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Kenangkan (Artocarpus rigida) is a sepcies of the genus Artocarpus of the moraceae family, which contains numerous prenylated flavonoid compounds with several bioactivities. The objective of this research is to study several fractions of branch bark extract (A. rigida) with respect to their ability to inhibit the action of the enzyme α-amylase (as an antidiabetic). A. rigida was obtained from Keputran Village, Sukoharjo, Pringsewu, Lampung. This study started with the sampling and preparation of samples and the extraction of the compounds by maceration using methanol solvent. The macerated methanol extract was then partitioned with n-hexane and acetone as solvents. In vitro antidiabetic bioactivity test using the iodin method to inhibit the action of the α-amylase enzyme. The result showed that the n-hexane, acetone, and methanol fractions at a concentration of 2000 ppm had high grade inhibitory activity, 92.18% ±0.39, 89.59% ±1.09, and 59.94% ±0.54, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine evanescent wave toxic gas methanol sensor using metal oxides applications in comparison with different room temperatures for better sensitivity. There are 16 samples in total for the detection of methanol gas sensitivity. Wavelength 694 (Group 1) with 10 samples and Wavelength 716 (Group 2) with 18 samples were then calculated from that. The Gpower test used is about 85 % (g power setting parameters: α=0.05 and power=0.85). The effect of temperature was investigated by recording the output response for linearly aligned clad removed fiber as a function of time at different temperatures (15°C, 24°C, 35°C) were found to have a better reaction than the other values with a significance value of 0.032 (p<0.05). Hence there exist statistically significant differences between two groups. At 15°C, the methanol reacts favourably. Compare the other two temperatures (25°C and 35°C). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an intelligent system was developed for the real-time monitoring of methanol conversion from the direct hydrogenation of CO2 under the effect of uncertainty in process conditions. The modeling and simulation of methanol synthesis were conducted using Aspen Hysys, the first-principal modeling software. The Aspen model was then shifted into dynamic mode by introducing a ±5% uncertainty in key process conditions, i.e., temperature, pressure, and mass flow rate, to produce a dataset comprising 370 samples. The data samples were then employed to build a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model to predict the methanol conversion rate. The GPR model has a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.83127 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98078. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a type of shrub fruit that grows in most tropical countries. Despite the fruit that can be consumed, the leaves are also useful to be used as an antidiarrheal traditional medicine since it contains chemical compounds such as tannins. This study aims to determine the total tannin content in guava when it is extracted using acetone, ethanol, and methanol as solvents. Guava powder were extracted by using the maceration method using acetone, ethanol 96%, and methanol solvent then the filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator. Tannins were identified in the extract by using a 1% gelatin solution. To test the analysis of tannin levels, folin denis reagent and 20% Na 2 CO 3 solution and were added and analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 765 nm. The results of the study obtained a tannin level extract acetone of 21,3305 ppm±0,1039; extract ethanol of 21.413 ppm±0,1451; and extract methanol of 25.9586 ppm±0,1262. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The combustion of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) fuelled with methanol was achieved on a modified CI engine by heating the intake air. The effects of intake temperature and mixture concentration on HCCI combustion characteristics and emissions were analyzed in this paper. Initially the experimental run with pure diesel then the piston is modified with CE Coated Engine - Aluminium oxide Al2O3 and addition of methanol on HCCI engine, then the same type of experimental have been carried under the Lemon Grass Methyl Ester (LGME) with coating and methanol in HCCI Engine. The result of the experiment with performance of BTE increases with coated engine and decreases by addition of methanol, LGME blend results has decreases and increases with (CE) and decreases by addition of methanol. BSFC results increased with all condition because the blend and thermal coating had a higher viscosity and lower energy content. The emission results such as CO, HC NoX and smoke were the NoX is slightly increased when compared to other emission in future the impact of adopting a varied compression ratio and technique to analysis the NoX emission control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work consists of a detailed study of the interaction of CO, H2, CO2, CH3OH, dimethyl ether (DME) with the surface of the catalyst in the one-step synthesis reaction of dimethyl ether from synthesis gas. The process of obtaining DME from H2 and CO, synthesis of methanol and its dehydration in the presence of a catalyst consisting of ZnO·Al2O3·ZrO2·CuO ·CaO/bentonite: γ-A12O3 and their layer-by-layer loading were studied. Since methanol synthesis and its dehydration take place simultaneously in one reactor, ZnO·Al2O3·ZrO2·CuO ·CaO/bentonite: γ-A12O3 in the presence of a catalyst a) 1:1, b) 2:3, c) 2:1:2 methods of layer loading are provided. Operating conditions T=290 °C, P=0.5 MPa, CO/H2=0.5, volume velocity 1000 hour −1 pressure, conversion of CO to methanol and DME output in one pass through the catalyst bed were studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper performed a systematic measurement of the refractive index of binary mixtures (Methanol with Valeronitrile) at five different temperatures. So far, much work has been reported for the temperature-dependent study of individual components using the Abbemat refractometer instrument. Still, very little or almost no work has been written for temperature-dependent analysis of binary mixtures. We present the results of our studies on the refractive indices of binary mixtures of Valeronitrile with methanol over the entire composition range at five different temperatures (303 K, 308 K, 313 K, 318 K, and 323 K). The refractive index values of a binary mixture are used to calculate the excess properties of the mixture over the entire composition range and fitted to the polynomial. Natural logarithmic fitting equations are exciting and lead to knowledge of the material's composition and molecular structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Methanol has been widely used as an alternative fuel. The influences of methanol on the performances of lubricating oil have been reported. The presence of contaminants was suspected to be the cause of lubrication failure. These phenomena were observed by analysing the key properties of lubricants. This study aims to determine the lubricant contaminant, and the lubricating efficiency of lube oil diluted with methanol-gasoline mixtures. The results show that the properties of lubricants change as fuel diluted, namely kinematic viscosity, density, flash point, total acid number, total base number, water content, and wear tendency. The kinematic viscosity changes about 17.5% from the initial value, while the density, flash point, and TBN change were changed 0.5%, 70%, and less than 1%, respectively. The relatively small decrease of kinematic viscosity indicates the ability of lubricating oil to maintain the lubrication required. This condition was observed in the measured wear scar diameter which is still below the allowable value of 0.5 mm. The acidity (TAN) increases significantly, however, the value was still below 2 mg.KOH/gr. The water content of lubricating oil raises as the presence of water in fuel was increases and scar diameter. This is aligned with the increase in the acidity value of lubricating oil. According to those results, the usage of methanol as a fuel blend is still possible. However, it should be noted that the increase in water content, in the long term, is suspected to cause lubrication failure. This is because the presence of water can trigger an increase in the acidity and corrosiveness of the lubricant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of hydrates in gas transportation, especially from wells to production facilities, is a challenge to be solved. Starting from startup, operation and shut down, mitigation must be done to prevent or control the occurrence of hydrates. This study focuses on efforts to handle the occurrence of hydrates due to a drastic pressure drop on the choke valve, resulting in hydrates occurring downstream of the choke valve and flowline. The hydrate in the flowline gradually disappears as the pipe distance is getting longer due to the influence of ambient temperature. However, the formation of hydrates must still be carried out to ensure the smooth production of gas in this field. Efforts have been made by injecting methanol (MeOH) at various levels in order to obtain optimal levels. MeOH injection can change the hydrate formation temperature where the hydrate formation temperature is lower than the fluid temperature downstream of the choke valve. In this study is using Hysys Version 12 for the simulation of MeOH injection including for aiding in analysis the results. Optimization is done by taking a temperature difference of 15o between the fluid temperature and the hydrate formation temperature, the most optimum injection of MeOH is 0.09 bbl/day for a well pressure of 2578 psig and 0.02 bbl/day for pressure of 2295 psig, 2007 psig, 1852 psig, and 1747 psig. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dimethyl ether (DME) production through methanol dehydration has a lot of advantages, such as high DME yield and easier optimization on the operating condition. Therefore, it is necessary to study the impact of reaction parameters such as feed conditions on the reaction. The process of methanol dehydration is naturally accompanied by several side reactions. Usage of γ-alumina catalyst as methanol dehydration catalyst could prevent the side reactions from happening because it is active and selective towards methanol dehydration. Based on the thermodynamic approach, the methanol equilibrium conversion will decrease as the feed temperature increases and feed purity decreases. The simulation of methanol dehydration reaction resulted in a methanol conversion and bed temperature profile along the reactor. Based on the simulation result, methanol conversion will increase as the temperature and feed concentration increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the global need for energy sources grows, more effort is being put into finding alternative fuels for automobiles, such as biodiesel and biomass. There are several approaches available today for enhancing the combustion processes of diesel engines and lowering emissions. Biodiesel is an oxygenated renewable fuel that has been acknowledged as an ecologically sustainable diesel engine alternative. In this paper the experiment was conducted with Lemon grass biodiesel 20 percent blend (LGBD20) with different proportions of methanol blends. The BTE of LGBD20M15 is 31.1%, and LGBD20M20 is 28.2% in way of comparison to diesel and LGBD20 are 30.7% and 29.8% at full load, correspondingly. The CO emission of LGBD20M10 and LGBD20M15 are 0.12% and 0.11%, whereas for diesel and LGBD20 they are 0.17% and 0.15% respectively. The NO emissions obtained for LGBD20M10 and LGBD20M15 are 1300ppm and 1068ppm, whereas for diesel and LGME20 are 1260ppm and 1367ppm respectively at final condition. Co and HC emissions dropped as the amount of methanol in the combination has been increased. Thee smoke obtained for LGBD20M10 and LGBD20M15 are 52% and 44% in way of comparison to diesel and LGBD20 are 69% and 62% corresponding at the final conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biodiesel production using KOH-Montmorilonite catalyst in microwave-assisted reactor catalyst through transesterification has been carried out. The transesterification process was carried out using the ratio of moles of methanol/oil, the amount of catalyst, the variation of time, and the variation of the weight of the catalyst. The results showed that the optimum biodiesel obtained was at a mole ratio of methanol/oil 1:9, the amount of catalyst was 3%, the variation of time was 45 minutes, and the variation of temperature was 65 oC with a biodiesel conversion is 50.26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Isolation and identification of some phytochemical compounds of the methanol extract of Macaranga magna Turrill (Euphorbiaceae) leaves afforded β-sitosterol (1) and β-sitostenone (2). The extraction and separation, and purification of the compounds were carried out using chromatography standard methods. The structures of isolated compounds were determined by comparison of their NMR and LC-ESI-MS/GC-MS data and comparison with an appropriate reference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alternative way to solve the greenhouse gas emission problems is carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and utilization. CO2 hydrogenation is one of the routes to obtain valuable chemicals and fuels such as methanol. The effect of indium (In) promoter on catalytic system Cu/Zn/SBA-15 has been studied. 1%In/Cu/ZnO/SBA15 and 6%In/Cu/ZnO/SBA15 catalysts have been synthesized by impregnation method and compared with Cu/Zn/SBA-15 catalyst (the content of Cu 30 wt.% and the content of Zn 1.4 wt.%). All catalysts have been characterized using XRD analysis, N2 adsorptiondesorption analysis, SEM-EDX and STEM analysis. CO2 hydrogenation was proceeded in a fixed-bed tubular micro-activity reactor at 20 bar 250 °C with H2 to CO2 molar ratio 4 to 1. The addition of In showed positive effect on the structural and textural properties of catalyst, but the activity in hydrogenation reaction showed opposite - the largest space-time yield of methanol was obtained with Cu/Zn/SBA-15 catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this contribution, I first briefly summarize some of the recent advances relevant for the investigation of heterogeneous catalysis with Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (APXPS). In the second part, two examples of the research done at the CIRCE beamline of the synchrotron ALBA are described: CO oxidation on a model curved crystal Pd(111) catalyst and methanol steam reforming on powder bimetallic supported catalysts, PdCu/ monoclinic and cubic zirconia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of total phenols and flavonoids and to determine the antidiabetic activity of the methanol extract of the bark of the cingkam plant (B. javanica). The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups with 5 white wistar strain rats in each treatment, namely STZ-induced diabetes control (I), diabetic rats were given methanol extract of cingkam stem bark at a dose of 250 mg/KgBW (II) and 500 mg/kg. KgBW (III) and diabetic rats were given metformin at a dose of 10 mg/KgBW (IV). Test of total phenol and flavonoid using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the total phenol and flavonoid levels of the methanol extract were 118.03 mg GAE/g and 1.64 mg QE/g, respectively. The results of body weight measurement showed a significant difference between 250 mg and 500 mg of the methanol extract on day 14. The body weight of diabetes control and 500 mg of the methanol extract decreased on the 14th day. The methanol extract of cingkam stem bark was able to reduce the fasting blood sugar levels of STZ when compared to diabetic control rats but much lower than metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malassezia furfur is the species that cause Pytiriasis versicolor (panu) diseases. One of the plants that can be used as an antifungal is bacang mango leaves (Mangifera foetida L.). Bacang mango methanol extract leaves contain active compounds of tannin, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoid, polyphenol dan saponins. Bacang mango extract leaves are formulated into ointment form to facilitate use and give maximum effect. This research aims to know the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) bacang mango methanol extract leaves (Mangifera foetida L.) which can resist Malassezia furfur activity ointment formulation and to know the characteristics availability of ointment from methanol extract of mango leaves. To complete the objective of this research will be done by organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, scattering test, adhesion test, and protection ability and to know availabilities activity ointment toward M. furfur. The results of the research show that the MIC value of bacang mango methanol extract was 5 ppm with a 0.45 mm inhibition zone. The ointment of bacang mango methanol extract semisolid, white, distinctive, homogeneous, protected, has a pH of 5.67-6.23, spreading 5.18-6 cm, sticking power 2.5-8.5 seconds and antifungal activity ointment on day 0 and 15 for concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 ppm respectively of 2.81; 3.54; 4.28 and 2.26; 3.08; 3.94 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an alternative energy to anticipate the decrease of fuel oil. The vegetable oil based fuels are expected to reduce the dependence on unrenewable fuels. Calophyllum inophyllum oil is naturally organic, has similar physical properties with a mineral oil base. It was extracted from Calophyllum inophyllum plant which is abundant and called Nyamplung in Indonesia. So it is important to conduct research using callophlyum inophylum oil to produce an alternative biofuel. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of methanol volume ratio and temperature on yield and properties of biodiesel. The methanol volume ratio was set up in a range of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% while temperature was 400C, 500C, 600C, 700C, and 800C. The results show that methanol volume ratio and temperature have an effect on biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 83,7% was reached at methanol volume ratio of 20% and temperature of 60°C. The characteristics of biodiesel at that point are density value of 882 kg/m3, acid number value of 0.493 mg-KOH/G, and Iod number 22.84 G-I2/100g. These properties have fulfilled the standard quality of biodiesel according to SNI-7182:2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution in big cities causes a lot of damage not only to the environment but also to human health. As a result, the demand for alternative fuels and energy, which to some extent replace fossil fuels, is increasing. One of the alternatives is the use of alcoholic fuels. The use of oxygen-containing fuels or mixtures with such fuels allows to reduce emissions in gasoline engines by improving the combustion process. The goals in this study are: to develop a gasoline engine model with direct injection and to investigate the effect of different mixtures with methanol (CH3OH) on engine performance. The AVL Boost software was used and various blends of CH3OH and gasoline (from 5% to 50% CH3OH) were studied. The fuel blends result was compared with net gasoline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a theoretical scenario has been used to calculate the electronic current in sensitizer N3 molecule contact to TiO2 semiconductor for electrons in functional solar cells. It is known to play an important role on the compute the eficiency of solar cell. Some parameters of electronic current such as the transition energy, driving force energy, barrier height coupling overlapping values are determined. Transition energy is a necessary parameter to calculate the electronic current in solar cell with using wide polarity solvents Acetic acid, 2-Methoxyethanol, 1-Butanol, Methyl alcohol, chloroform, N,N-Dimethylacetamide and Ethyl alcohol via the quantum donor-acceptor system. Here, we show the results of transition energy can be varied by varied the polarity of solvents due to dielectric constant and refractive index. However, the transition energy of N3/TiO2 system has slightly increasing with increasing dielectric constant and decrease refractive index. In general, the results of electronic current decreased with increased driving force as results to decrease chemical potential of N3 dye. The N3/ZnO device is shown higher current (3.247 to10.46) × 106 with Acetic acid and reach minimum with Methyl alcohol in range (1.689 to 5.443)× 106 when the driving energy minimum ΔE0 = 0.35 eV. (5.225 to 16.837) × 104 with 1-Butanol and reach minimum in range (0.952 to3.070) × 104 with chloroform while for drive energy (0.55 eV) the current decrease and reach maximum (8.528 to27.481) × 102 with Methyl alcoholsolvent and reach minimum(0.176 to 0.569) with chloroform solvents. Consequently,the TiO2 contact with N3 is given accept current results in room temperature with Acetic acid solvent in low drive energy and with 1-Butanol and Methyl alcoholsolvents at large drive energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hazards inherent to chemical products must be minimized to ensure the health of workers in processes where flammable and toxic liquids are stored, the integrity of piping, valves and equipment throughout the system must be ensured until its application. The main aspects to be considered for the storage of chemical products are compatibility between materials, temperature, ignition control, ventilation, segregation and identification. However, many potential hazards are associated with the storage and handling of hazardous chemicals. The purpose of this work is to present a technical solution for the automation of the mechanical handling operation performed by the operator, the filling of the tanks, level control, cleaning (purge), pressurization of the system with inert gas, reversal and rotation of the tanks, in order to guarantee the supply of liquid methanol with controlled pressure and flow rates used in atmospheres of heat treatment furnaces and reduction of metallic powders, eliminating operator handling, increasing the safety of the system, and making the process more robust. The methodology used for this purpose starts with an analysis and algorithm of the electrical components for automation, PLC programming, operation simulation via Festo's CodeSys software, and IoT techniques aimed at industry 4.0. This work presents a simplified technical solution for the automation of a methanol supply center, in order to prevent the operator from handling the toxics and highly dangerous chemicals products that are applied in atmospheres of heat treatment furnaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CuO*ZnO*Al2O3*ZrO2/HSZ and Cr2O3*ZnO*Al2O3/HSZ catalysts with high activity of the following composition were used for methanol synthesis. Preliminary catalytic experiments showed that a 1:1 ratio of CuO*ZnO*Al2O3*ZrO2/HSZ:Cr2O3*ZnO*Al2O is acceptable. The amount of substances leaving the reactor was analyzed chromatographically. Two flow devices were used to conduct catalytic experiments: in the pressure range of 2– 4 MPa and in the range of 0.2–0.6 MPa (low pressure device). The inner diameter of the reactor is 11 mm and the outer diameter of the thermocouple channel is 4 mm. Catalyst weighing 0.5 g, fraction 0.25-0.315 mm was used. Catalyst activation was carried out in a nitrogen-hydrogen stream (≈2 volume.%Н2at N2, flow rate ≈2 l/h). Synthesis gas composition in catalytic experiments, volume.%: СО – 21,8; СО2 – 5,2; N2 – 5,3: H2 – 67,7. The contact time, kgcat·h/l, was determined by the formula: r=3600m/Vкир, the conversion of methanol to DME was determined by the formula: ХСН3ОН=2СDME·100(2СDME+См). As the contact time increases (decrease in volumetric velocity), the conversion of methanol to DME increases as the thermodynamic equilibrium value approaches. A decrease in pressure leads to a decrease in the rate of methanol formation, but does not affect methanol dehydration. Therefore, the lower the pressure during the same contact, the higher the methanol synthesis. It should be noted that the presence of methanol in the reaction products occurs with the thermodynamics of the dehydration reaction. Selection of conditions for direct synthesis allows to change the DME: methanol interaction ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, the synthesis of olefins below methanol was studied on a catalyst containing 1.0MgO*ZnO*0.05ZrO2*1.0B2O3*1.0GMD*55H2O/High-Silica Zeolite. 1.0MgO*ZnO*0.05ZrO2*1.0B2O3*1.0GMD*55H2O/High-Silica Zeolite catalyst was obtained from the reaction mixture at a temperature of 190 ℃ for 25 hours by hydrothermal synthesis in autoclaves rotating at a speed of 5 rpm. Aluminum isopropoxide, silicazole (40% by weight), phosphoric acid (85% by weight) and tetraethylammonium hydroxide (35% aqueous solution) were used as primary reagents. After crystallization, the solid product was separated from the liquid phase by centrifugation, washed, dried at 70 ℃ during 12 h, and burned at 600 ℃ during 6 h in a dry air stream. Analysis of the results obtained shows that the deactivation of the catalyst depends significantly on the type of reactor. In a reactor with a stationary layer catalyst, layered decontamination occurs: coke layers are formed in the active zone of the catalyst, which moves down the layer. In this case, heavy coke layers accumulate in the active zone, and the qualitative composition of the coke does not depend on the time of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accidents in the chemical process industry can not only result in loss of life (fatality) and property but can also cause irreparable damage (assets and the environment) to the external environment. For companies whose industrial activities are processing, storing, distributing, transporting and using hazardous chemicals to carry out a Risk Analysis of the potential hazards of chemicals, and the stages of Hazard Identification against Chemicals are steps to prevent industrial accidents and also as a form of prevention. Against work accidents and occupational diseases. The purpose of this study is to analyze the risk of chemical hazards in the Methanol transfer process in each operating process based on the P&ID Diagram document and to determine the potential hazards of chemicals in the process so that hazard control can be applied. This study focuses on the methanol transfer process in biodiesel companies using the Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP) method. The results of the analysis after it was done that the value of before reduction after the application of safeguards on each item of the Methanol and Sodium Methylate Daily Tank process, the results of the after reduction risk assessment on the risk value changed from a Risk score of 20 to a Risk Score of 16. Based on the results of the Risk Analysis it can be seen that the risk analysis using the HAZOP method after safeguarding is obtained with an average risk level of moderate risk of 40%, low of 32% and high of 28%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements in Machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI), and data science are bringing industries to the era of the fourth industrial revolution. The application of machine learning in chemical engineering is in the domains of process modeling, optimization, and predictive analysis. Traditional process modeling relies heavily on first-principal methods, which, while accurate, are computationally demanding and are non-flexible for variable process conditions. Green methanol produced through the power-to-liquid (PtL) process has gained significant popularity due to its various applications in household items, as a raw material for manufacturing valuable chemicals, and as a fuel both in blend or pure form. In today's competitive and uncertain chemical industry market, fast and accurate models are required to predict the plant output. This work aims to develop a surrogate model of the methanol production process based on the data-driven technique and using machine learning to predict energy requirements, final product purity, and methanol production rate. The effect of the sampling size and sampling technique (mainly Latin-Hypercube Sampling - LHS, Monte Carlo, and SOBOL) on the performance of the surrogate model is evaluated. A comparative analysis of different machine learning (e.g., XG-Boost, Random Forest, Decision Tree, Support Vector Regression) and Deep learning models (e.g., Artificial Neural Networks) is conducted using metrics such as coefficient of determination (R²), mean-squared error (MSE), and mean-absolute-error (MAE). Additionally, this work explores the use of these trained machine learning models in optimizing process conditions to maximize production rate, enhance product purity, and reduce energy requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kersen plants (Muntingia calabura L) is one type of medicinal plant. One part of the plant that is often used is the leaves. This study aims to determine the phytochemical analisys and antioxidant activity of the methanol extract of Kersen leaf. The results showed that the methanol extract Kersen leaves have alkaloids, phenolic and tannin contents. The results of the antioxidant activity tests using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-pikrylhidrazyl (DPPH) showed the value IC50 value of 233.47 mg/L. Extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaf has potential as an antioxidant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The waters of the Spermonde Islands are one of the habitats for the marine biota of the sponge X.testudinaria, which is a sponge from the petrosiidae family. Various studies have shown that the X.testudinaria sponge obtained from various waters in the world contains secondary metabolites with certain bioactivity, including as an antiviral. Research related to the study of dengue antiviral bioactivity from sponge X.testudinaria from the waters of the Spermonde Islands was carried out through an extraction process carried out in stages using chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanolin sequence, then determining the cytotoxic effect ton Verocells and determining theactivity of dengue antiviral of each extract.The results showed tha tthe ethylacetate and methanol extracts had a strong cytotoxic effect against verocells (CC50 21 µg/mL and 26.65 µg/mL) and that chloroform extrac twas less toxic to verocells (CC50 244.98 µg/mL). Chloroform and methanol extract respectively showed very strong inhibitory activity against dengue virus with low IC50 values (0.27 µg/mL, and 0.313 µg/ mL),where asethylacetate extract had a low inhibitory effect (IC50107.76µg/mL). The SI value of chloroform the extract was the largest (SI = 903.7), which means that chloroform extract is more selective and most appropriate to be used as a dengue antiviral drug compared to ethylacetate and methanol extracts (SI: 0.329 and 85.14). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation of coral reefs and marine life is important to maintain population and biodiversity. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the inhibition of sponge extract on the growth of bacteria and fungi to analyze the relationship formation of bioactive metabolic substances produced by sponges and their relationship with coral cover conditions.Methods of coral cover observation, habitat analysis and secondary metabolite content, anti-bacterial and fungal activity tests and sponge methanol extract. Results: Three types of sponges, each Clathria reinwardri (CR) lived on medium coral reef cover, live coral and partly on the abiotic component. Hyrtios erectus (HE) and Callyspongia aeresuza (CA) were obtained from damaged coral cover, some sandy live coral and abiotic components.Inhibition of CR > CA > HE sponge methanol extract against the growth of fungi and bacteria. The inhibition of sponge methanol extract against the growth of Escherichia coli (EC) and Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Malassezia furfur (MF) fungi was the largest by CR sponge methanol extract, but did not have inhibitory activity against Candida albicans (CA). The growth and characterization of the metabolites produced by sponges are influenced by the environmental conditions of coral reef growth and cover. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol in presence of nanocatalysts has been reported as the one of the most economical and effective ways to reduce CO2 emissions. Over the past several decades, numerous efforts have been made to develop effective catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Among these, the CuO and ZnO based catalysts were highly active for methanol synthesis. Many studies have shown that SBA-15 (Santa Barbara Amorphous or mesoporous silica has good application prospects as a catalyst carrier material because of its flexible pore structure and large specific surface area. In this study ZnO/CuO/SBA-15 catalyst has been synthesized by sol-gel combustion preparation method. Mixing the base composite with kaolinite clay was chosen to enhance the CO2 hydrogenation conversion and to make methanol synthesis more cost-effective. The loading of Cu and Zn were 20.1 wt. % and 2.75 wt. %, respectively. The composite was characterized using XRD analysis, N2 adsorptiondesorption analysis and SEM-EDX analysis. The performance of catalyst was evaluated in a fixed-bed tubular micro-activity reactor at 20 bar with H2 to CO2 molar ratio 3 to 1. The effect of temperature was studied in the range of 190-270 Celsius degrees. The results showed, that temperature had significant impact to CO2 conversion, methanol yield and selectivity. ZnO/CuO/SBA-15/kaolin catalyst showed the highest activity at 250 degrees, with the space-time yield of methanol generation reaching 50 mg h -1 gcat-1 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased global flaring is a major source for greenhouse gas emission and airborne pollutants that have been proven difficult to mitigate. A promising way of reducing the flare is to convert it into a useful product or generate electricity. In this work, the feasibility study of converting flare gas to methanol is discussed. Aspen Hysys is incorporated to simulate a methanol plant with the help of feed stock data obtained from two oil fields. Economic Analysis is performed over the data to determine the total cost involved for production. Payback period and net present value (NPV) are appraised according to different scenarios (1) Without considering an environmental tax and (2) With considering the environmental tax. A sensitivity analysis is deployed over economic and technical data. The results show that the flow rate and the methane percentage of input gas have a great influence on profitability of the plant. Increase in feed gas flow rate will increase the methanol production. This novel method reduces flare gas emission into the atmosphere. In addition, by considering environmental taxes the possibility of getting feasible economics becomes more realistic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity, and a total bioactive assay of the ethanolic extract of Annona muricata leave partitioned into water, n-hexane, and methanol fractions were investigated. The brine shrimp lethality test used for the cytotoxicity assay gave the LC50 values of 84 and 1 ppm for the n-hexane and methanol fractions, respectively. The antioxidant activity determined using DPPH reagent gave IC50 values of 40, 15, and 8 ppm for the n-hexane, water, and methanol fractions, respectively. In addition, the total polyphenol and the total acetogenin content of the methanol fraction were also the highest among the three fractions. These results indicate that the methanol fraction of the Annona muricata has the highest potential as a source for naturally occurring antitumor and antioxidant compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcantilever is a device of MEMS (microelectro-mechanical system) which can be used as a bio-chemical sensor, such as to determine the characteristics of chemical liquids. In this work, an investigation of evaporation rate of chemical liquids, i.e., ethanol, methanol, and propanol, was carried out using resonant frequency change of vibrated microcantilever. We used two types of microcantilever, namely uncoated-microcantilever (reference) and ZnO-coated microcantilever. A growth of ZnO nanorods on microcantilever was carried out by hydrothermal method through 2 stages, i.e., a coating of seed (seeding) and growth of ZnO rods. The seed layer was deposited by dip-coating method from the solution of zinc nitrate tetrahydrate (ZNT) and dietanolamine (DEA) in ethanol. ZnO nanorods were then grown by hydrothermal method from the solution of zinc nitrate tetrahydrate (ZNT) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) in demineralized water at 80°C for 2 hours. The experimental results show that, the resonant frequency of uncoated-microcantilever before dropping ethanol was measured of 36.80 kHz. After dropping ethanol on the microcantilever, the resonant frequency raised to 36.84 kHz. From the resonant frequency data, the evaporation rate of ethanol can be calculated to be 0.150 picogram/minute. Moreover, the evaporation rate of methanol and propanol was obtained 0.149 picogram/minute and 0.149 picogram/minute, respectively. For ZnO-coated microcantilever, the resonant frequencies before and after dropping propanol reveal the value of 13.98 kHz and 12.33 kHz, respectively. However, the resonant frequency did not return to the initial value after ethanol dropping, indicating that the propanol molecule reacts with the ZnO surface and remains on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latex has mechanical properties that indubitably suits the requirement of the vehicle tire, which is highly elastic modulus. However, elastic modulus itself is a downside to tire; it affects the tire traction, which is also an important aspect of tire performance. To resolve this issue, latex needs to be crosslinked or grafted to a low elastic modulus; in this case, starch. Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis (CGDE) is a potential method to massively graft polymers with different chemical and physical properties, such as a latex-starch hybrid. Using CGDE, the problem of reacting reactants that were not intermingled, due to differences in polarity, can be forced to bind through a radical reaction mechanism. Based on the previous research, the optimal plasma position is in the cathode, which produces more hydrogen radicals than anode; reasonably, this reaction is mostly affected by hydrogen radicals. In this research, experiments will be mainly focused on the addition of methanol, a hydrogen radicals additive. I-V characterization was also done to the solution with the plasma position in the anode. The current starts to decrease at 200 V and plasma starts to stabilize at 250 V. After data is analyzed, the results of methanol addition are quite contrary. After adding methanol with a concentration of 5%v, 10%v and 15%v, the latex-starch hybrid production is decreased by 7.47%, 8.68%, and 9.01% respectively. The experimental results show that CGDE with methanol solution is not suitable for latex-starch hybrid synthesis and further optimization will need to be done. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study research focussed on the preparation and charactrisaztion of hydrogel film based on poly (vinyl alcohol)(PVA)/caboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with different weight ratio and crosslinked by glutarldehyde for biomedical application. Characterized by using SEM, FTIR, TGA and UTM. SEM and FTIR revealed that good molecular interaction among the PVA and CMC and surface morphology drastically changed as addition of CMC and, also effected on tensile strength of the film, where increased to (6.9 MPa). Moreover rate of thermal degradation behaviour of the hydrogel film decreased with increased CMC. Further swelling study performed under aqueous media, resulted moderate swelling with enhanced the stability of water uptake. Overall results suggest from the study that moderate swelling, good mechanical properties, and molecular interaction of the prepared PVA/CMC hydrogel film. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoenix dactylifera L. (date palm) has been used in traditional medicine to treat illnesses. Extracts of P. dactylifera are reported to possess valuable pharmacological attributes. Date seeds are part of the palm trees that have not been widely used, based on previous studies that date seeds contain secondary metabolites such as phenolic acids compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids, sterols, terpenoids and anthocyanin. The aim of this study was to identify the total phenolic and flavonoids content from methanol extract of date seeds and characterize their metabolite profiles using the LC-QTOF-MS instrument. Date seeds were extracted using methanol 96% by maceration method so that thick extracts were obtained which were then analysed for the total phenolic and flavonoids content using UV-Vis spectrophotometer instruments, while the profiles of secondary metabolites used LC-QTOF-MS instruments. The results of the analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid of methanol extract of date seeds were 11.11 ± 0.71 g GAE/100 g and 2.15 ± 0.28 g QE/100 g, LC-QTOF-MS, it was concluded that the majority of date seed methanol extract contained phenolic acids compounds, flavonoids, carotenoids and sterols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methane is one of the most useful gas that can be used directly as fuel. Nevertheless, toxic gas emission after used is still at high number while its efficiency is still very low. On the other hand, methane can be converted to methanol via partial oxidation reaction for further use. In this study, HY zeolite, synthesized from kaolin impregnated with iron (III) oxide, were used as catalysts in methane partial oxidation reaction. Two types of HY zeolite were synthesized with or without additional cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as secondary template, which were labeled as hierarchical and microporous Y zeolite, respectively. Then, both zeolites were modified via cation exchange with NH4+ and impregnated with iron (III) oxide which produced Fe2O3/HY after calcined at 550 °C. As comparison, Y zeolites were also prepared using synthetic precursors such as colloidal silica and sodium aluminate. All materials then were analyzed with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD analysis showed that both as-synthesized Y zeolites had similar pattern to standard zeolite Y. The FTIR analysis also showed that both zeolite have all peaks attributed to functional groups in Y zeolite. Application test was carried out on each catalyst towards the conversion of methane to methanol by using methane pro analysis as the source of methane and reacted in atmospheric fixed batch reactor with the ratio of CH4 and N2 (0.5 % O2) is 0.075:2 Bar. Reaction is performed at 150 °C for 120 min. Products of each reaction was analyzed with GC-FID to know the percentage of methanol yield. The results showed that the % yield of methanol was similar for all catalysts, in which Fe2O3/microporous HY-syn gives as high as 19.11 %, then 18.73 % from Fe2O3/hierarchical HY-nat, 18.60 % from Fe2O3/hierarchical HY-syn, and 18.46 % from Fe2O3/microporous HY-nat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Signal characterization using the capacitive measurement method is studied on the effect of frother dosage in the two-phase column flotation process. The aim of the study is to characterize the signal on the effect of frother dosage. A laboratory flotation column with 0.05 m diameter and 1.25 m height is used for the experiment. Frother of methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC) with the concentration of 1-50 ppm is used as a frother and the air injection from 1 to 5 liter per minute (l/m) is given to each frother dosage. All experiments use distilled water to maintain the purity of water since its purity affects the electrical properties. The results show that the capacitive signals as a function of time with and without the frother are different, in which the fluctuation of the process without frother is higher and it appears more frequent than with the frother, especially the difference is clearly seen at the air injection of 2.5 l/m. Furthermore, the capacitive signal decreases as the frother dosage increases. This occurs because the more frother dosage tends to produce more bubble which can decrease the capacitive signal. Based on this result, the effect of frother dosage can be characterized using the capacitive measurement method. Therefore, it has a potency to be developed as the process control and monitoring technology in the field of the flotation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the MWCNTs (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) were produced with the assistance of CVD (chemical vapor disposition) at 700ᵒC from mixture of methanol/Butanol (1:1) with using ferrocene as catalyst for growth. The synthesized product was characterized by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, Raman spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized MWCNTs were impregnated with TiO2 and manufacturing Dye-sensitized Solar cells (DSSCs) with two different ratios 0.005% and 0.01% and were characterized after and before thermal treatment by measuring band gab I/V measurements with make image for TiO2 after and before impregnated. The results showed that 0.01% MWCNT/TiO2 was more active to synthesized DSSC than 0.005%MWCNT/TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife endocrinology monitors hormones to assess the impacts of stressors on wildlife populations. Studies include investigating how stress affects the welfare and reproduction of at-risk species. Measuring water-borne stress hormones, or glucocorticoids, has been validated as a non-invasive method for accurately quantifying stress in a variety of species. It has previously been shown that higher levels of corticosterone, the primary glucocorticoid identified in amphibians, can be detected within hours following a stressful event. The goal of this study was to quantify corticosterone levels in water-borne samples from the Orianne Center for Indigo Conservation (OCIC) Striped Newt (Notophthalmusperstriatus) population to assess their ability to cope with stressors and improve captive-breeding efforts to better conserve them. Our methodology of corticosterone quantification from water-borne samples was first tested in a population of Emperor Spotted Newts (Neurergus kaiseri). Water samples were collected for testing from 6 group housed individuals. Corticosterone collection was successfully accomplished using C18 solid phase extraction columns under vacuum pressure with distilled water and HPLC-grade methanol. They were then eluted with methanol under positive pressure and extracts were quantified using an ELISA kit (Arbor Assays). Following this effective methodology, we collected water samples from 7 individually housed Striped Newts at the OCIC. Samples were collected prior to handling, and then every 60 minutes for three hours after handling. Ultimately, the results were inconclusive. However, the methodology was shown to be effective for extracting and analyzing water-borne steroids, and efforts will continue to establish a stress baseline for the Striped Newt. Acknowledgment of NASA West Virginia Space Grant Consortium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]