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Aim: To investigate the sodium atom movie potential to divert impacts in atrial center Electrocardiogram (ECG) age for the norm and remarkable condition utilizing Rungekutta system. Materials and Methods: In this research human atrial cells are based on Seemann et al. method can be used to describe the action potential model of sinoatrial nodes. Sample size can be calculated as 70 and the G power is 80%. Results: The conventional film capacity of sodium is 81.2 mV, but for the different abnormal values of 100%, half and 25%, then the membrane potentials are 162.4 mV, 121.8 mV and 101.5 mV and thereafter the reducing of 100% sodium levels doesn't outline single ECG waveform, decreasing of half and 25%, the membrane potentials are 40 mV and 37.7 mV. By taking a gander at these characteristics there is a differentiation in pacemaking development and causes capricious heart beat and prolongation occurs. Conclusion: In common place Action Potential, the withdrawal will happen reliably. In strange AP, the conduction of electrical excitation will change and make erratic heart work cause arrhythmia. A predominant perception of the cell model can be used to perceive the prescription that helps with making a regular heart beat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to find a more objective method of evaluating sperm quality by the applicability of a novel fluorescent probe Mitostatus TMRE, for measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of spermatozoa after freezing/thawing using flow cytometry (FCM). Frozen semen from eight Bali bulls (four candidates and four certified) was used in this study. Sperm motility patterns (progressive motility, linear, curvelinear and hyperactivity) were analyzed by computer assisted semen analyzer (CASA) and MMP analysis by using FCM with a 488 nm laser. Data were analyzed using an independent T-test and correlation using Spearman in Minitab 18.0. There are no differences in MMP, progressive motility, linearity and curvelinear of candidate bulls compared to certified bulls, respectively. The hyperactive parameters of candidate bulls and certified bulls were significantly different (P<0.05). The spearman rho correlation between Hyperactive and Progressive motility is 0.553, and Curvelinear and linear is 0.547 and significantly differences (P>0.05), which indicates that there is a moderate positive relationship between the variables. The correlation between MMP and all motility patterns was negative, and no significant differences (P>0.05). In conclusion, Mitostatus TMRE can be used to be a marker for frozen-thawed bovine semen mitochondrial membrane status in both candidates and certified Bali bulls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the calcium particle membrane potential to divert impacts in atrial node Electrocardiogram (ECG) age for the ordinary and unusual condition utilizing Rungekutta technique. In this research human atrial cells are based on [1] method can be used to describe the action potential model of sinoatrial nodes. Sample size can be calculated as 70 and the G power is 80%. The normal membrane potential of calcium is -30 mV, but for the different abnormal values that is increasing of 100%, 50% and 25% of the membrane potentials are -52mV, -26mV and -42mV and then the decreasing of 100% and 50% calcium levels does not form single ECG waveform, decreasing of 25%, the membrane potential is - 45mV which having the mean value range of 7mV to 17mV. By comparing these values there is a difference in peacemaking activity and causes irregular heart beat and prolongation occurs. In normal Action potential, the contraction will occur regularly. In abnormal AP, the conduction of electrical excitation will differ and make irregular heart function cause arrhythmia. In the future, a better understanding of the cellular model can be used to detect the drug that helps to make a normal heart beat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regular propagation of electrical signals in the cardiac tissue is essential for the proper functioning of the heart. Disorders of this rhythm are collectively called cardiac arrhythmias. These diseases include, for example, cardiac fibrillation. This condition is characterized by the chaotic propagation of control signals in the tissue, which prevents its proper function. This paper analyzes the transmembrane potential of cardiac cell mathematical models depending on the stimulation current. In these data, chaotic responses of heart cells are detected using modern and classical methods for analyzing dynamic systems such as entropy, the 0-1 test for chaos, or recurrence quantification analysis. This analysis displays stimulation parameters, during which the mathematical models show chaotic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power quality indices corresponding to voltage event are provided by IEC 61000-4-30 and IEEE 1564 standards. The popularization of machine learning techniques in modern and smarter power grids inherently characterized with randomized big data motivates their inclusion. We aimed to establish key voltage disturbance event features that a machine learning model can use to attain a high classification and prediction accuracy. The feature extraction was achieved using the singular value decomposition and wavelet transform of a three-phase system represented as a space phasor model with the corresponding ellipse parameters and the shape index feature extracted. The 6 by 500 dataset with the six (6) features (rms, event duration, 3rd harmonic, 5th harmonic, 7th harmonic, shape index) was used to classify voltage sag, swell, interruption, harmonics, and normal conditions. MATLAB R2021a classification learner application was used to create a supervised machine learning model by training twenty-nine (29) classifiers and comparing their performance using the accuracy (%), confusion matrix, total cost validation, prediction speed and training time. The results indicated that without the shape index, the voltage sag and voltage interruption events were misclassified in some scenarios for all the classifiers, with the highest accuracy obtainable of 99.6% by four (4) classifiers. The inclusion of shape index feature improved the trained models to 100% classification accuracy for fourteen (14) classifiers. The training, computing and processing is required to be of high performance and accuracy to increase the online situational awareness of network operators when such systems are implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) of a workpiece is a complex, fast-flowing process characterized by alternating (intermittent) states: short circuit, idle and spark formation. The discontinuity of the EDM process means that the processing is carried out in single pulses, which are formed by a special pulse generator. The parameters of the generator pulses can be divided into time and electrical. The time period and duration of the pulses, as well as the difference between these two parameters (the "silence" interval), are considered temporary. The electric ones include the amplitude value of the voltage, the maximum permissible current, and the polarity of the pulses. in addition, depending on the device of the generator, the pulses can be composite, for example, have an igniting pulse with a higher voltage and a lower current than the main (working) pulse. In this work, we have developed a interelectrode gap model that allows not only to obtain values of electrical parameters, but also to evaluate and to optimize the electrical parameters of materials being processed with known electrical properties. The key advantage of this model is its modularity, which allows to add new functional blocks, which describe external and internal influences, for example, the concentration of erosion products, uneven electrical conductivity of the workpiece, and others, without changing its structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a new method of product processing with beams of accelerated electrons and fast neutral atoms, which are generated by an immersed in plasma grid under a high negative voltage of 5 kV. The electrons appear due to secondary emission from the grid surface provoked by its bombardment with ions accelerated from the plasma. At the gas pressure not exceeding 0.1 Pa the ions with energy of 5 keV reach the grid without collisions in the space charge sheaths near its surface and their current in the grid circuit is by 2-3 times lower than the electron current. At higher pressures accelerated ions due to charge exchange collisions in the sheaths turn into fast neutral atoms leaving the sheaths and forming the beams. With the pressure increasing, the electron beam current diminishes and the current of fast atom beam grows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles have a wide applicability in the field of neuroscience in controlling different neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc. These neurodegenerative disorders create a major health problem in the health care management. In most of the neurodegenerative disorders, hyper-excitability of neurons and supporting glial cells are major issues and control of hyperexcitability can protect the brain from degeneration. Astrocytes, a type of glia cell plays a role in controlling neuronal hyper-excitability in normal brain functioning. Thus, modulation of astrocytic function can be an imperative in case of neurological dysfunction caused by neuronal hyper-excitability. Thus, use of nanoparticle for modulation of these electrically active cells may be emphasized for controlling neurological disorders. Gold nanoparticles have unique charge and surface characteristic offered by its characteristic surface Plasmon spectral pattern, which may enhance the modulation of astrocyte function. Therefore, in the study, citrate stabilized gold nanoparticles were used to modulate astrocyte electrical properties. The experiment was conducted on cultured cells. Potassium Chloride (KCl) was used to excite the astrocyte artificially. The membrane potential of the normal and gold nanoparticles treated astrocyte membrane was studied using voltage- sensitive dye. The attachment of gold nanoparticles on the astrocyte membrane was observed under FESEM. The membrane potential study clearly showed the gold nanoparticles can lower the membrane potential value than potassium chloride treated control cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To manage the increasing volatile feed-in due to renewable energy resources while operating the distribution grids within their physical limits is one of the main challenges facing distribution system operators. In addition, due to the decreasing number of conventional power plants the importance of generation at the distribution level for overall system stability grows. This paper presents automated capacity management, enhanced power flow and voltage control methods that are implemented in a decentralized automation system, the Regional Energy Management System. It monitors the medium and low voltage grids which includes the collection and evaluation of measured data to initiate control actions automatically. Based on the results of a field test in a rural medium voltage grid section, it can be demonstrated that grid congestion can be reliably detected, and PV systems are curtailed as needed. Furthermore, enhanced methods to provide a predefined power flow at a reference point are tested and evaluated. These methods can be used to provide aggregated feed-in management to the upstream grid section or control decentralized generation as a wide area power plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing amount of photovoltaic systems leads to voltage rise in the distribution grid. By providing reactive power, photovoltaic and battery inverters can reduce the voltage. Without any communication, the SNOOPI-Box smartly controls the reactive power output of inverters so that all inverters along a feeder provide reactive power in a coordinated way. In contrast to the voltage dependent reactive power curve, which is often implemented in inverters, this coordination ensures that inverters closer to the distribution transformer also help to reduce the voltage although the voltage rise at the beginning of a feeder is much smaller. Moreover, the SNOOPI-Box notices if the grid topology has changed and adapts the reactive power control to this change. This paper presents the practical implementation of the SNOOPI-Box in a distribution grid in Germany and shows field test results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transmission probability of poly(dA)-poly(dT) DNA in electric field for several voltages has been studied. The DNA molecule is modeled by using tight binding Hamiltonian model. It is contacted to electrodes at both sides with 32 long base pairs. The voltage is applied at the electrodes and assumed it can change base onsite energy linearly, so can influence charge transmission in DNA chain. The transmission probability is calculated using transfer matrix and scattering matrix method. The transmission probability results also be compared at different temperatures and twisting motion frequencies. The results show that as the voltage increases, the transmission probability at transmission region with energy higher energy than Fermi energy increases. The increment of transmission probability with voltage increment becomes larger at higher twisting motion frequency, but it becomes smaller at higher temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voltage source inverters are classified according to the number of levels that are present in the waveform of the output voltage as two-level and multilevel inverters. A multilevel inverter generates more than two levels in the output voltage waveform, while a conventional two-level inverter only generates two levels in the output voltage waveform. When comparing inverters with the same power ratings, multilevel inverters are increasingly being used due to their many advantages. The multilevel inverter is very effective since it can remove the low-order harmonics in the output waveform without affecting the high-order harmonics. Thus, the multilevel inverter's output voltage has less harmonic fluctuation compared to the two-level inverter. This study compares the performance of a two-level inverter with a five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter based on total harmonic distortion (THD) in the output waveform. While the two-level inverter employs the bipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique, the five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter uses the phase disposition multicarrier pulse width modulation (PD-MCPWM) technique to get the optimal switching angles for harmonic reduction of the output waveform. The modeling and simulation of each model are carried out in Matlab/Simulink and the analysis results are presented. According to the simulation results, the five-level cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter has a lower THD of the output voltage and current and provides improved power quality at the output when compared to the conventional two-level inverter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulsed electric fields (PEF) treatment induces transmembrane potential by means of an externally applied electric field of sufficient intensity, which causes an increase in the permeability of a cell membrane. PEF can be applied for plant cell disruption as upstream step to enhance the efficiency of mass transfer in further processing such as hydraulic pressing or extraction. The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of using PEF technology for the increase of the juice yield and improved extraction of bioactive compounds from sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) and their by-products. PEF treatments (1-5 kV cm-1 at 10 kJ kg-1) were applied to cherries before the juice pressing. The by-products (press cake) generated were extracted with aqueous methanol. The samples from PEF pre-treated cherries and their by-products were compared to both untreated (control) samples and samples obtained from freezethawed (PEF untreated) cherries. The highest increase in juice yield by 45% was obtained at PEF intensity of E=3 kV cm-1, showing similar results to freeze-thawed sample (41%). The application of PEF significantly increased the release of total anthocyanins (48.3-53.3 mg 100 mL-1) and total phenolics (126.6-133.9 mg 100 mL-1) into juice as compared with the control (33.8 and 112.9 mg 100 mL-1, respectively), whereas juice from freeze-thawed sample exhibited the highest value only for total phenolics content (164.4 mg 100 mL-1). The extracts from by-products obtained after PEF assisted juice pressing of cherries showed significantly higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant power as compared with the control extract and the extract of freezethawed sample. Overall, the results of this work demonstrated promising use of PEF technology in sour cherry processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacitor bank is used in power system for the controlling the power flowing through the system, managing the voltage profile, correction of power factor, reduction in losses and to increase the stability. This paper highlights the different techniques used for the solution in finding the optimal location of capacitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Classical cochlear models have long suggested that the tectorial membrane (TM) is a resonant system, which contributes to both sensitivity and frequency selectivity. However, these models do not consider longitudinal coupling through the TM and assume damping in the subtectorial space controls sharpness of tuning. Recent TM wave motion results show that the TM can couple activity over several hundred rows of hair cells, suggesting that TM inertial and viscoelastic properties may overcome the dissipative effects of subtectorial damping. Here we manipulate the dynamic shear modulus (G') and shear viscosity (η) of the TM by altering pH and adding polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the bath surrounding the TM. Analysis of a distributed impedance model shows that increasing TM shear viscosity (via addition of PEG) and decreasing shear modulus (via altering bath pH) both decrease wave decay constants by 35-42% over a broad range of frequencies. This reduction in spatial extent of TM waves is consistent with sharpened cochlear tuning (i.e. reduced spread of excitation), suggesting that TM wave and resonance models differ significantly. While both suggest that the TM plays an important role in determining cochlear tuning, the mechanism by which sharpened tuning is achieved in TM wave models is driven by spatial extent of TM waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strong surface electric charge density of clay mineral host nanolayers enables their use as host-guest nanohybrids in many different areas of application. In particular, layered double hydroxides (LDH) of metals have found applications in medicine. Drug-LDH or gene-LDH nanohybrids are used for targeted delivery of biomedical agents to diseased cells or cancer cells. Fragments of the LDH host nanolayers may remain both within the cell and in the extracellular medium after drug delivery. How these charged nanosheets affect the cell electrostatics is still poorly understood. In the present paper, the idealized case of a single pure Mg2/Al-LDH nanolayer interacting with the extracellular anion environment was investigated to estimate the order of magnitude of a possible shift of the cell membrane equilibrium potential. An approximate dependence of the change in the chloride equilibrium membrane potential on the concentration of pure Mg2/Al-LDH nanosheets was determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses research that examined the association between increased membrane conductance and the action potential threshold of motoneurons in the spine. The findings showed that muscimol resulted in higher input conductance of spinal motoneurons by 41% and lower amplitude of membrane potential responses. The researchers concluded that raising membrane conductance by up to 50% does not change the steady state threshold potential of motoneurons.

Tea is one of the most widely consumed beverages all over the world due to its delicate taste. It is, therefore, essential to establish a simple and reliable analytical tool for determination (or, discrimination) of tea quality. We have taken an attempt to discriminate the black tea of different qualities/grades by means of polymer membrane electrode based potentiometric taste sensor. Different types of phosphorylated and crosslinked polymer membranes were used to discriminate different grades of black tea by measuring the tastes in terms of membrane potential. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One of the promising areas of research is the impact of calcium channel blockers (CB) of biological fluids. This paper shows that the CB impact on a biological fluid can be efficiently combine with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). It is shown that the addition of CB at the SPR measurements affect the stability of membranes and acts differently on the kinetics of erythrocytes ligament in the different groups of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Repeated exposure to hypoglycemia leads to suppression of normal counter-regulatory responses (CRR) to hypoglycemia; increasing severe hypoglycemia risk. The mechanism underlying this is unknown, but believed to result primarily from defective glucose-sensing within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Hypoglycemia evokes a significant systemic and local stress response with an increase in inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). In this study, we sought to determine if IL-6 affected hypothalamic glucose-sensing by examining its action on hypoglycemia-induced changes in membrane potential and AMPK activity in a mouse hypothalamic glucose-sensing cell line (GT1-7) and mouse hypothalamic ex vivo slices. Perforated-patch electrophysiological recordings of GT1-7 cells investigated the acute and chronic effects of IL-6 (5ng/ml and 20ng/ml) on acute hypoglycemia (0.5mM glucose)-induced membrane hyperpolarization. Acute exposure of GT1-7 cells to 5ng/ml and 20ng/ml IL-6 had no significant hyperpolarizing effect during hypoglycemia (0.5mM). Contrastingly, antecedent 3 hour exposure to 5ng/ml IL-6 followed by a 24 hour recovery period significantly attenuated the response of GT1-7 cells to 0.5mM (ΔVControl = 13.4 ± 1.3mV vs ΔV IL6 = 8.6 ± 2.0mV, p<0.05; n=10-13). Additionally, IL-6 was found to significantly increase acute AMPK activity in mouse VMH ex vivo slices and GT1-7 cells, as demonstrated by increased AMPK phosphorylation, increased phosphorylation of ACC and direct AMPK activity assay compared to controls. Moreover, antecedent 3 hour exposure of GT1-7 cells to 5ng/ml IL-6 attenuated subsequent hypoglycemia-induced AMPK phosphorylation. Thus, prior exposure of hypothalamic GT1-7 cells and VMH ex vivo slices to IL-6 reduced their responsiveness to a subsequent hypoglycemia challenge. We conclude that rises in systemic or local IL-6 may contribute, at least in part, to hypoglycemia-induced suppression of hypothalamic glucose-sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Voltage gated potassium (Kv) channels play an important role in regulating resting membrane potential, and in smooth muscle are key determinants of contractile frequency. KCNQ-encoded Kv7 channels have been extensively studied in the cardiac and nervous systems due to their importance in normal physiological function. There is now an established role for these channels in smooth muscle and we have recently identified mRNA for these channels (Kv7.1-7.5), and their modulatory subunits (KCNE1-5), in pregnant human myometrium1. The aim of this study was to characterise the functional effects of a range of Kv7 activators and blockers on the contractility of myometrium from pregnant women at term ex vivo. Methods: Myometrial tissue was obtained, with informed written consent, from pregnant women undergoing elective lower segment Caesarean section at term (> 37 weeks', not in labour) (Ethics approval number EC00/137). Spontaneous contractile activity (mean integral tension, MIT and contraction frequency) was measured in isolated myometrial strips and the effect of Kv7 inhibitors (XE991, 20 µM; Chromanol 293B, 20 µM) and activators (retigabine, 20 µM; maxipost, 20 µM; acrylamide S-1, 20 =µM) determined and compared to vehicle controls (DMSO). The effect of the ERG inhibitor (dofetilide, 10 µM) was also assessed. Results: Retigabine significantly decreased %MIT (35.98% ± 11.28 versus control 83.43% ± 5.4; n=5, p<0.05) and acrylamide S-1 appeared to have a more potent relaxant effect than retigabine. The pan Kv7 blocker (7.2-7.5) XE991 increased %MIT and contractile frequency (n=10) whereas the Kv7.1-specific blocker chromanol 293B (n=10) had no significant effect on MIT. Administration of maxipost had no demonstrable effect on MIT. Conclusions: These data suggest that Kv7.2-7.5, but not Kv7.1, and ERG channels contribute significantly to the regulation of spontaneous myometrial contractions in tissues from pregnant women at term. The relaxation induced by Kv7 activators highlights a potential use of these agents for the treatment of spontaneous preterm birth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pacemaker HCN channels are found in a variety of excitable cells in heart and brain to control membrane potential. Both cAMP and cGMP facilitate HCN2 opening to the same extent, but the former is more potent (1,2). We asked if the greater cAMP potency, based on electrophysiological assay of its effects on channel opening, was due to better binding or to a more sensitive post binding event. Here, we purified the HCN2 C-terminus and measured binding affinity of cAMP and cGMP to the tetrameric form using isothermal titration calorimetry. We show that cGMP binds to the HCN2 C-terminus with negative cooperativity, as does cAMP, but with a lower affinity for single the high affinity site and the three low affinity binding sites. The overall lower affinity of cGMP binding to the HCN2 channel explains its lower potency as compared to that of cAMP. Nevertheless, high affinity binding of cGMP, Kd < 1M, occurs in a range of concentrations that could be relevant in vivo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In sheep atrial myocytes, a moderate density of t-tubular structure has been described, which was further reduced as a result of remodeling in a model of atrial pacing induced persistent atrial fibrillation (AF). A concomitant reduction in ICaL and triggered Ca2+ release was observed, as well as attenuation of β-receptor responsiveness. In the current study, we have examined the effect of proximity of TTs to RyR on diastolic RyR activity (spontaneous Ca2+ sparks) and how this changes after induction of AF. The role of CaMKII in this situation is further investigated. Ca2+ transients were recorded in fluo-4 loaded cells using confocal linescan microscopy (CLSM). Whole cell voltage clamp was used to elicit Ca release induced by depolarizing pulses at 2Hz. 3-D distance mapping was used to correlate time to half maximal release of the fluorescence from triggered Ca2+ release with TT proximity. Release sites were localized and categorized as coupled (=0.5 µm) and non-coupled (=2 µm). After 2 minutes, stimulation was stopped and spontaneous Ca2+ sparks were measured for a period of 15 seconds and assigned to their cellular locations. SR content was assessed by integrating the sodium calcium exchange current after rapid application of caffeine (10 mM). In CTRL myocytes (N=6, n=21), non-coupled sites regions had less frequent sparks (-32.7±11.1%) than coupled regions. These had similar amplitude and width, but the mean half-maximal duration was reduced by 16.5±7.8 %. After AF no change in SR content was observed (N=6, n=23). The most striking difference was observed as a reversal of the regional frequency relationship: sparks were more frequent in non-coupled (+99±16%) vs. coupled regions in atrial myocytes from AF animals. Addition of AIP (5µM) caused a normalization in both AF and CTRL, with no change in SR content. To further activate CaMKII, but in the absence of PKA activation, isoproterenol (100 nM) and PKI (5 µM) was added. This led to the initiation of Ca2+ waves in 50% of CTRL cells and 93% of AF cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes a micro electrode array (MEA)-based biosensor for taste transduction using heterologous expressed taste polycystic kidney disease-like (PKD) channels as molecular sensors. Taste PKD1L3/2L1 channels were expressed on the plasma membrane of human embryo kidney (HEK)-293 cells [1]. Then the cells were cultured on the surface of MEA chip [2] to record the responses of PKD channels to sour stimulations by monitoring membrane potential. The results indicate this MEA-based biosensor can record the special off-responses of PKD channels to sour stimulation in a non-invasive manner for a long term. It may provide an alternative tool for the research of taste transduction, especially for the characterization of taste ion channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arterial baroreceptors contain mechanosensors that detect the change in blood pressure, and transduce the mechanical signal into electrical signal transmitted via sensory neurons. The molecular identities of the baroreceptor mechanosensor are not fully understood, however, mechanosensitive ion channels are ideal candidates due to their ability to alter membrane potential. By mechanically stimulating the aortic baroreceptor neurons isolated from rat, we recorded a cation channel current comprising TRPC5. The baroreceptor TRPC5-containing channels were directly activated by membrane stretch on the soma and the neurite terminal. The channel activity was potentiated by Gd3+, but was abrogated by an anti-TRPC5 blocking antibody T5E3 and by expressing a dominant-negative TRPC5 construct T5DN. Calcium imaging and single-channel electrophysiology confirmed the mechanosensitivity of heterologously expressed mouse TRPC5 in cell lines. Disruption of TRPC5 function in rat baroreceptor neurons by lentivirus mediated delivery of T5DN cDNA impaired the high blood pressure-induced firing frequency increase of the aortic depressor nerve, and it also impaired the baroreceptor-mediated reflex control of heart rate. In TRPC5 knockout (trpc5-/-) mice, the pressure-induced firing frequency increase was markedly attenuated, and the baroreflex responses were also impaired. TRPC5 thus forms a stretch-activated channel participating in the mechanotransduction at the aortic baroreceptor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]