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Big Data is currently a popular term, it focuses on high volumes of data processed into relevant information to assist in decision making. A few researches about data cleaning techniques have been adapted to Big Data and we consider that filtering irrelevant data is an important task aimed to reduce hardware and processing time requirements. Moreover, there are separate researches about data cleaning processes in Big Data, thus, our approach proposes to model techniques used for this intent. Since logs can be considered as Big Data we have modeled two different approaches, one to clean a firewall log in a vertical dimension and another to clean a web log in a horizontal dimension. An advantage of our proposal is the use of the Unified Modeling Language, an International Organization for Standardization standard widely accepted since 2005. Consequently, the data cleaning process is composed by logical units that can be replaced or modified by the designer. Thus, the examples demonstrate the integration possibility of several clustering techniques, for example, Levenshtein Distance, Longitudinal Distance, Transposition Invariant Distance, Word Position Invariant Distance, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of optical media for data storage is increasing over the years, following the trend of electronics popularization. It represents a portion of waste with a great potential for material recovery. Compact disks (CD) are made of a disc of polycarbonate (PC), with a thin layer of metal, deposited by DC sputtering, and covered with a layer of lacquer to protect it. The aim of this work was to characterize what materials are present in a sample of CD-ROM. First, an amount of 2 kg of a single brand CD-ROM was comminuted in a knife mill, using a 8 mm grid, to reduce the loss of material by powder formation. The material was then quartered. The polymer characterization was made by loss of ignition at 800 °C for 1 h. The characterization of the metallic portion, 50 g of the sample was leached in nitric acid, with a solid to liquid ratio of 1:10 (g.mL-1), for 24 h and 25 °C. Scanning Electron Microscopy was made to determine de width of the metal layer and punctually determine the composition by Energy-dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. The leached solution was characterized using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the historical development of indigenous peoples on opposite ends of the western hemisphere - the Mapuche in Chile and the Lakota in the United States - in terms of their resistance to the intrusions of globalization. We identify their survival as indigenous peoples and a sense of indigeneity as oppositional to the development of the nation-state system in terms of colonialism, followed closely by privatization of land and economy, alienating indigenous systems, and then continued resistance to these invasive patterns but now against what has been termed neo-liberalism, or intrusions of capitalist market-driven systems transnationally, as state-driven stratification intensifies globally. We identify movement dynamics within each system, similarities as well as divergence, along with their continuing struggles for political autonomy and cultural sovereignty. Indigenous peoples are left on the bottom of these systems, and large market forces operating out of core economies determine the state actors' continued infringing on civil and cultural rights of Indigenes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the organized underground food market in secondary schools in a metropolitan city. After the collapse of the selling of high fat, salty, and sugary foods in the public schools by food companies due to parent and community reaction. The students took over the business and are profiting much, creating a black market, selling to each other these products (Cola, chocolates, potato chips, etc...), even though they were banned by most schools. The study uses a theoretical oriented narrative for the ethnographic interviews. The study focuses on, a) analyzing why teens risk themselves, b) how relationships are, and c) what the image assumptions are, in this organized black market of food in their schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using examples from the Zapatistas in Mexico, Indigenous Movements in Latin America and many other international locations, and their combined struggle for autonomous Co-existence for Community, we demonstrate that Another World Already Exists! and How Indigenous Movements from the Periphery have a significant Impact on the Core countries that attempt to maintain hegemonic relationships over them. Furthermore, we demonstrate how these movements are now attempting to affect internal relationships of the United States and other countries, especially over their minority, subordinated populations. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to establish the distinctiveness of contemporary immigrant integration in rural communities. The combined characteristics of immigrants and rural communities lead to the exclusion of immigrants from access to public goods and markets for certain goods leaving them reliant on informal and contingent sources of employment, housing, and the full range of needed goods and services. Consequently, the immigrant experience in rural America is likely to be more diverse and variable than that in urban ethnic enclaves. For this reason the sociology of rural immigrant integration must emphasize context specificity. The paper begins with an overview of contemporary immigration trends and then goes on to examine the distinctiveness of immigration to rural America. We elaborate a conceptual frame to guide research on the integration of immigrants into the social and economic life of rural communities. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the return to democratic government in Chile in 1989, after 17 years of military dictatorship, a new, “democratic” indigenous policy was developed by the new government, producing important changes in the traditional political structure of the indigenous communities. These changes are a product of both the incorporation of Pehuenche communities into the economic globalization process as well as State action and policy in the communities. After characterizing the new indigenous policy, this study characterizes and analyzes the changes produced by this policy in the traditional Pehuenche leadership structures in Alto Biobio, Southern Chile. The results are based on a series of interviews with Pehuenche community leaders. The most important change in the Pehuenche leadership structure consists in the loss of the traditional figure of “lonko” as the spiritual and political authority in the community. The interviewees attributed the changes this loss of many aspects of its traditional authority due to the outside influences of western religions, the formal education system, and the relations with the Chilean government and internally due to community divisions. The second change found is the instrumentalization of the leadership position, being especially important the leader’s capacity to relate with non-Pehuenche actors. The third transformation is the generational change towards younger leaders when traditionally Pehuenche leaders were the older members of the community. The Pehuenche identity is being redefined with respect to the State and other “Chileans” and with respect to its monetary value in tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

¿Can the private or public sector provide the conditions necessary to mitigate the impoverishment associated with relocation due to induced development? Our presentation presents the preliminary results from our study of the impacts generated by the construction of a hydroelectric dam on the social development, health, and culture of the Pehuenche Indians in Alto Bío Bío, Chile. The dam construction implicates the resettlement of approximately 90 indigenous families from their ancestral lands to two new communities. The resettled families have better material conditions after resettlement with a new house, potable water, and a sewage system. However, we have observed social problems such as alcoholism and family disintegration that indicates, ?Not everything shiny is gold.? The private company ENDESA, owner of the dam in construction, is implementing a resettlement and technical assistance program to improve the situation of the resettled families. However, given that their characterization of the communities previous living conditions as a poverty due to lack of material necessities, their program is based on addressing their emptiness with the provision of manual training, and agricultural inputs, etc. An improvement in material conditions is without a doubt an important component in their quality of life, yet it will be temporary if programs that increase the options as well as the control the resettled families have on their lives do not accompany it. Unfortunately, the process has does not contemplate the immaterial aspects, creating a situation of greater vulnerability and social exclusion. Among the impacts observed are the community?s lack of self-determination community atomization, irregular practice of traditional ceremonies, alcoholism, and a feeling of incapacity with respect to change. Our preliminary conclusions are based on the qualitative and quantitative research carried out in the Pehuenche Community Ayin Mapu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]