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Understanding heritage food is important and useful for planning of national identity conservation, gastronomy tourism marketing and food safety. However, research on heritage food is not uniform globally; it tends to be concentrated in specific areas or region, and thus would hinder our understanding of heritage food acceptance, marketability and sustainability. This study examined the trends in heritage food research, namely Pekasam over the past decade by analysing publication data from Scopus through Systematic Literature review method. In particular, this study focused on the countries in which the studies were done, the affiliation of the authors, the funding sponsor, the types of publication discipline area of research, and citation details. A total of 148 publications were examined. The results showed that research on heritage food of Pekasam is not only scarce, to such an extent a large number of the research published are in the discipline of agriculture, chemistry and engineering. Despite the small number of research publications on Pekasam, the citations on the existing publications have grown exponentially since 2017 indicating that Pekasam is a potential research topic in the area of heritage food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgarian forests are part of the national wealth and national identity. Their economic, social and ecological functions are important for the sustainable development of society and for improvement of living conditions especially in rural and mountainous regions. To a large extent these functions are irreplaceable not only in a national but also in a global aspect. In this connection in the present paper a structural-functional characterization of Bulgarian forest territories is done. Actual data on the area of forests, wood stock, wood increment and distribution of forests by functions are presented. Regarding the last one, the attention is focused on concise characteristics of forests with water protection functions on the territory of Bulgaria and water resources of the country. On the basis of the above, the guiding hypothesis for the study is formulated, namely: there is a correlation between the area of forest territories in Bulgaria and the territory occupied by water and water bodies. The verification is carried out by means of a correlation analysis, which is based on data from the National Statistical Institute (NSI) on the areas of forest territories and territories occupied by water and water bodies in 23 districts from level NUTS-3 in Bulgaria in 2021. Regarding the area occupied by water and water bodies, it should be clarified that according to NSI it includes plots for watercourses, water bodies and available water facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing countries have the largest population and significant resources to ensure sustainable scientific and technological development. A systems analysis of the features of the formation and development of science governance systems in the developing BRICS countries, in the context of the national characteristics of scientific and technical policy and the activities of specific institutions supporting scientific research, is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Demanding of harmonious society is a challenging task in every country especially for multi-ethnicity society. Despite sharing the same homeland, they has their own heritage that reflect their ethnics. Each of the ethnic are defending their respective right. Ergo, the similarities of these diversity, particularly culture and identity should be as a nation forte to unite the society. Overall, 18 criteria was identified which are consist of 11 for national culture and 7 for national identity. Thus, the aims of this paper is a comparative analysis on weighting allocation in determining the importance of these criteria that contribute towards Malaysian harmonious living. In order to identify relevant important criteria, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach is utilized to allocate the weight for each identified criteria. The findings reveal the degree of importance of each criteria under culture and identity that could be used as a guideline for national policy maker and relevant government authorities to planning the activities specifically when it is involving the community as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of interracial intimacy on the building of postwar Japanese womanhood during and after the U.S. occupation of Japan, 1945-1952. As the occupation was coming to an end, many began to envision a new image of Japan: an independent, democratic, and cultured nation reentering the international arena. In reality, however, the actual image of the nation was overtly sexualized by the presence of a large number of women consorting with U.S. servicemen. Since this image was highly inappropriate for the reborn country, there was a growing tendency to eliminate any sexualized elements from Japan. The most sexualized group was the panpan, postwar unlicensed female sex workers serving occupation soldiers. The panpan were highly visible as they showed off flashy fashion to the public and walked down the street snuggling up to foreign servicemen. Focusing on their deviant appearance and behavior, many studies of the occupation tend to treat them either as social problems or cultural emblems that uniquely symbolized the occupation. This paper, however, emphasize that that the panpan were not an isolated entity because the boundaries between panpan and "ordinary women" were often unclear during the occupation. I focus on how Japanese women, professional or nonprofessional, who consorted with foreign men were collectively stigmatized as "un-Japanese" due to their association with the foreign. Simultaneously, I argue that their stigmatized status was fluid. I highlight how some women who had relationships with foreign men were celebrated as "Japanese ambassadors to the world" as they contributed to Japan by letting the world know their "Japanese femininity." In examining the conflicting images of Japanese women consorting foreign men as "good women" and "bad women," I argue that these collectively sexualized women challenged traditional Japanese gender roles and sexual mores and negotiated womanhood which was central to national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citizenship of the European Union is a reality or a concept? The consecration of the citizenship of the European Union by the Maastrich0t Treaty has been accompanied by the specific rights allowed to the citizens of the Member States. At the present, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union mention the definition of the citizen of the European Union, the features and role of its citizenship: „Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall be additional to and not replace national citizenship". In the Preamble of the Treaty on the European Union, the Member States affirm that they are „resolved to establish a citizenship common to nationals of their countries". The Court of Justice of the European Union has stated the importance of this concept and its application in relationship with the specific rights of the citizens of the Member States: „Union citizenship is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States". The concept has a certain applicablility in different fields as Internal Market or European Union's area of freedom, security and justice with legal effects in terms of rights and obligations. The citizenship of the European Union does exist but its added value will be tangible at the moment when our ID cards or passports will contain a reference to that; if the citizens of the Member States express their interest in this regard and the political commitement will be evinced, the national citizenship could be replaced with the European Union citizenship on the moment of the Treaties revision's, but, nowadays, according to art. 4. 2 of the Treaty on the European Union, „The Union shall respect the equality of Member States before the Treaties as well as their national identities, inherent in their fundamental structures, political and constitutional, inclusive of regional and local self-government". In conclusion, the citizenship of the European Union must be analyzed in a dynamic evolution thanking into account its development, the interest and commitement of the Member States and their citizens and the future of the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of the diagnostic research of the expression of emotional perception of cultural phenomena by foreign language students in Lithuania. There is a close relationship between emotions and culture. On the one hand, emotions reflect a person's inner state and regulate his/her communication with others in different cultural and social environments [8]. On the other hand, a particular culture affects human emotions via different cognitive and behavioural expressions. Living in a particular cultural environment, a person develops particular values that determine their emotional perception of the surrounding world [9]. Therefore, the article addresses the following research problem what emotions do students of foreign languages experience in regard to the culture of native country (Lithuania) and the target culture whose language they have chosen to study? The object of the research is the emotional perception of culture phenomena by students of foreign languages. The aim of the article is to explore the peculiarities of the emotional perception of culture phenomena by foreign language students. Research methods. Ilyin's [6] classification of emotions was taken as the basis for the investigation of feelings that are most often experienced in regard to native and target culture. The feelings of pride, joy, care, responsibility, anger (dissatisfaction), shame and guilt were distinguished. Under certain conditions, emotions can affect values and even become values themselves [2]. Therefore, the feelings of foreign language students were evaluated from the point of view of their stability and intensity. Having generalised the research data, it was determined that the students related their feelings to the phenomena significant for national culture: mother tongue, national identity and protection of national heritage. They also experienced stable feelings towards elite culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Proclamation of Independence of Latvia by the People's Council of Latvia on November 18, 1918 called Proclamation Day of the Republic of Latvia became the most important date in self-awareness of the Latvian people. In the interwar period, the 18th of November became a public holiday uniting all nations and ethnical groups inhabiting Latvia. The establishment of the independent country also caused reflection on this event - gradually increased a necessity to study historical circumstances, preconditions and regularities of the establishment, to define its peculiarities and aims, to create national identity - also with the help of literary and journalistic texts. In the Latvian language texts were published which demonstrated either an aim of intentional propaganda and patriotism of Latvia or were more neutral evaluating the situation in a contradictory way. Among the most active authors of that time who in fiction, literary memoirs and journalistic and historical texts reflected on the fact of the establishment of the country the names of Līgotņu Jēkabs, Kārlis Skalbe, Edvards Virza and some others can be mentioned. During the interwar period, the literature written in the Russian language is also an integral part of the cultural space of Latvia. From the very first days of Latvian Independence Russian newspapers of heroic and patriotic kind started to eulogize Latvia, Riga and other towns as well as brave fighters for the independence: both military and civil people. It is especially well seen in the creative work of two Riga's authors - Mikhail Argunov and Mikhail Rodionov who in 1919 and 1920 contributed much to the newspaper "Utro". The idea to create the independent Republic of Latvia was not and obviously could not be dominant in the Russian society of the country. The character of publications, as well as M. Argunov and M. Rodionov's poetical works prove clearly that it is only an attempt or the way to create the general public mood of a specific kind with a simultaneous transfer of the propagandistic information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has its aim to determine the features of the search of national identity and its origins in the architectural theory in XVII century Britain. In spite of troublesome period of time the rule of Charles I, with its difficulties, which led to the revolution, Civil war, execution of the king, the pass of power to the Parliament, then restoration of Charles II one topic had been constantly present in the British architectural mentality. It was the question, who built Stonehenge and what that already famous ancient architectural monument meant for the self determination of the British Nation. The first architect and author to establish the investigation of the problem of Stonehenge was the most important figure in the artistic life of Britain of the first half of the XVII century Inigo Jones himself. He received the royal order to make the proper measurements of the stones and as the Result prepared a book "Stone-heng Restored..." (at that time they wrote heng, not henge), in which he proposed for the ancient monument a very regular and harmonious form and proclaimed it a Roman temple devoted to the God of Winds. It was important statement by which Inigo Jones wanted to underline that Britain had its own Roman heritage, as a truly civilized Nation. The book was published by his son-in law architect John Webb in 1655. After the Restoration of Charles II as the King, his medic Charles Charleston tried to oppose the opinion of Inigo Jones and published another important volume "Stone-heng Restored to the Danes..." He insisted that the famous antiquity had been built after the disintegration of the Roman Empire and was considered as a meeting place of the representatives of Scandinavian tribes, which invaded Roman Britain - Angles, Sacsons and Danes. He found some comparisons especially with the ruins of early medieval buildings in Denmark. His idea was that Stonehenge was not connected with the Roman culture, but on the contrary of the fairy-tales tribes with good kings and true democracy. The point of view of Charleston made John Webb terribly angry and he answered by truly remarkable book "Vindication of Stone-heng Restored..." Where he not only confirmed the position of Inigo Jones, but wrote a full compendium of the history of the architecture of the Ancient World - Egypt, Assyria, Greece, Israel and Rome. He gave the biblical interpretation to the forms of architectural orders, which had been later used in the unpublished manuscripts of Sir Christopher Wren. The center of the discussion still had been preserved devoted to the origin and future of the architecture in Britain and this promoted the vast investigation of different trends in national schools of construction in the Ancient East and Greece, sponsored by the British Society of Dilettanti during the next XVIII century in the continuous search of the architectural ideal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museum exhibition not only display objects, it tells the stories behind them, brings the ideas and concepts which were the source of their creation. The fundamental aspect of museum exhibitions is to create a space where the process of interpretation and conferring of a meaning will occur as an essential "content" of the museum. Therefore the overriding aim of this paper is to provide specific example of the role of museum exhibition in the process of constructing historical knowledge, based on the uniqueness of casus from the history of National Gallery of Denmark. That is why the paper include reflection on the circumstances of shaping first public gallery of art in Denmark and the process of creation the canon of Danish national art in the period called Danish Golden Age. The historical context of the paper is related to the first half of 19th Century which was the time when Denmark lost its status as a powerful and prosperous kingdom as a result of a military conflict with England, the loss of Norway and the deepening economic crisis. However, at the same time the political and social factors affected the process of dynamic development of art and architecture. Within artistic circles arose, an unparalleled in its scale, need for expression of the national history and heritage through the visual medium. In the same historical moment appeared the process of reinterpretation the national identity, the birth of the idea of national art connected with dynamic development of arts, and finally establishment of National Gallery of Denmark where the newly formed canon of national art was first presented to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rūdolfs Blaumanis' personality as well as literary works created by him lay a firm foundation for the Latvian classical literature. Writer's views and texts reflect the rural and urban environment of the end of the 19th c. and the beginning of the 20th century, focusing on the juxtaposition of townspeople and countrymen, the patriarchal and industrial life rhythms, addressing family and marriage problems, as well as exploring the relationships between the Latvians, Baltic Germans, Russians, and Jews. Folklore is an essential segment of R. Blaumanis' creative work. He widely employs testimonies of folklore and ethnography with the aim of bringing the texts nearer to Latvian readers, however, in his opinion folklore is a "lower" genre, and he has parodied folklore texts many times. R. Blaumanis' nationalism (and understanding of folklore) corresponds to what could be actually seen in reality of Latvian rural districts in the 2-nd half of the 19th century, but the assessment is given from the position of an educated townsman whose views have developed in the space of the Russian language and culture as well as during his work as a journalist. Regardless of the ideological background of the epoch, R. Blaumanis is a favorite writer, "our own" for all categories of readers, including children and young people. At the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, his poetry (intimate emotional experience, contemplation of nature and socium, satire and irony) was popular among people. Some pieces of R. Blaumanis' poetry received musicians' attention and became texts of songs, other poems became folklore and transformed into popular songs.Text socialization is another essential section of the complex research on R. Blaumanis' creative work. Through cinema and theatre performances, the code of Latvian identity embodied in works by R. Blaumanis brings into focus the discussion on the issues tackled by the author and vital when filming and staging his works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Questions connected with national identity are relevant in the modern world because of their global nature. Culture, science, art, literature in post-soviet Kazakhstan for the last 25 years is characterized by the surge of interest to national identity, to the awareness of their belonging to a certain ethnic community as an important condition for the existence of human society. National identity is one of the ideas due to the peoples' national image of the world and history. This idea is directly connected with the institution of the state because the state acts as the spokesman of the aspirations of the people, the bearer and guarantor of this identity. The specific nature of the people, its place, role and tasks in the history of the world can be determined through its identification reflected in the scientific literature. Historical drama as an important part of national literature and theatre defines the historic and spiritual component of any nation and culture standing behind it. 2. The formation of the Kazakh drama is closely linked to the experience of the Russian culture and begins its historical reference from 1930 after the creation of the Soviet Union when purposeful work on creation and development of national theatres began in the USSR. Future national writers, actors and musicians were sent to Moscow and Leningrad to study. Specialists from the center for Kazakh professionals future training came to the Soviet Republics including the Kazakh SSR. The importance and role of this action for the Kazakh culture is hard to overestimate. The first drama experiences were based on the processing of folk lyrical poems and folk stories. A period of wide views and features of life as past history and the new Soviet era began then. 3. Currently, the main goal of the drama - actualization pressing issues of the present time in the Kazakh national literature and drama - is solved by means of new drama, particularly - historical drama. There are quite a lot pieces created after 1991. Part of them is devoted to heroic individuals: "Abylai Khan" by A. Kekilbaev, "The Last days of Abylai Khan" by M. Bayserkeyev, "Chinghis Khan" by I. Orazbekov, "Tomiris" - Sh. Kusaiynov, "Jahangir Khan", "Sultan beybarys" - R. Otarbaev, etc. This is a short list of plays showing the special attention of modern Kazakh writers to the history of the Kazakh people. In the framework of historical themes a tragedy "Childish" of R. Mukanov and "End of the World" of B. Muchay were created. The last one was written jointly with O. Suleimenov and it describes the dramatic page of the Kazakh people, who experienced the atomic explosions on the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site - the tragedy of the XX century.Historical drama in the new history of Kazakhstan enriched the ideological and thematic diversity of the national literature and drama. Also, historical dramas "work" primarily on the formation of patriotism and national identity. The perspectives of scientific research in the field of the identification for Kazakh national identity in dramatic works can be researched in the listed dramas and many others (authors: A. Tarazi, D. Isabekov, S. Zhunusov, S. Murtaza, B. Mukai, T. Nurmagambetov, I. Orazbay, S. Balgabayev, R. Mukanov, I. Saparbay, R. Otarbayev, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global tenderness" by F. M. Dostoyevsky, the idea of "overallunity" by V. S. Solovyev and other Russian thinkers make traditional basis of Russian culture. The main features of Russian national character are constant desire and ability to promptly turn "foreign in own" and, in addition to their own discoveries, foreign borrowing also transform in the "primordial beginnings", and privately ideas give universal content. A. A. Bogdanov - one of the most original XX century Russian thinkers - aspired to the system knowledge, which merged to achieve philosophy, economics, sociology, psychology, aesthetics, ethics and medicine. So, the activity of Russian thinkers - philosophers, theorists and practitioners of the art, once again converged West and East. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the processes in which regional, national, and ethnic identities are formed in the area of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the city of Krasnoyarsk. In this context, great emphasis is placed on migration processes and the particular form of ongoing cultural interaction between the host population and migrants. An association experiment method that allows us to reveal and analyze consciousness-related attitudes and images combining intellectual, practical, and sensual experiences that are reflected in the semantic meanings of word-reactions among the younger generation to a set word-stimulus has been used to carry out the study. The experimental subjects included first and fourth-year students from Siberian Federal University, from the different departments, students from KrasSMU (formerly KSMI) named after Professor V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, and young people who recently graduated and obtained high school and higher education diplomas (the respondents aged up to 25 years). An analysis of the experimental results has been carried out within the bounds of a comparative analysis with a similar experiment conducted 5 years ago. While this study was being carried out as was done five years ago, the word "Rodina" ("Homeland") was chosen as the basic language unit and word-incentive, a concept connected with the basic meanings, socialization, and identification of individuals with their place of birth and residence. The purpose of this study is thus to formulate fundamental conclusions, according to the results of the association experiment, on the nature of the construction of image of the Rodina in the consciousness of the modern younger generation, about the particularities of the way regional and ethnic identities are formed (whether the respondents see themselves as residents of Russia, Siberia, and Krasnoyarsk Krai), and the host population's specific attitudes towards representatives of other ethnoses and religions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of scientific research is the study of acoustic Landscape as part of the national culture. The Old Tatar settlement is one of the historic districts of Kazan; the architectural ensemble consisting of mosques which were the main location of social life of Tatars. We applied the methods of audio and video recordings, study of historical materials, descriptions, and recollections of old residents of this historical and cultural center of Kazan; the method of emotional immersion in the sound environment for recreation and linkages between man and his object-cultural environment. The results showed that the history of the Tatar settlement is the history of the preservation of national identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia is making efforts to reconsider its policy and achieve leadership in innovation and technology sector. A mechanism that is called to fulfill these ideas is the National Technology Initiative (NTI), that seeks to identify the most perspective technologies and implement necessary administrative and legislative changes. This project is concerned with creating new businesses and technological agendas, concurrently transforming and modernizing public opinions and attitudes about the future of the country and society in connection with technological change. The proposed article will analyze the specificities of public discourse and public opinion shaped around the initiative in social media and news coverage. This question is tied to the mechanisms of public science and technology communication (B. Trench, M. Bucchi) and the problem of translation of scientific information into public sphere, as well as making it relevant to citizen culture. The paper will analyze the sign field around NTI through a range of approaches including semiotics (U. Eco, J. Baudrillard, M. Epstein), framework of sociotechnical imaginaries and national identity construction (S. Jasanoff), media packages (W. Gamson, A. Modigliani). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of Macedonia, as one of the youngest countries in the world has been faced with many challenges and obstacles in its strives towards democracy, building of democratic institutions and above all establishing a functioning and generally acceptable democratic culture of mutual cooperation, trust, understanding and tolerance. Besides, being a country of many ethnicities, the Republic of Macedonia has a very characteristic religious landscape. Representatives of the three largest monotheistic religions, including many denominations within, have learned to live side by side over years and centuries. Never the less, during the last years, mainly from the beginning of this century, religion has in many ways served as a tool of division instead of being a tool of bringing people together. The Macedonian orthodox, perceive the church to be a main pillar in guarantying their national identity and therefore during the entire period of the countries existence as an independent country have shown a public and clear tendency of favoring it as opposed to all other religious communities in the country. On the other hand, such activities have been clearly noted to be considered as discriminatory by other religious communities in the country. The paper strives to provide insides regarding the general opinions of citizens regarding religious (in) tolerance in the Republic of Macedonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentality is one of the most significant characteristics of each nation, and the authors prove it in their article. There is no agreement among scientists about the essence and nature of national character. Different researches study the problem of the national character by different ways. Every person is a part of a class, religious community, ethnos, state and some other community. The realization that different nations differ from each other with "its traits of a soul", happens in a cultural history fairly early and it's due to archetypal dichotomy "friend-or-foe". Mentality is a dominant constant of national existence. A national character can be defined not through qualities and traits of individual, but through qualities and traits of a whole ethnical community. Mentality is connected with the interests of special social groups and has an influence on conceptualization of events of a political, economic and socio-cultural character. And today, against a background of processes of globalization and integration it's especially important to point out this fact. We use a comparative method in our investigation as we compare different approaches to the following problem. Also we use systematical method as it helps to produce the analysis of the problem from different points of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe has long been a popular destination in global migration waves, the Mediterranean operating as the main route for African or Middle East migrants. This is maybe one of the oldest routes of connection in human history, going back to the Iron Age and the empires of Antiquity. At the very moment, 7 million people are displaced in Syria and in Afghanistan, 4 million refugees are in Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon and many more are about to come to Europe. Immigrants often have a positive impact on their host society, creating jobs and contributing to its dynamism but, there is, also, a fear of negative cultural impact, where immigrants are viewed as a diverse group to the nationals who may fail to integrate and threaten social cohesion and even national identity[1]. A 2014 global Gallup poll placed Europe in the top of the regions with the most negative attitude to immigration. Migration is expected to alter the religious landscape of Europe in future decades. A study made by Pew Research Centre [2] forecast the decline of Christian population as a share of Europeans (from 75% in 2010 to 65% in 2050) and a rising of the Muslim share of Europe population from less than 6% in 2010 to more than 10% in 2050. Literature review explore the idea of national identity and cultural diversity with its many dimensions correlated with each other, e.g. language, religion, customs & traditions (c.f. Fearon 2003, Alesina et al. 2003, Shenkar 2001)[3] in the light of migration waves. A country's cultural diversity is established by the share of the foreign population, used in this study as a main measure to approximate the country's heterogeneity. Moreover, the consideration of differences in cultural distance between different population groups leads to important changes in the diversity rankings that might become meaningful in the empirical analyses. The study employ the distances between groups as important aspect for the country's ethnic collect. A use in my research Brunow and Brenzel[4] model using both fractionalization and polarization indices and provide evidence about ethnic and linguistic diversity effect on the national identity. Europe is, at the moment, full of separatist movements looking for autonomy or groups seeking for being recognized as a national minority. Considering that, nationals' separatist sharing an appropriate culture, refusing to consider it as part of nation's identity should represent a higher treat than the immigrant waves caring with a more distanced culture? Therefore, the aim of this paper is to answer the above question and to investigate some thoughts from the national identity perspective arising from the possibility that certain inflows of migrants can alter the host countries cultural identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper combines elements of general theory of law, elements of comparative law and European Union law. Currently, we are seeing some fascinating challenges for the rights and freedoms in the European Union. Creating a united Europe raises a delicate problem - compatibility of national values and those of the European Union. Unfortunately, the twenty-eight national identities are threatened by this process so that we wonder, on the other hand, if the peoples of Europe are prepared to give up elements of their specificity and embrace unity in diversity. Perhaps European Union law, which is characterized by multilingualism and multijuridism be considered a new type of law, appeared in view the laws of the world? Only to the extent that the European Union is based on a legal will self and the principles and values that are within the eternal law, both the rationale individual and national identity of the Member States, it is possible unity in diversity and hence there is a new family law. The importance of theoretical and applicative value of this study presents practical relevance for specialists in the field, who work in the judiciary or in the national public administration, and more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the existence and relevance of COO (Country-of-Origin) effects on product evaluation has been widely discussed in the B2C environment, the global research body is lacking a systematic study of COO effects for industrial goods. We investigate the mediating effects of COO image in the B2B environment. Our main findings imply that the COO image affects quality perception of industrial goods for both domestically produced products and products produced abroad. However, the relative importance of the COO image for the evaluation of domestic products is found to be significantly lower than for foreign products. Instead, customers' familiarity with the product was found to be the main antecedent for the quality perception of domestic products. For practitioners these findings imply that marketing strategies utilizing country image stereotypes and perceptions may be unrewarding for domestically produced products sold in domestic markets. The results further suggest that while general domestic country biases found in other research apply to the products and countries investigated here as well, they may not be the result of a positive country image perception of the domestic country but rather be attributed to other information cues, in particular higher familiarity with the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The answer the question of the title is the main purpose of the article. It is necessary also to divide real content of the concept "nationalism" from myths and illusions of common opinion. So the method is based on the historical style analyses and critic approach to composers' statements on the problem of nationalism. The result is that such concepts as national style, national language of music are metaphors. The true is the national element is rather some more or less light "accent" than style or language themselves - contrary to the situation in the verbal languages. The conclusion: music cannot have strong national identity, but it does not mean this concept is not important. It appears at the deepest levels of musical texts: in time-space feeling, ways of music pronounce etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed paper for the Conference is the research on the role of the Latvian national religion (Dievturiba) in artist's Jekabs Bine (1895-1955) life and creative work. The aim of the paper is to reveal the circumstances and qualities of this artist's language in cultural, political and historical context. An Academic-research type is used as a basic method in art and research relationship. Bine's life and work phenomenon is based on the fact, that the artist dedicated all his life and creative work to find and study the Latvian national identity, in spite of regular political regime shifts in the first half of 20th century. Being politically and socially active about sharing his national beliefs, Bine's personal character traits and success made it possible not only to escape from the Soviet repression, but also to receive international awards and recognition, as well create significant art works in Latvian history of art in the first half of 20th century. Artist Jekabs Bine was one of the founders and most active leaders of the Latvian national religious movement (Dievturiba) in the decade 1920-1930. During this time, along with the growth of national self-awareness and the realization of sovereignty in society, the awareness and revolution of national and historical values blossomed. The idea to build their own national religion, which is based on past traditions and heritage foundations, was discussed not only in Latvia, but also in Europe. Particularly, this trend was important to those countries, which had gained or regained national independence. Similar examples can be found in the other Baltic countries, where people's national awareness also awakened the national gods. Bine's paintings serve as a visual example of national religion Dievturiba efforts to revive the spirit of the Latvian deities, addressing the audience through historical Latvian symbols and signs. The artist also widely published his research and theoretical knowledge. The research includes the artist's creative experience and the working conditions in the first period of Latvian independence (1918-1940), which also includes the political regime transition from democratic parliamentary government to authoritarian in 1934, then followed by the first Soviet occupation (1940-1941), then the German occupation time (1941-1944) and the Latvian inclusion into the Soviet Union (1944). This situation raised the issues of the importance about how artist's creative activities make an impact on the environment and how the environment affects the artist's ability to create and express their creative opinions. Although the world of art is often forced into working under the guidelines and objectives of the authority, in this context the significant and actual question is what it meant for an artist who strongly believed in Latvia's identity to live and work in conditions, where the political powers were changing so often. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Question of the relationship between the concepts of ethnos and nation in Russian and foreign humanitarian knowledge and the problem of national identity is a theme of the article. As the history of peoples, ethnic groups and nations is complex and contradictory, these notions are contradictory, too. The author prove this point of view by different theories devoted to the development and the existence of ethnos. Each of the authors of these theories focuses his attention on certain sides in the development of the ethnic group. Therefore, the term "ethnic group", is recognized as a scientific category, but we don't have its generally accepted definition in the world of science. There are many reasons for it. We must account a lot of features including ethnos language, culture, and religious affiliation. Different researchers define the notion of a nation also in different ways. The processes of globalization and integration make the problem of national identity a key in defining of personal identity of a subject. Thus, the authors present different conceptions of national identity: through categorization, role and status. The authors conclude that national identity is a basis for the determination of a subject's nationality and his place within the social community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The article is devoted to the problem of conservation of the national culture in terms of modern global civilization. This problem is topical for many countries of the world for the reason of unification, dynamic migration and emigration processes and informational support. All these demand people's adaptation to the dominant culture and may lead to the disappearance of national languages. The research represents the analysis of the conditions and the current development of the national culture of the Siberian Tatars which is the ethnic unity with vivid regional specificity that has been formed under the influence of many historical, cultural and climatic conditions. The Siberian Tatars who live in Tobolsk (a city in Tyumen region, Russian Federation) took part in the research. 400 years ago the area of Tobolsk was a capital of the Siberian Khanate and it was the place of their historical motherland. The Siberian Tatars is the second largest historical unity after the Russians that live in Tobolsk. They have a status of native population. The purpose of the article is to find out the level of awareness, acceptance and transmission of the Tatar culture by the Siberian Tatars. Methodology: The methodology of the research is based on the principles of modern social and humanitarian science. Thus, the historical method, scientific character and objectiveness are the characteristics of the article. The research is based on theoretical and empirical research methods. To prove objectiveness of the analysis and juxtapose the subject of the research the following theoretical methods were used: analysis, synthesis, generalization and systematizing of the cultural and historical data. The empirical methods are the method of comparison, observation and description that allow defining the current state and conditions of the historical unity of Siberian Tatars. For analyzing the peculiarities of conservation of the national identity of the Siberian Tatars and the level of their identity, the historical and cultural and sociological analysis methods are used. The methods of sociological analysis are polls in the form of questionnaire designed to find out the level of use of elements of the national culture: language, folklore, traditions and celebrations; and the statistics method. Results: The results help to ascertain that the majority of Siberian Tatars are fully aware of their national culture and try to transmit traditions and celebrations, but not all of them can speak their national language and some of them don't know it at all. It is common for young generation under 40. For them the transmitting language of ethnic and cultural traditions of their culture is the state language which is Russian. This fact states that there is a problem of disappearance of one of the main elements of culture - its language, and that the ethnicity is gradually dying out. Conclusions: The findings of the research help to understand the modern condition of national cultures in terms of globalization. The data that we got can become a basis for working out cultural and educational programs that strive to conserve the national identity in general and that of Siberian Tatars, as well as to make the culture popular and save the cultural heritage of the ethnic group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic and national identity make an intrinsic facet of the collective social identity in contemporary Latvian society and culture space as they mark the people's awareness of their belonging to a particular ethnos and a particular society. Ethnic minorities in the border culture space are also the bearers of certain ethnic identities. Ethnic identity entails a person's feelings and notions of one's group, folk, nation that cannot be abandoned or borrowed but can be preserved, fortified, and enriched. According to Latvian philosopher I. Shuvajevs, ethnic identity exists in a human before s/he is aware of it, and in certain situations one only tries to emphasize it, justify and express it in words. An ethnos can exist without its own state and even outside its ethnic territory, but ethnic belonging is sensitive to many interpersonal factors. Latvian culture sociologist D. Beitnere points out that discussions on identity issues are activated in a society and culture in periods of change when people feel insecure and concerned about future. Ethnic identity is a part of social identity. According to O. Nikiforov, the structure of ethnic identity entails two main components: the cognitive (knowledge and assumptions of the specificity of one's group and the sense of belonging) and the effective (valuing the features of one's group, the significance of belonging) one. Attempts at locating the national culture values, national identity and its specifics are directly related to the understanding of the culture. The interdisciplinary positioning of the object of study brings forth the question of methods of investigating culture and the means of revealing in a most adequate way the specificity of the regarded culture. The present paper investigates the representation of ethnic minorities in the border culture space in texts of fiction by Latvian and Latgalian literary classics and contemporary authors J. Jaunsudrabins, E. Adamsons, A. Liepa, as well as Russian and Belarusian writers and poets -S. Volodjko, S. Januskevics, F. Osina. These authors can be divided into two groups - those residing in the border zone and those who have visited it and depict it in some of their texts. Border culture space is revealed in these writers' works as a part of Latvia marked by ethnic and religious diversity, where Latvian and Latgalian people live side by side with Russian, Belarusian, Jewish, Roma people (the ethnic minorities depicted in the writers' works) representing all major Christian religious denominations (Roman Catholic, Lutheran, Orthodox, Old Believers) and Judaism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Folklore is a reflection of the particular world picture prevailing in the national consciousness for thousands of years and has not lost significance in our time. Therefore studying of folklore seems to be in progress, when there is a growing interest in the historical past. In recent decades a large number of works devoted to the consideration of small folklore genres (fairy tales, riddles, Proverbs, sayings, signs, etc.) has appeared. They reflect the "moral voice of the people" which is laid deep the semantic origins of the formation of national images of the world. In the scientific literature among the objective factors influencing the formation of mentality, the natural factor stands out as the key, as it is the natural environment is in direct contact with the person. The subject of our study is the folk omens whish are taken as a linguistic text, the specificity of which is manifested in the lexical limitations. We appeal directly to the concept sky due to the fact that this concept is one of the key Russian concepts. In nouns of the nominative field of the concept we can find the attitude to the sky, fear and musts what were connected with this object. The analysis of nominative field of the concept of heaven allows us to explore people's views on celestial space. There are both pagan and religious beliefs of the Slavs are represented in folk omens. You can come to this conclusion analyzing the proper names from Menology. The research material was made on the base of 2000 folk omens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Istria County is a multicultural, multiethnic and multilingual County in the westernmost part of Croatia. According to the Statute of the Istria County (1994), the Croatian and the Italian languages are in equal official use in the County committee and self-government domains. The members of the autochtonous Italian National Community, the only national community legally recognized in Istria (the other minorities are considered to be ethnic groups) are given the right to use their national lanaguage and script in public and private domains, and the right to be formally educated at all educational levels in their national language (from pre-school, elementary and secondary schools, to the Univeristy level), in order to nurture their national and cultural identity. Therefore, there is a parallel educational system where all the classes (except second and foreign language classes) are taught respectively in Croatian or Italian. Furthermore, the learning of the Italian language, as the language of the social environment, is especially encouraged in the Croatian (majority) schools. The purpose of the research was to investigate the enrolment rate trends of children that attended Italian formal pre-school institutions in the Croatian Istria County during the last decade, and to correlate it with the enrolment rate trends of children that attended Italian elementary schools in the same time period, analysing the annual statistical reports. The results of the research show wide a variation in the enrolment rates trends, therefore confirming a numerical disproportion. The impact of the findings is significant in terms of the Italian educational planning and policy development in the Istria County. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this essay I will argue that the "fault lines" characterized the state of Italy following the war. The period 1943 to 1945 and the drafting of the constitution marked an important step for the building of the Nation, and the future of the PCI, one of the most important communist parties of Europe. By examining the episodes of Santa Libera, the attempt on Togliatti, the failure to purge fascists and the controversy of the 'Party d'Azione' militants with regards to the role of the CLN and the drafting of the Constitution, we can observe how the party led by Togliatti has animated a constitutional patriotism useful in building a somewhat precarious National Identity. Togliatti's PCI sacrificed part of his historical background in the name of a renewed National Unity by abandoning the uprising attempt and directing their base and various fringes of the left. The latter was frowned upon by the Soviet Union who was fearful of returning to war so soon after the end of World War II. This paper will give the chance for non-italian scholars to discover unpublished books outside Italy. It will also put forward a broad historical and political debate which is too often considered "minor" by researching Partito d'Azione during the period 1942-1947, and the political theories of the partisans and actionists alive after 25 April 1945. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of my contribution is to explore the extent to which the narrative content of several extreme metal bands from Norway valorizes and recycles elements of cultural heritage and memory, embedding them into local discourses with a global appeal. Thematically revolving around a transgressive mixture of Satanism, misanthropy, nihilism, totalitarianism or Neopaganism, the music tried to acquire a cultural capital that would construct an alternative spiritual identity. Notions of a romanticized community and mythologized past produce however an image of Norwegianness. To my mind, music utilizes the mechanisms of inventing tradition and creates the idea of a 'nation' by staging conservative worldviews of homogenized heritage, expressed through Norwegian imagery, rural landscapes, mountains, forests in album artwork reminiscent of Norway's romantic painters, the evocation of folklore and historic tales or simply lexical formulae such as "Norwegian Native Art" (Einherjer 2000). I will be briefly exploring this idea using a critical discourse approach and the concept of cultural and national identity and memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to explore if and why young people form national attachments within a school context. It is believed that in a country like Greece people have strong affiliations to the nations which might be described by the glorified perspective in which citizens view the country. These manifestations of national identity might be seen through a nationalist lens. These affiliations are not implying political movements but are shaped through different practices. Two theoretical ideas will be tested. One is Billig's banal nationalism and the powerful impact of everyday practices - through symbols, rituals and well-crafted curricula - and the other is the irrationality of national attachments as explored by Connor and Stavrakakis - the idea of shared ancestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual material has long been tempting scientists and society alike, fostering development of various methods, which try to include visual art in researches as analytical units. Visual material successfully helps filling in two posts, which normally are not included in studies of social sciences. The first -- methods are used, including language, which are not common in the routine scientific language. The second -- visualisation can untwist emotions, stimulate contemplations, and change opinions of people. This work shows how the visual image can enrich national identity research. The matters relating to national identity mostly appear in art and social science research with regards to the nation formation stage, when with the aid of artists' personalities and multi-layered character of artworks, important elements in the nation formation process or symbols, around which images recognised by and acceptable to all representatives of a nation were formed, can be detected. But there is also a different one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Publication provides an insight into a usage of qualitative research method - discourse historical analysis (approach is developed by Ruth Wodak). In the first part of article there is clarified a meaning of term "discourse" as well as explained main characteristics of the method and levels of analytical scheme. It is followed by some examples of author's research on farmer's representation in printed press. Author substantiates the suitability of this method for social science research and outlines a topicality of the issue in contemporary Latvia. A question of farmer's representation in media is related to wider range of problems, for example, rural depopulation in recent years, regional development and issues of national identity. Media are one of the sources which shape person's values and attitudes. On the one hand, published/broadcasted information can form a public opinion on an issue, and, on the other hand, media content can be affected by the cultural and the overall context as well. In Latvia theme of peasantry is closely tied to questions of national identity, collective memory and the past of nation, thus discourse historical analysis is appropriate method for gathering and analyzing discursive strategies in examined media content with aim to reveal statements, arguments and their linguistic realization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problem of language influence on the formation of national images of the world in the conditions of globalization and the Internet space expanded potentialities. Since a language as a system of symbols and a communication code preserves and transmits the accumulated experience of generations, it serves to determine the borders of ethnocultural identity, to ensure the reproduction of national images of the world and the historical and cultural succession. Under the influence of globalization and new information technologies, the spiritual and moral legacy of the past epochs, usually contained in the linguistic view of the world, is destroyed. The new digital world of the modern media space creates new images and new language that will destroy the millennium-long images of the world, national memory and national images of the world to replace them with simulacra, i.e. images of the virtual world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article shows the main propositions of the Russian idea of the representatives of the Russian social-philosophic thought, determines whether the ideas proposed by our predecessors are urgent today, argues for the necessity of the existence of the national idea in modern Russia and its influence on the destiny of the Russian nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several attempts seeking to explore national stereotypes have been made in the field of scientific research. Many of them dedicate themselves to a question of their relevance - whether they are or are not true, or what is their truthfulness rate. National stereotypes are often perceived as simplified expression of existing ethnocentric and xenophobic prejudices; therefore they are being refused. Even though the national character stereotypes are somewhat distorted reality, a part of the true may be found in them. In shaping national, ethnic or other group myths, in particular two groups of autostereotype stereotypes (images and stereotypes about themselves) and heterostereotypes (pictures of the others, foreign) play an important role. This contribution aims to compare auto-stereotype notions of a typical member of the Slovak nation within the frame of selected research studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an international language used for global, political, cultural and financial exchange, the English language teaching in promoting globalization has been approached from diverse views. The paper intends to investigate the most used terms for globalization since Western countries or the United Nations are now considered the super power with a leading economic, cultural and military position in the global order and, of course, with many of the most apparently cultural expressions of globalization. As English has been the prevailing foreign language in the curricula of educational institutions, it is accepted as the dominating language in the world for globalization comes to be commonly known in political and educational communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

National identity in Latvia has been intensively examined. An especially significant step forward in this research was the 3rd United World Congress of Latvian Scientists and the 4th Letonika Congress in October 2011. A serious contradiction was realized within this conference regarding the con-ception of national identity. Notably, that the notion of self-identity is different between scholars and the wider society. It is not clear, how to draw these conceptions closer. National identity - the collective attitude of the society towards civic, loyal values - has not yet developed in Latvia. National identity cannot emerge spontaneously, as it occurs with the early ethnic identity. National identity is constructed, and in this process the role of authorities is of great importance. They strive to influence the strength-ening of identity corresponding to their political views. After the reestablish-ment of Latvia's independence, the ethnopolitics realized by the political elite of Latvia corresponded to the ideology of ethnic, not state nationalism. The devotion of Latvians to their ethnic values has both historical and psychological explanations. In the nineties, ideological pressure from author-ities contributed to these rationalizations. In turn, the other part of society felt political and ideological influence from the ethnic fatherland, Russia. Different ideological and political assumptions split the society even more. Both parts of the society (Latvians and non-Latvians) held to their former identities. The concept of "civic nationalism" as a form of nationalism is different from ethnic nationalism. In it, both Latvians, along with other nationalities living in Latvia must integrate. All the parts of society must leave in the past some part of their former identities: for the Russians, this means the remnants of Soviet thinking, for the Latvians, devotion to their ethnic values as the only ones in this country. The political elites of Latvia have not encouraged this process of mutual acceptance. The integration and national identity development programmes brought forth by the Ministry of Culture of Latvia correspond to an outdated model of ethnic nationalism, and will not be able to unite the society. Only civic values seeking the good for the community as a whole can become a conjunctive principle of the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The European identity has been the topic of a significant volume of research. Scientists focus on different identity aspects in an attempt to measure the establishment or viability of an EU identity. This paper, however, is going to take a different stance on the issue. It will take one of the basic theories on the components of national identities (ascribed vs. voluntarist components, Jones and Smith) and use it as a magnifying glass to examine those components. The theoretical framework will be enhanced by the findings on the role of symbols in generating national identities. The coupling of these two theoretical propositions would provide the apparatus needed for the examination of the degree to which the specific components are established and developed. The main thesis of the paper is that there is no single European identity to be studied. On the contrary -- there are numerous variations. There are, however, two lines which signify that division. On the one hand, there is a clear-cut division line between old and new member states. Therefore, I claim that the European identities in old and new member states clearly vary. The validity of this statement will be studied through the examination of identity components in Belgium, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) and Bulgaria. On the other hand, there are significant variations among old member states themselves. The EU identity in Belgium is most probably different from the one in the UK. The comparison between data on the components of identities shall verify the truthfulness of the supposition. After ascertaining the variations between components in the three countries, the paper will briefly elaborate on possible causes for those variations. The conclusion will summarize the findings of the research and make proposals for possible further approaches to strengthen the EU identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a time of increasing debates regarding the future of the European Union and Europe in general, the questions regarding ways to promote common identity gain in popularity. In such a time, the responsibility of the educational systems to provide answers to those pressing issues becomes very important because education can serve as a tool for promoting tolerance and understanding as well as a drive towards commonality and togetherness. In order to do so the educational interventions need to be carefully planned and based on a well developed paradigm. However, such paradigm is still not well defined. Therefore, this paper will start by exploring the Social Identity Theory to provide a baseline understanding on how identity is conceptualized and developed. It will then move towards discussing the educational paradigms aimed at promoting multicultural education in different contexts. By doing so, the paper will try to provide a unique cohesion of different approaches to promoting mutual identity. As a result, the paper will try to uncover certain conclusions from each paradigm that can be of help when trying to design a program that can help in promoting a common European identity through education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Union finds itself in a paradoxical situation: The Lisbon Treaty is supposed to provide it with new impetus and institutional capacity for becoming a global power, however, confronted with current events in world politics, the bloc seems to be more disunited than ever. Regardless of a 60-year long process of integration, citizens still seem to identify more with their nation-states than with the European Union, all the more so under the auspices of the current economic crisis. For a long time, analysts and politicians thought that a "permissive consensus" among the citizens would allow the elites to push forward the integration process step by step. However, since the rejection of the Constitutional Treaty through the French and Dutch population, this no longer seems to be the case. The paper explores the central themes of the debate around a European identity, discusses the different propositions and concepts put forward by intellectuals and academics, and examines their current relevance. It scrutinizes the relation between national and European identity, pointing out that the nation state and the European Union are ultimately competitors for sovereignty and identity. Thus, a political identity of the European Union can only grow if the member states renounce more of their sovereignty [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author studies the role played by the national culture in the present day European cultural context. The European institutions have to solve, among other problems, the problem of European identity versus national identity. The findings show that the cultural dimension in the European Union is taken into consideration both by the Council of Europe and the European Commission and that different measures were taken to respect and to promote the diversity of European cultures, to bring the people of Europe together and to increase the sense of a European identity. The author analyses the cultural diversity in Banat, Romania, an example of the assimilation of the cultural values keeping at the same time its specific value and identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subcarpathian Ruthenia (Subcarpathian Rus') was an integral part of Czechoslovakia in the interwar period. On the basis of the peace treaty contracted in Saint-Germain-en-Laye (September 10, 1919) and the Constitution of the Czechoslovak Republic (February 29, 1920), Subcarpathian Ruthenia should have had an autonomous position in the political-juridical system of Czechoslovakia, its autonomous council and an autonomous government corresponding to the council. The central government in Prague was hesitating to impose a real autonomy of Subcarpathian Ruthenia within the republic because it did not demonstrate satisfying political, national, confessional and economic conditions and represented a continual threat of irredentism from various Carpathoruthenian elements and revisionism emerging from the neighbouring states -- mainly Hungary. The central government established it only after Munich Agreement which considerably weakened Czechoslovakia as for its power. The government made an effort to consolidate Czechoslovakia by declaring autonomy of Slovakia and Subcarpathian Ruthenia. This had not happened until the moment when Czechoslovakia was on its way to cease. These autonomous tendencies had its place in a compex game of the neighbouring countries (Germany, Poland, and Hungary) whose main objective was to destroy Czechoslovakia. Finally when Subcarpathian representatives' dreams about their own country were fulfilled, it came to its early end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]