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The halal tourism program is a national program that the Indonesian government strongly supports. Alamendah Village is one of the tourism village that tries to apply the halal concept in its tourism development. Despite it has various potential, Alamendah has problems were found in the context of developing halal tourism, such as the low response of business actors, the lack of a clear tourism ecosystem, and the lack of human resources who understand the tourism concept. This research was conducted to identification and develop halal tourism ecosystem in Alamendah Village. The research method used qualitative method and exploratory research model with the analytical techniques used are interactive analysis. The results of this study are the main obstacle to the Alamendah Tourism Village ecosystem as a support for the development of halal tourism is the difference in understanding of human resources in Alamendah Village regarding the concept of halal tourism itself. However, in general, the local community is highly interested and enthusiastic about developing this halal tourism. Based on these results, the Alamendah village community can conduct discussions and brainstorm to equate the perceptions and goals of halal tourism development itself, especially how to interpret the value of moderation between cultural potential and Islamic values which will then be implemented in its development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations are currently working in increasingly complicated situations, owing to the rapid changes in the environments. Pandemics, financial difficulties, and external pressure from public, governments, and NGOs compel educational institutions to the increasing complexity of their operations to achieve sustainability in the sense of resilience and long-term viability of their operations. Some previous research discovered sustainable leadership has a positive and significant impact on the functioning of educational institutions. It is, however, insufficient to explain and relate the effect of recent technology change and use. As a further step, this research investigates the moderating effect of IT sophistication on the links between long-term leadership and educational institution success. The sophistication includes developing human capacity, developing strategy, and forming partnerships, developing long term goals from short term objectives, creating diversified workplaces, and learning lessons from the past. It is also directly related with listening ability, which is one of the variables that contribute to long-term leadership success. When it comes to defining institutional performance, the new measurement is also conceptually proposed to be linked to creating value. It brings together more critical components of the organization, such as quality management and intellectual capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we attempt to apply regression model for rice production in which it contains moderation variable. Determination of a variable whether it is a moderation variable or not is by involving interaction term in the regression model. We use rice production data of Lipumasagena Village South Konawe District in Indonesia as an application. The results show that this method works well when modeling the data with a very good performance. It can be concluded from the regression model that capital is considered as moderation variable (pure moderator). The model also implies that land area and labor affect the rice production of Lipumasagena farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of financial technology has enabled online business platforms to provide e-commerce institutional mechanisms (EIM). There are some concerns regarding the use of EIM such as trust in e-commerce platform and value of transactions. While prior literatures mostly focused on EIM, the roles of internal EIM is less studied specially in Indonesian context. The current study examines contingency factors that determine the use of internal e-commerce institutional mechanisms (IEIM). This study also investigates whether the use of internal e-commerce institutional mechanisms can reduce the need for trust factor in e-commerce transactions. GOPAY that is one of the internal e-commerce institutional mechanisms in Indonesia is used as study case. Data are collected through an online survey of 117 GOPAY users. Multiple regression and moderated regression analyses are applied to analyze the data. This study finds that essential needs products and micropayment transactions are associated with the use of GOPAY. Also, trust in a platform is associated with repurchase intention. However, the use of GOPAY does not decrease the need for trust in a platform in e-commerce purchase intention. A low banking penetration environment in Indonesia does not relate with the use of internal e-commerce institutional mechanisms. In conclusion, this study provides insights into how Indonesian people use the internal e-commerce institutional mechanisms as part of micropayment to support online essential needs product transactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a computational study of the suspension spring of two wheeler's followed by modification suggestions. The current methods of calculations of the spring parameters fail to account for the role of the spring pitch in developing stresses. Stresses and deflections are critical factors for designing a sustainable spring and play critical roles in the performance. This paper suggests reducing the stresses developed by varying the pitch while proving the correlation between pitch variation and stress production. This is accomplished by geometric modeling of different models of spring and simulating it with applied boundary conditions. The study is further extending to propose ways to reduce stresses in the spring. Finally, the suggested changes can reduce the maximum stresses in the suspension spring components by as much as 50%, from 1963MPa in the original spring to 958MPa in a double coilspring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine and analyze the effect of Job Training variables on Employee Performance variables with Employee Status as a moderating variable, in the Fire Protection Division of PT. Musi Hutan Persada (PT. MHP). The number of samples in this study were 145 employees, consisting of 50 samples of permanent employees and 95 samples as contract employees. Data analysis was performed with the help of SPSS 22 for Window's software, to test the relationship between variables with multiple regression analysis techniques / Multivariate Regression Analysis (MRA), as well as the moderating effect of the Employee Status variable on the Job Training variable on the Employee Performance variable. Based on data analysis on the variables studied, it shows the results that there is a significant relationship between job training variables and employee performance. The Employee Status variable shows a weak relationship with the Employee Performance variable. The Employee Status variable is also not a variable that moderates the influence of the Job Training variable on the Employee Performance variable. The regression test results also show that the moderation variable acts as an independent variable (predictor) which has a direct effect on employee performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to improve passive safety of Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors The French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) has proposed a new core design called CADOR - an SFR core with enhanced Doppler reactivity feedback. One of its most important design features is the introduction of solid moderating materials inside each fuel assemblies to slightly decrease the average neutron energy. The article focuses on development and validation of a neutronics calculation scheme able to produce accurate results in case of CADOR and other fast cores with moderating materials. The study uses two different fuel assembly models moderated by metallic beryllium and zirconium hydride (ZrH2) respectively The study includes discussion of neutron scattering treatment and different ways of spatial homogenization and energy condensations. The results indicate that the accurate scattering treatment leads to much better estimation of Doppler constant, especially in case of ZrH2 moderated core. By using combined deterministic-Monte Carlo calculation scheme we are able to quantify the biases on global reactivity, reactivity feedbacks and control rod worth. We demonstrate that spatial homogenization plays a more important role in case of moderated CADOR assemblies and thus preserving certain level of heterogeneity within fuel assemblies can lower the calculation bias significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research examining immigrant student achievement found that immigrant students exhibit similar achievement to non-immigrant students when other factors are taken into account. This research, consistent with other analyses, suggests that what has traditionally been thought of as an immigrant disadvantage may in fact be capturing a language barrier. To examine the language disadvantage and its role in educational outcomes, I analyze 2015 PISA mathematics achievement within five English-speaking countries: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Using within- and cross-level interactions in HLM regression modeling, we examine how other student- and school-characteristics, namely student socioeconomic status, immigrant generation, and school administration type, moderate the effect of this language disadvantage on mathematics achievement. The language gap ranges from being practically and significantly inconsequential (Canada) to being expected to result in over half a school year gap in other countries (United States). Moderation analysis suggests that individuals who speak English at home benefit more from socioeconomic advantage than those who speak another language. In terms of immigrant generation, across all five countries the largest difference in predicted achievement between those who speak English at home and those who do not is found among students who fall in the native-born category as opposed to those who are either first- or second-generation immigrants. The interaction between school administration type and language spoken in the home is statistically non-significant in all five countries, which is likely a result of small cell sizes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Online communities bring together members of common interest and are recognized as generators of significant knowledge. In healthcare, online communities are a medium for patients to share their stories, gain peer support, and learn more about medical conditions. To succeed, these communities need to sustain their knowledge flows and resolve arising tensions. The current literature suggests that participation dynamics and emergent organizational structure are sufficient to resolve tensions in online communities. Based on increased evidence of the need of formal management to sustain online communities, we propose that emergent structure and roles may not always be sufficient when tensions are prevalent and stakes are high such as in online patient communities. We conduct an inductive field study of Mayo Clinic Connect, a leading online patient community. The findings suggest that formal management and emergent leadership play a complementary role to resolve tensions and sustain knowledge flows. We theorize a virtuous cycle of moderation and socialization that effectively integrates the effort of the community formal management and emergent leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Creative self-development through educational technology is relevant in modern education. The article shows the basic components of educational technology that can be applied in teaching. The usage of pedagogical technologies by teachers allows them to engage students and create a favorable climate during study. At the same time, students are developing their creative thinking, personal, intellectual and creative abilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network platforms in enterprises are an increasingly important phenomenon. Thus, the participation and content generation of users are critical aspects of the sustainable use of these enterprise social media (ESM) services. However, at the same time, organizations need to ensure the quality of user-generated content (UGC), which remains a challenge for ESM moderation. In this structured literature review, we investigate measures to identify high-quality UGC and organizational approaches to promote such UGC. We categorize our findings as textual-, content appraisal, network- and author- based measures. We follow up by assigning each measure to a motivation and localization approach. We reflect on opportunities to transfer public social media measures into an ESM environment. We conclude our examination of UGC quality by integrating the UGC quality dimension into an ESM moderation framework and by outlining implications for research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims at answering the following question: does the architecture of moderation and understatement, architecture full of respect for the multi-layered context, history, topography, culture of place etc., i.e. genius loci, exist in Poland today? The question seems to make sense because of numerous, spectacular realisations of structures devoted to culture which were completed since the year 2004, when the country accessed the EU, but also because of many revitalisations. The authoress of the article, because of her involvement in research and critical evaluation of the recent Polish architecture, sees the arising need for discretion, subtlety, and calm. On may indeed deem it the return the Aristotelian decorum in architecture, regardless of its style, language or of its mode of expression. The architectural culture in Poland, after the political upheaval of the year 1989 and further, following the aforementioned admission to the EU, underwent significant, even total changes. The period of necessary compensating for the numerous deficiencies and neglected areas of development left by the Communist ancien regime was followed by the age of spectacular investments in cultural (and office) buildings, as well as by the rapid housing development. The situation was aggravated by severe lacks in urban and spatial planning. However, despite all the legal problems, there is a visible trend towards harmonisation, restitution of harmony and beauty of the landscape, both urban and rural, as it was so brutally torn by fates in the last century. Many pre-eminent architects, both Polish and realising in Poland, seem to share the view on self-limitation, understatement and return to the lost adequacy and appropriateness. Renowned architect Zbigniew Maćków grasped it very modestly and yet precisely, speaking of his building in Wrocław: "It is just mending the city that already once was there". The paper discusses a few select cases of such contemporary Polish architecture, of various uses and locations - but having the contextual, subdued approach in common. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Particularly within the field of organizational knowledge management, communities of practice (CoP) have been given a great deal of attention. Prior research on communication in CoP focused predominantly on two domains. One stream of literature discusses the communication in CoP regarding interaction between community members and knowledge sharing within the community. A second stream of literature sheds light on the moderation of CoP especially in the field of e-learning. What has not been considered in depth is the influence of moderation on task related communication between CoP members and their ability to solve problems of the hierarchical organization (HO) they are embedded in. This paper therefore, aims to illustrate how moderation shapes CoP-internal communication. In a broader research project we explore how CoP work within a huge HO, the German Federal Armed Forces (FAF), and particularly how they contribute to knowledge management in connection with performing specialized tasks of the HO. Our research is based on a multiple case-study of several Communities of Practice within the FAF. Three of these will be used as the empirical basis of this paper. The main body of qualitative data was collected via semi-structured interviews with community members and enriched by examination of related documents. This paper has multiple implications for research and practice. With regard to academe, our research contributes to the research on the conjunction between self-organizing communities and the HO and, hence, to the usability of communities within hierarchies. For practice, this paper gives first insights into the possibilities of influencing selforganizing CoP in a goal-orientated manner by moderating the communication, leading to better knowledge access and quality of contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships of work-family conflict to job satisfaction are well established. However, potential moderating effects are under-explored. The present study explores team communication which is suggested as not only directly influencing job satisfaction and making a job better, but also buffering the detrimental influence of conflict from work and family roles. Support for direct and moderating effects are found in a multi-level study of 298 employees nested in 80 teams. Two-way and three-way significant interactions were found, highlighting the importance of team communication on these relationships. Overall, respondents with high team communication are able to buffer the otherwise detrimental effects of conflict, highlighting the value of good team communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automated marking has been applied widely and researched in depth. Online-moderation of examination scripts, however, is an emerging technology in the area of online teaching. Despite the potential for optimizing examination procedures, the application of online moderation is limited. Likewise the literature reflects a paucity on studies about the factors that determine the adoption of eModeration. The focus of this study is not automated marking but rather eModeration. Furthermore the relationship under investigation is that between the eModerator and the dean of the faculty - and not between the student and the lecturer as in automated marking. This study is guided by the questions: What is an appropriate framework for measuring the User Experience for an eModeration system? This research investigated what an appropriate framework for measuring the user experience in using an eModeration system would be using a design science methodology. The research methodology will using multiple data generation methods. The data generation methods used to collect empirical (field) data or evidence, in determining the user experience of the electronic moderation process are interviews (qualitative) with four deans from the faculties and questionnaires (quantitative) with moderators. The research was conducted at a Private Higher Education Institution in South Africa. The paper provides some insights into the user experience of deans and eModerators and some insights on improving the user experience by aligning the system structures with the user expectations. The improved understanding of the eModerators and dean's user experience contribute to our understanding of the factors that determine the adoption of eModeration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines the relationship between a leader's warmth, dominance and three different indicators of leader effectiveness in the environment of a four-month long Managerial Simulation Game. Data about 184 CEOs were gained via self-reports, from the results of the simulation game, and from 3,330 of their followers. Each CEO completed an Interpersonal Checklist (ICL) and was evaluated, on average, by 18 followers in terms of her leadership emergence and perceived leader effectiveness. Group performance was assessed based on the results of game companies. Neither leader warmth nor leader dominance correlated with any of the three indicators of leader's effectiveness. The analysis of moderation effect however revealed a significant effect of interaction of leader warmth and dominance on group performance, perceived leader effectiveness, and leadership emergence. CEOs with greater warmth are less effective when possessing a low degree of dominance. On the contrary, the relationship between warmth and leader effectiveness is positive when the degree of dominance is high. An effective leader therefore has to be both warm and dominant. A low degree of dominance combined with excessive warmth might yield a counterproductive effect. The results of the study elucidate an underexplored relationship between leader warmth and effectiveness and illustrate the importance of examining various antecedents of leadership simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conferencing systems utilizing text messages as the communication medium have been around for many years. Since in highly populated social platforms moderation is more of a necessity than luxury, many different mechanisms exist and function being more or less effective. As the Internet bandwidth is becoming more and more accessible, voice over IP communication is gaining on popularity. Multiuser voice conferencing platforms raise the need for different type of moderation mechanisms. Determining a fair moderation scheme which would in the same time maximize the overall discussion quality for each participant is not a trivial task. We introduce a multiagent model for voice conference moderation which utilizes Vickrey auctions as a resource allocation procedure. By applying a concept of communication channel as a resource with an equally shared ownership, we enforce that rules of a fair discussion are. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Duplicating code and modifying it is a useful convenience when editing within an IDE. This sequence of operations, termed copy-paste-modify, has the downside of proliferating “nearly identical” code segments or code clones and could lead to rapid degeneration of code. Although techniques for proactive identification of clones and differences between them have been studied, no clear method to control clone formation, based on “acceptability criteria,” is known. In this paper, we present a technique to moderate the genesis of clones through copy-paste-modify operations. Our approach is guided by associating constraints formulated from predefined guidelines, and checking for their satisfaction at the time of copy and upon modification. By encoding “acceptability criteria” as constraints, our approach provides the means necessary for controlled creation of clones. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A large fraction of user-generated content on the Web, such as posts or comments on popular online forums, consists of abuse or spam. Due to the volume of contributions on popular sites, a few trusted moderators cannot identify all such abusive content, so viewer ratings of contributions must be used for moderation. But not all viewers who rate content are trustworthy and accurate. What is a principled approach to assigning trust and aggregating user ratings, in order to accurately identify abusive content? In this paper, we introduce a framework to address the problem of moderating online content using crowdsourced ratings. Our framework encompasses users who are untrustworthy or inaccurate to an unknown extent --- that is, both the content and the raters are of unknown quality. With no knowledge whatsoever about the raters, it is impossible to do better than a random estimate. We present efficient algorithms to accurately detect abuse that only require knowledge about the identity of a single 'good' agent, who rates contributions accurately more than half the time. We prove that our algorithm can infer the quality of contributions with error that rapidly converges to zero as the number of observations increases; we also numerically demonstrate that the algorithm has very high accuracy for much fewer observations. Finally, we analyze the robustness of our algorithms to manipulation by adversarial or strategic raters, an important issue in moderating online content, and quantify how the performance of the algorithm degrades with the number of manipulating agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of different communication settings on outspokenness of majorities and minorities respectively and on the social psychological factors related with outspokenness. The notion of social presence is adapted to measure the attributes of different communication settings. It is negatively related to outspokenness of minorities and positively related to outspokenness of majorities. Also, the study found a moderation tendency of perceived opinion distribution in computer-mediated communication. The study found that social presence will moderate the effect of status of opinion on outspokenness. But the moderation effect on the relationship between fear of isolation and outspokenness is not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts of international management topics which include the role of personal values in job choice, international research and development networks in the consumer electronics industry, and immigrant entrepreneurs' bicultural identity integration and social capital creation.

The results of a Geant4 Monte-Carlo study of the production of slow positrons using a 140 MeV electron beam which might be available at Jefferson Lab are presented. Positrons are produced by pair production for the gamma-rays produced by bremsstrahlung on the target which is also the stopping medium for the positrons. Positrons which diffuse to the surface of the stopping medium are assumed to be ejected due to a negative work function. Here the target and moderator are combined into one piece. For an osmium target/moderator 3 cm long with transverse dimensions of 1 cm by 1 mm, we obtain a slow positron yield of about 8.5·1010/(s·mA) If these positrons were remoderated and re-emitted with a 23% probability we would obtain 2·1010/(s·mA) in a micro-beam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication researchers often hypothesize moderated or 'interactive' effects, in which the effect of an independent variable on an outcome variable depends on the value of a moderator variable. When an interaction is found, it is important to probe the interaction, for hypotheses often predict not just interaction but a specific pattern of effects of the focal independent variable as a function of the moderator. This paper describes the "pick-a-point" approach for probing interactions and introduces the Johnson-Neyman technique to communication researchers as a little-known but valuable alternative to the more common pick-a-point approach. Examples of both approaches are illustrated and macros for SPSS and SAS are introduced to facilitate the visualizing and probing of interactions in regression models. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I examine the consequences of emotion management among registered nurses. I consider the affect on three dimensions of self-concept- self-esteem, self-efficacy, and authenticity. The importance of understanding the self-concept of nurses has been highlighted by many mainly because of the impact self-concept has on other significant aspects of nursing work such as satisfaction, stress, burnout, and attrition. In light of the global nursing shortage, it is important to understand the experiences of nurses and the consequences of their labor. The goal of the present study is to employ survey data to understand the relationship between self concept and emotion management, considering possible moderation of social support. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of political mass communication information outlet effects has been dominated by two types of studies, those which focus on a single outlet and those which look at the comparative influence of multiple outlets from a competitive framework. The current study seeks to advance a third study type by offering a theory of political campaign media connectedness (PCMC). Four axioms are offered in this work. In addition, a series of hypotheses involving four political communication campaign information outlets (conservative political talk radio, debate viewing, newspaper use, and local TV news use) are posited. This work emphasizes the need to study how various information outlets function in coordination with one another to produce a potentially diverse set of direct and indirect political campaign media effects. Future lines of theoretical inquiry and empirical research are outlined. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology researchers rarely assess the impact of individual differences on user responses to search engine use. Empirical studies that have been conducted yield inconsistent results. Recently, scholars have found that the relationship between Web use and its effects is contingent on Internet experience. We argue that Internet self-efficacy, developed from a foundation of social cognitive theory rather than confidence studies, represents a useful discriminating measure of motivation and competency and moderates the relationship between Web search tasks and psychological responses to search engine use. Previous studies have employed Internet self-efficacy to predict Internet use and motivation but rarely situate this important measure as a moderator variable that influences online outcomes. The findings of an original experiment testing the effects of search engine responsiveness on users of Google News show that for people with high Internet self-efficacy, varying the degree of search term specificity and search result density produces a threshold effect, whereas for users with low Internet self-efficacy, the number of search results and search terms is either not associated or negatively correlates with search-related outcomes. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines coverage of China by American correspondents for GansÂ’ journalistic values of ethnocentricity, altruistic democracy, responsible capitalism, individualism, and moderation across temporal and geographical space. The study seeks evidence of the journalistic values as constants in the news coverage of great changes in China from two time periods: Edgar SnowÂ’s celebrated foreign correspondence 60 plus years ago during a Civil War and World War with JapanÂ’s invasion and todayÂ’s foreign correspondence at the height of ChinaÂ’s rapid and massive economic changes. Guided by Prior's theoretical conception of text as a product of effect in a particular socio-historical context, textual analysis by themes and values, we examined SnowÂ’s correspondence in the Saturday Evening Post and other news outlets in the first period, as well as todayÂ’s correspondence in the Time, Newsweek and U.S News & World Report magazines in the second period. The analysis shows that Snow and the current magazine journalistsÂ’ foreign correspondence from China displayed many of the GansÂ’ values, but the values appear more enduring today, more blatant in todayÂ’s correspondence. The former traditional elite foreign correspondent living in China has been replaced by parachute correspondents. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of several studies on human resources (HR). "Family Ties and International Mobility," investigates relationships between family ties and willingness to accept an international assignment amongst a sample of dual-earner respondents. Another study, "The Impact of HR Involvement and Commitment HR Systems on HR Effectiveness and Firm Performance," examines the impact of HR involvement on HR effectiveness and firm performance using a sample of 249 listed companies on the Korea Stock Exchange. "Examining the Impact of Human Resources Management on Organizational Performance," develops a valid and reliable model to measure the direct effects of domains of human resource management practices on three measures of organizational performance.

This study uses 2000-2002 American National Election Study (ANES) panel data to assess the influence of national television news viewing on opinions concerning the need for federal involvement in social issues reflective of postmaterialist values. This relationship is analyzed in coordination with the testing of perceptions of the proper role of government in society as a potential mediator. In addition, political party identification (Democrat, Republican, and Independent) is assessed as a potential moderator. This study reveals three distinct processes of mediation (or the lack thereof) across the distinct party identification groups, with the perceived role of government serving as a full mediator for Democrats, a simple mediator for Republicans, and not serving as a mediator for Independents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to examine the competing models of interactivity. Interactivity is conceptualized as intrinsic media attributes which afford message-sending and message-receiving through the same medium. Operationally, interactivity is manipulated along two dimensions: the number of keywords (responsiveness) and the number of hyperlinks. Regarding this, the study has three goals: first, it will investigate whether the influence of interactivity is converted to media effects through the mechanism of perceived interactivity. Second, it will explore whether the relationship between interactivity and perceived interactivity is moderated by personality traits, such as self-efficacy and need for cognition. Finally, it will develop an Internet self-efficacy scale. There is currently no widely accepted Internet self-efficacy scale. As such, this research will be helpful for researchers to clarify inconsistent empirical results concerning the relationship between interactivity and media effects. The study employs audience tracking software to record the duration of a web page viewed, the amount of hyperlinks clicked, and the address of a web page visited, which serve as behavioral indicators of interactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research Question More than 30 years after its introduction to the sales literature, the customer orientation of salespeople is still a key concern of managers and researchers alike. While seemingly straightforward, past research has not conclusively found the performance enhancing benefits of a strong customer orientation. Despite the need for studies to better understand how and why a salesperson's customer orientation influences his or her performance, two important concerns with prior research limit our understanding. First, although past research indicates that, a salesperson's customer orientation does not necessarily lead to an increase in salesperson performance; most scholars assume a linear relationship between customer orientation and performance. Second, despite calls for more conceptual research in the marketing field, past research has largely neglected to develop a sound theoretical framework to investigate the relationship between customer orientation and performance. Due to the lack of a strong conceptual basis for the customer orientation-performance link, extant research cannot explain the existing equivocal findings. Consequently, the objective of our study is to investigate why salesperson customer orientation does not consistently increase performance and to provide a theoretical understanding for the relationship. Summary of Findings Based on implications from information economics and uncertainty theory, we propose a conceptual framework illustrating situation-specific variables influencing the relationship between a salesperson's customer orientation and his or her selling performance. We argue that customers lack information and face uncertainty when making a purchase decision. A customer's buying decision, which leads to selling performance, is a function of a customer's uncertainty level. Salespeople are a source of information reducing a customer's level of uncertainty. Hence, we suggest that a salesperson's customer orientation provides customers with information and acts as a means for customers to reduce their uncertainty. We indicate that the effect of a salesperson's customer orientation on selling performance decreases as customer orientation increases indicating a non-linear relationship. As a customer's level of uncertainty decreases, further uncertainty reduction by the salesperson becomes less significant. Situation-specific moderating variables influence a customer's level of uncertainty and can be a source of information reducing the relevance of a salesperson's customer orientation or enhance a customer's level of uncertainty increasing the relevance of a salesperson's customer orientation. Key Contributions Theoretically, the paper contributes to past literature by providing a new perspective on the relationship between a salesperson's customer orientation and performance. We demonstrate that information economics is a valuable conceptual perspective for better understanding the customer orientation-performance relationship and, in so doing, integrating and guiding research on the topic. This perspective also explains inconclusive past evidence on the relationship due to non-linearity in the relationship and situational influences affecting the relationship between a salesperson's customer orientation and performance. Managerially, the results highlight that a strong focus on customer orientation does not always lead to an increase in performance. Rather, the results suggest that, beyond a specific level of customer orientation, a further increase in customer orientation does not notably change salesperson performance as it relates to customers' purchase decision. Further, the results suggest that salespeople and their managers should pay closer attention to situational factors in their decision on whether to focus on customer orientation because the performance outcomes of a salesperson's customer orientation are contingent upon the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advent of Web 2.0 technologies, more and more online content is being generated by users. Even trained web developers often fail to take accessibility issues into consideration, so it is no surprise that users may fail to do so as well. In this paper, we examine two self-moderating communities of individuals with Lyme disease who are affected by ""brain fog"". Through qualitative analysis of over 100 discussion threads that deal with issues of accessibility, we explore how the individuals in these communities fail and succeed to establish and enforce, through moderation, the creation of cognitively accessible content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theories in management are often subjects to potential inversion in the nature of the effect described. We explore three canonical possible inversions: the max/min point in a quadratic regression model; the point of intersection and the change of slope in a moderated regression model. The inquiry explores the motivation for considering such inversions, considers typical common situations where inversions are misinterpreted empirically (both type I and type II errors), and proposes a methodological approach to conduct more in depth exploration. We illustrate those situations by simulated examples and computations conducted in R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leadership theories often include a contingency effect where the relationship between two or more variables is normally theorized to be monotonic, i.e., that it has a generally accepted direction--positive or negative--across the full range of the contingency variable. Most examinations of contingencies estimate how the monotonic relationship changes at mean, or near mean, levels of the moderator variable. We push the logic of moderation further to explore whether, for extra-ordinary values of the moderator, the effect may actually become non-monotonic, e.g., invert by moving from positive to negative in slope (or vice versa). Discovering such inversion effects in models of leadership would provide a deeper understanding of the operation and boundaries of theories, thereby calling for refinements of underlying theoretical assumptions. Using an innovative inductive approach, we search the leadership literature and find studies where extra-ordinary moderator values signal a potential inversion effect. We narrow onto two example leader- member exchange (LMX) studies to inductively theorize the mechanisms creating the inversion. We then generalize the logic of this mechanism to propose new theory for why such inversions might be occurring in a wider range of phenomenon beyond LMX, and discuss the associated implications for leadership and organizational theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous moderators (i.e., interactions) are some of most frequently hypothesized and tested relationships in organizational behavior human resource management and applied psychology, but there is relatively little information on their average magnitudes and conditions under which they vary. We meta-analyzed 15 years of continuous moderators published in four of our leading journals and found that moderator effects are relatively small (f 2 = .030) and subsequently, the majority of studies examining continuous moderators are statistically underpowered. We found that a number of factors including level of analysis, outcomes examined, and number of variables in the model influence moderator effect sizes. In addition, the strong and negative correlation between sample size and effect size (r = -.490) and the strange behavior of p-values around the .05 threshold of statistical significance are suggestive of a small sample bias. Finally, we provide a 2- step process that allows researchers, reviewers, and editors to better contextualize moderators when designing and evaluating research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research to investigate the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards on creative behavior of employees has yielded non conclusive and conflicting findings. Most of the reward - behavior research is based on three assumptions, i.e., a- the relationship between rewards and creative behavior is direct and un-moderated, b- these rewards have similar effects on individuals irrespective of their dispositional differences, and c- both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards trigger similar types of creative behaviors. The present study challenges all of these assumptions. This study suggests that intrinsic and extrinsic rewards trigger distinct types of creative behaviors, and that the effects of rewards on creative behavior of individuals are moderated through personal and contextual factors. Results show that extrinsic rewards generally produce incremental creative behavior, whereas intrinsic rewards trigger radical creative behavior. Results also suggest that personal differences (such as goal orientation) and contextual factors (such as organizational climate) moderate the effects of rewards on creative behavior. Finally, the study identifies several conditions when intrinsic rewards may trigger incremental creative behavior whereas extrinsic rewards can produce radical creative behavior. The study guides managers to align personal dispositions of employees with contextual factors to enhance and achieve specific types of creative behaviors, as per the organizational requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the relationships between supplier development, buyer-supplier relations, trust and strategic purchasing based on an analysis grounded in Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). Specifically, the paper tests the moderating roles of strategic purchasing and trust on the relationship between buyer-supplier relations and supplier development. Previous research on supplier development has not investigated interaction effects amongst these variables. The use of a moderation argument allows the research to explore how effectively trust functions as a governance mechanism and thereby contributes to the discussions of trust within the TCE paradigm. The research is based on the analysis of cross industry survey data collected from 151 purchasing professionals in the UK. A moderation model was developed and tested using a hierarchical multivariate regression. The theory of TCE and the extant literature suggest that trust might lead to complacency and subsequently lower levels of supplier development. Strategic purchasing was found to have no moderating role. The paper is situated in the stream of research investigating the 'dark side' of collaborative buyer-supplier relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to expectations that greater variation in choices allows a buyer to optimize their transactions, I find evidence in a labor market for freelancing services which suggests otherwise. In particular, the less categorical overlap of past experiences of freelancers bidding for a job, the less likely the buyer will choose any of them and, if any choice is made at all, the longer it takes the buyer to do so. In labor markets, categories serve to demarcate like-experiences. Greater categorical overlap of the past experiences of freelancers reduces variation, makes them easier to compare, thereby facilitating a decision. However, more experienced buyers of services should be more attuned to what skills are valuable for their task. Therefore, I predict that this effect is moderated by increased experience. These hypotheses are tested with data from www.elance.com. Support is found for the two main effects and partial support is demonstrated for the moderation effect. An additional analysis introduces nuance to this paper by demonstrating that while increased categorical overlap facilitates labor market transaction, it also decreases the price eventually paid for the service. Therefore, overlap benefits buyers but is a detrimental to freelancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]