in-situ QCM/CV method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high densities of energy, power, and remarkable operational efficiency of Li-on battery when in contrast to Lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries are examples of other types of batteries. Vehicles, electronics, aircraft, and other industries are all interested in lithium-ion batteries right now. However, some critical variables, such as performance degradation under extreme driving circumstances due to temperature difference in the lithium-ion cell, limit its usefulness. As a result, it's important to decide the optimal course of action based on the consequences of heat generation on various lithium-ion cell components. This paper looked at how heat is generated and how it affects each component of a li-ion battery. An analysis of different heat-controlling systems employing various design structures in numerous techniques of cooling such as liquid convection, phase transition material, air Convection and a combination of these techniques are used. Finally, utilizing a variety of design frameworks, a summary is created [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The feasibility of using low-environmental-impact leaching media to recover valuable metals from lithium ion batteries (LIBs) has been evaluated. Several deep eutectic solvents (DES) were tested as leaching agents in the presence of different type of additives (i.e., H2O2). The optimization of Co recovery was carried out by investigating various operating conditions, such as reaction time, temperature, solid (black mass) to liquid (DES) ratio, additive type, and concentration. Leaching with final selected DES choline chloride (33%), lactic acid (53%), and citric acid (13%) at 55 °C achieved an extraction yield of more than 95% for the cobalt. The leaching mechanism likely begins with the dissolution of the active material in the black mass (BM) followed by chelation of Co(II) with the DES. The results obtained confirm that those leaching media are an eco-friendly alternative to the strong inorganic acids used nowadays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of graphite from cathode active materials containing Co, Ni, and Mn, and the metals Cu and Al by flotation was tested and evaluated with a black mass sample of crushed spent Li-ion batteries. The metals, Cu and Al, were mostly (>90%) concentrated by sieving into an oversize fraction (+0.25 mm). Graphite and the cathode active materials in the oversize fraction (+0.25 mm) were effectively separated from the metals, Cu and Al, by flotation. Pre-treatment by roasting at a temperature of 350–450 °C improved the flotation efficiency of graphite from the cathode active materials for the undersize fraction (−0.25 mm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates the performance assessment and design of Li-ion batteries mostly used in portable devices. This work is mainly focused on the selection of negative electrode materials, type of electrolyte, and selection of positive electrode material. The main software used in COMSOL Multiphysics and the software contains a physics module for battery design. Various parameters are considered for performance assessment such as charge and discharge rates, cell temperature, cell potential, lithiation, de-lithiation potentials, the capacitance fading and the OCV. Selection of positive electrode is made on specific cell requirements like more cell capacity, the radius of particles, host capacity. Modeling of complete battery is done in the 1-D model. Aspects related to the electrolyte are also analyzed based on cell discharge and heat dissipation of cells during charge and discharge cycles. Basic modifications to parameters like host densities, SOC window ranging from 0.25 – 0.90, and collector thickness variations are made for negative electrodes. Also been observed that the liquid electrolyte model sustains to lower temperature during discharge. Modeling with silicon will be a future target due to its ability to srink its size to 110µm size in this work. The maximum and minimum cell potentials are taken to be 5V and 2V respectively. Operating maximum & minimum cell potentials are fixed to 4.5V and 2.1V respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]