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Phyllanthus niruri L. is one of the wild species originated-medicinal plant. It is widely used for various purposes, such as immunostimulant, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-HIV, anti-lithic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hepatitis B. One of its significant phytochemicals contents is a flavonoid. Cultivation method, harvesting time, and flavonoid extraction time were estimated to have different responses on P. niruri L. flavonoid content. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the effect of cultivation, harvesting time, and extraction time on total flavonoid content by colorimetric method using AlCl3 reagent and to obtain the optimum harvesting time and extraction time for the highest total flavonoid content of P. niruri L. The experiment was conducted at South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia, and designed in 3 factors of completely randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was cultivation type (seeding on an organic tray, seeding on a plastic tray, direct seeding on the field with mulch, and direct seeding on the field without mulch). The second factor was harvesting time (7, 8, and 9 Weeks After Planting-WAP), and the third factor was P. niruri L. methanol extracted time (1 hour, one week, two weeks, three weeks, and four weeks). The results showed that the cultivation, harvesting, and extraction time significantly affected the total flavonoid content. No significant interaction was revealed in this experiment. The highest flavonoid content was shown by direct seeding on the field with mulch, harvesting time at 8 WAP, and two weeks flavonoid extraction period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought stress is one of the most significant abiotic factors that limit plant growth and survival. However, drought stress treatment can increase the synthesis of plant bioactive compounds, especially in medicinal plants like Phyllanthus niruri. The research aim was to assess the effects of drought stress on the growth response, phenolics, and flavonoid content of P. niruri. P. niruri was subjected to drought stress for various field capacities (FC) (Control, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 55%). The result showed that all observed variables are significantly different, while chlorophyll content is not entirely different. Proline content increased by 85%FC but decreased by 80%FC. The highest total fresh weight and total dry weight were shown at 85%FC but were not significantly different from 80%FC to 70%FC. These findings demonstrate that P. niruri can survive by maintaining biomass weight even after exposure to 70% FC. 80%FC treatments showed higher total flavonoids, phenols, and yield than other treatments and controls. Entire flavonoid content strongly correlated with total phenol content, with a correlation value of 0.93. The chlorophyll content is also strongly associated with total flavonoid and phenol content of 0.51 and 0.68, respectively. Proline content is negatively correlated with total flavonoid and phenol content, indicating that higher exposure to drought stress is expected to reduce the accumulation of flavonoids and phenols. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 80% FC and 70% FC treatment are expected to increase yield, total flavonoid, and phenol content. Thus, it must be optimized for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latest contemporary part of the graphene group, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), have piqued the response of researchers in latest years due to its remarkable characteristics and medicinal applications. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) were hypothesized to provide novel or enhance existing technologies for bioimaging, medication delivery, and diagnostic detectors for disease detection. Graphene quantum dots have lately been established in a number of areas, including medicine, as antimicrobial agents, owing to their superior biocompatibility over conventional inorganic quantum dots, however the structural characteristics that lead to GQDs' biological activities remain unknown. In this review, we have covered the various areas of Green synthesized Graphene Quantum Dots (GQD) from Phyllanthus Emblica. The constituents of Phyllanthus Emblica, along with their chemical composition are described in the phytochemistry. The green approaches such as solvothermal and hydrothermal methods were discussed for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Further characterization of Graphene Quantum dots such as XRD, FTIR analysis, UV spectroscopy and imaging techniques SEM and TEM are addressed. Finally, the latest advancements in the field of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQD) from Phyllanthus Emblicawere briefly reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is a country with abundant natural resources both originating from land and oceanic region. Some examples of abundant marine resources such as seaweed (Sw), chitosan (Ch) and collagen (Co) in Indonesia can be utilized as ingredients for preparing biomaterials. This study aimed to utilize seaweed (Gracilaria sp), chitosan, and collagen into biodegradable films with potential application in various fields in the future. In this study, we formulated 3 films namely F1 (5% Sw-1% Ch-1% Co), F2 (5% Sw-1% Ch-1.5% Co), F3 (5% Sw-1% Ch-2% Co). Based on the results, all biodegradable films were more visually transparent than seaweed-only film. The addition of collagen improved the mechanical properties of the F3 biodegradable films such as tensile strength of 65.62 MPa and elongation at break of 17.44%. The thickness of biodegradable films still meet the standard qualification for film-based products which was 0.046–0.065 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meniran (Phyllanthus niruri Linn) is a medicinal plant that contains flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins, lignans, alkaloids, saponins, and tannins. This study was aimed to determine the effect of administration of meniran powder on the organs of immunity (bursa of Fabricius and spleen) and visceral organs (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard). This study was conducted based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 replications (10 individuals per unit) reared for 5 weeks. The treatments consisted of: R1 (negative control: Basal ration/BR) without antibiotics and without meniran; R2 (BR + Antibiotic Zn-Bacitracin); R3 (BR + 0.01565% meniran powder); R4 (BR + 0.0313% meniran powder), R5 (BR + 0.04695%, meniran powder). The results showed that the provision of meniran was not significant (P> 0.05) with Zn-bacitracin on the relative weight of immune organs (bursa of Fabricius and spleen) and visceral organs (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard). It was concluded that the provision of meniran powder up to level 0.04695% did not affect the broiler's relative weight of immune and visceral organs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phyllanthus niruri, belongs to Family of Phyllanthaceae, is a phytomedicine for liver related diseases such as hepatitis B, and jaundice. The aim of this study is to distinguish the fingerprint of P. niruri extract which active in ameliorating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by tri-steps infrared spectroscopy, namely fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), second derivative infrared spectroscopy (SD-IR), and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2D-IR). The structural information of the samples indicated that the P. niruri raw herb contains large amount of starch and protein, while the main components of methanolic and water extracts of P. niruri are esters and hydroxyl acids, respectively. However, the active 50% methanolic extract of P. niruri may has higher content of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. As a result, tri-steps infrared spectroscopic analysis not only can provide useful information regarding to the main chemical constituents of P. niruri, and its various extracts but also can be used as an analytical tool to distinguish activity of P. niruri extracts in anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, Phyllanthus amarus has been considered as one of the potential medicinal plants and grown on an industrial scale. In folk medicine, Phyllanthus amarus is used to treat nephritis, hepatitis, menstruation, dialysis, and cancer. Polyphenols are one of the natural compounds that have good effects on cancer, heart disease, and obesity. It can slow down the aging process and increase longevity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extraction conditions on the total polyphenol content of Phyllanthus amarus. The material size suitable was plant powder which was ground for 40 seconds by 100g fine powder mill with a capacity of 650 W. The suitable extraction condition included ethanol 50%, the ratio of material powder to solvent 1:50 (g/ml), stirring speed 200 rpm, at 60°C for 30 minutes. The optimum polyphenol content was 33.479 mgGAE/g dry powder. Polyphenols from Phyllanthus amarus are a potential source for utilization in the food, dietary supplement, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drying is one the oldest method used in preservation of foods. Preservation is achieved by removal of moisture through conduction, convection and/or radiation to obtain a product with better quality and extended shelf life. For this purpose, microwave drying is considered to be one of the fastest methods of moisture removal from the product. This work has focused on the effect of microwave drying of herbs and also the retention and degradation of essential nutrients. The comparison between the herbs is done in terms of determination of antioxidant activity. The better drying conditions for Phyllanthus niruri and Boerhaavia diffusa was at 0.2 kW with superior quality of the end product whereas Annona muricata was at 0.6 kW. On investigating the antioxidant activity, the samples of Phyllanthus niruri and Boerhaavia diffusa dried at 0.2 kW exhibited highest antioxidant activity. The sample Annona muricata dried at 0.4 kW exhibited highest antioxidant activity. To be applied in large scale applications, the process needs further research and improvements to achieve a product with better sensorial and nutritional attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to find the optimum mixture of temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri) extract as an antiacne based on its activity as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus epidermidis and antioxidants. Temulawak rhizome and meniran were extracted with 96% ethanol. Furthermore, simplex centroid design was used to prepared formula from extract. The tenth formula obtained and tested for their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Formula 5 (50% temulawak and 50% meniran) as the most active antiacne formula with IC50 of antioxidant values of 9.47 ppm, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. epidermidis was 0.25 mg/mL, and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 1.00 mg/mL. The characteristic by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that formula 5 consisted of xanthorrhizol, phyllanthin, and hypophyllanthin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative leaf micromorphological study was conducted of five chosen Phyllanthus L. (Phyllanthaceae) species, namely P. acidus L., P. elegans Wall. ex Müll. Arg., P. emblica L., P. urinaria L. and P. pulcher Wall. ex Müll. Arg. The objective of this study is to identify the leaf micromorphological characteristics that can be used in species identification. The procedures involve examination under scanning electron microscope. Findings of this study have demonstrated variations in the leaf micromorphological characteristics such as in the types of waxes present on adaxial and abaxial epidermis surfaces, in the stomata and types of trichome. Common character present in all species studied are the presence of a thin film layer and buttress-like waxes on epidermal leaf surfaces. Diagnostics characters found in this study are the presence of papilla in P. elegens, amphistomatic stomata in P. urinaria and flaky waxes in P. pulcher. The result of this study has shown that leaf micromorphological characters have some taxonomic significance and can be used in identification of species in the genus Phyllanthus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing public interest in natural products has been fostering numerous studies of new sources of natural substances, which might find numerous applications in novel ingredients for functional foods, nutraceuticals and drugs. The genus Phyllanthus consists of more than 1000 species; many of them are used as traditional medicines in tropical and subtropical countries. However some species of this genus remain very poorly investigated. So far as the scientific reports on Phyllanthus phillyreifolius, an indigenous to Reunion Island species, which has been locally known for its benefits on the treatment of diarrhoea and as diuretic, it was chosen as an object of our study. The main objective of this study was to evaluate extraction methods, phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of P. phillyreifolius extracts, obtained using conventional and innovative extraction methods and applying both one step and sequential extraction procedures with various polarity solvents. Antioxidant properties of extracts were evaluated by total phenolic content (TPC) and other widely used assays, namely DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging, FRAP, ORAC. In addition, the in vitro intracellular antioxidant activity of extracts was also evaluated. The presence of geraniin, phyllanthusiin D, elaeocarpusin, rutin, quercitrin, quercitin-3-glucuronide, gallic and ellagic acids as phenolic constituents of P. phillyreifolius were confirmed by UPLC-Q/TOF-MS analysis. Three isomers of tocopherol (α, β and γ) were quantified by HPLC in lipofhilic extracts. Generally, the results from this study demonstrated that P. phillyreifolius contains large amounts of antioxidants and could be considered as a promising source of ingredients for functional foods, nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]