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This study focuses on the creation of markets for legal but normatively illegitimate products. Defining markets as simultaneously cultural schemas and resource distributions, I examine how the strategic use of schemas and resources makes it possible for institutional entrepreneurs to create a legitimate identity for illegitimate products. The main argument is that products are assigned legitimate or illegitimate niches within emerging markets based on the cultural schemas provided by producers to classify the product. I use network analyses of the cultural content of film posters to analyze the process by which films combining comedy and pornography produced after the legalization of pornography in Denmark in 1969 were given a unique legitimate identity. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has increasingly focused on how ethnicity operates within labor markets. Due to perceptions of ethnic solidarity and intra-group homogeneity, most research has neglected intra-group economic inequality. This study examines how nativity/immigration status, gender, and skin color influence wage differentials in Latina/o co-ethnic niches. I use data from the Los Angeles Study of Urban Inequality (LASUI) and improve upon previous conceptualizations of ethnic niches. Consistent with expectations, results show that employment in co-ethnic niches is associated with wage penalties and that inequality factors- namely nativity/immigration status, gender, and skin color- stratify workers employed in these workplaces. Contrary to previous conceptions of co-ethnic work environments as protective, this study finds persistent immigrant penalties and a gender wage gap among Latina/os working in co-ethnic niches. Additionally, skin color segmentation among Latina/os working in co-ethnic niches predicts higher wage penalties for darker-complected workers. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An increasing important aspect of labor market outcomes for Latinos and Asians is the ethnic niche, yet there is no consensus on how to conceptualize it. Various terms and measurements have been used to describe the concentration of co-ethnics in the various labor markets, i.e. ethnic economy, ethnic enclave, index of representation, brown-collar occupations, all deriving from various literatures. Utilizing ten in-depth interviews with immigrant and labor experts in Los Angeles, CA and Boston, MA this paper investigates the role of pan-ethnicity in co-ethnic workplace concentration and the race and ethnicity of the supervisor in ethnic niches. Findings show, that there is a variation in how ethnic niches develop in the different regions with a pan-Latino niche formation developing in Los Angeles and a Latino sub-groups niche, i.e. Puerto Rican niche, developing in Boston. In terms of the race/ethnic of the supervisor, findings show this is crucial to determining equity in such workplaces. Additionally, having a co-ethnic supervisor contributes to more rather than less exploitative circumstances. As such Latino workers perceive Latino supervisors as the most abusive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]