Search

The Capital Area School Development Association's (CASDA) School Law Conference assists school board members and administrators in the Greater Capital Region of Albany, New York, in improving their knowledge in the area of school law. In Chapter 1, "Recent Decisions of the Commissioner of Education," examines the substance and outcome of recent appeals regarding budgets, district boundary alterations, elections, interscholastic sports, school board removals, shared decision making, attendance, students with disabilities, discipline, health issues, residency, superintendents, teacher discipline, textbook distribution, and transportation. Chapter 2, "Americans with Disabilities Act: Reasonable Accommodation of Employees and Students," reviews case law pertaining to definitional issues, violations, and compliance with ADA guidelines for treatment of teachers and students. Chapter 3, "Privacy and Freedom of Speech in the Workplace for the 1990's," evaluates statutory and constitutional issues pertaining to privacy and freedom of speech expectations at the workplace, and includes a table outlining Cornell University's guidelines on responsible use of electronic communications. Chapter 4, "Recent Developments under the Public Employees' Fair Employment Act," outlines legislative changes and major board, court, and miscellaneous decisions affecting the application of the Taylor Law regulating employment practices for public employees. Chapter 5, "An Update of Section 803 Claims," considers the evolution of claims by teachers and noninstructional personnel in New York for retroactive membership in Teacher's Retirement System or Employee's Retirement System (ERS). Chapter 6, "Sexual Harassment: Current Developments," analyzes recent developments defining impermissible conduct and liability under sexual harassment case law. (TEJ)

This report focuses on social protections of teachers in Europe, synthesizes responses to a questionnaire by 18 European members of the World Confederation of Organizations of the Teaching Profession (WCOTP), and provides an overview of a variety of situations in European countries. The report includes a list of organizations/countries which replied to the questionnaire and information provided by each country. Eight topics are examined as follows: (1) health insurance contributions, reimbursement, sick leave, and legislation; (2) maternity insurance, leave, adoption, paternity, and work conditions; (3) family allowances and what assistance is for; (4) handicapped in the profession; (5) pensions; (6) unemployment protection; (7) death rights and benefits to beneficiaries; and (8) the position of trade union policy in relation to existing social systems, and persons in charge of social protection. Also included are: a draft recommendation on the social protection of teachers; reports on "The Social Protection Role and Economy" in Denmark, France, and Hungary; "Social Protection from a State Perspective" (Norway); "The Right of Teachers" (Poland); and reports on "The Social Protection of Teachers" in Russia, Sweden, and Turkey. (LL)

Interviews were conducted with 30 shift workers and 30 day workers in the paper industry to discover differences in their experience of retirement. Each group of 30 workers was further divided (10 workers in each group) into those who had been retired for less than 1 year, those who had been retired for 2-4 years, and those who had been retired for 8-12 years. Life satisfaction was measured using an 18-point scale developed by Lohmann (1980). In addition to day versus shift work, a number of other variables were measured for their possible relation to satisfaction: time since retirement, age, income, and activities along with subjective health and functional health ratings. Shift workers were also questioned as to how they felt now that they were retired, with possible responses of better, worse, or no change. The results indicated that there were no significant differences between day and shift workers in satisfaction with retirement (most were satisfied to very satisfied). However, three variables--physical health, functional health, and activities--significantly affected satisfaction with retirement at the .0001 level. Future research was suggested to determine if shift and day workers differ in satisfaction with retirement, or whether retirement affects these workers in a similar way. (13 references) (KC)

These proceedings contain an introduction and 26 papers arranged in five sections: (1) People's Republic of China and Taiwan (Republic of China); (2) Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand; (3) Korea; (4) Japan and the Western Pacific; and (5) United States. Paper titles and authors are as follows: "Recent Social Security Policies and Developments in the People's Republic of China (PRC)" (Liu); "Long-Term Care for the Elderly in China" (Liang, Gu); "Retirement Policy, Health and Social Services for the Elderly in Shanghai" (Wong); "Informal Social Support Systems in China" (Liu); "Cognitive Impairment among the Elderly in Shanghai, China" (Yu et al.); "Intergenerational Relations in Contemporary China--Descriptive Findings from Shanghai" (Barusch et al.); "Family Structure and Elderly Problems in Taiwan" (Shu); "Taipei Municipal Government Budgetary Issues for Elderly Services" (Bai); "The Family as a Social Welfare Support System for the Elderly in Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China" (Yang); "Need of the Elderly for Home Care Services in a Changing Society--The Case of Taipei Metropolitan City" (Chan); "Survey of an Interdisciplinary Study on Aging in Taipei--Sample, Instrument and Interview" (Hsieh); "Welfare Policies for the Aged on Both Sides of the Taiwan Strait--A Comparison" (Tsai); "The Coping Behavior of Caregivers in Hong Kong" (Kwan); "Segregated Housing and Residential Services for the Chinese Elderly in Hong Kong" (Ngan); "Social Support Networks for the Elderly in a High Rise Public Housing Estate in Singapore" (Cheung); "The Impact of Living Arrangements of the Elderly on Government Programs in Thailand" (Wongsith); "Operation and Development of Programs for Community Care for the Low Income Elderly in Seoul" (Cho); "Indicators of Health Status of Older People in Korea" (Koh); "The Korean-American Urban Elderly" (Kim, Kim); "The Roles of Government, Family, and the Elderly Individual Caring for Older Persons in Japan" (Maeda); "An Overview of Aging in the Western Pacific" (Andrews); "Gerontology in Higher Education in the United States" (Rich); "A Theoretical Overview of Ageism in the United States: Criticisms and Proposals toward a New Outlook" (Jan, Thacker); "Direct Care Personnel Shortages in Long-Term Care: Global Implications" (Cowart); "Quality of Care in Sheltered Housing--Regulation or Education?" (Streib); and"Financial Models for Long-Term Care: USA" (Sutton-Bell). (NLA)

This book contains seven chapters on work and older workers based on an international symposium held at the University of South Florida in 1989. Chapter titles and authors are as follows: (1) "The Corporate Sector's Stake in Older Workers" (Daniel Knowles); (2) "A Seller's Market for Older Workers" (Audrey Freedman); (3) "Retirees' Reentry into the Labor Force" (Melissa A. Hardy); (4) "The Work Environment and Employee Benefits as Incentives for the Older Worker" (Audrey G. McCool, George E. Stevens); (5) "The Health Status of Older Workers: Issues and Policy Implications" (Thomas N. Chirikos); (6) "Training Opportunities for Older Workers" (Peter Plett); and (7) "Modernization and Older Worker Policies: An Appraisal of the French Experience" (Xavier Gaullier). (KC)

In this speech, delivered by the Solicitor General of the United States at a meeting of the Hillsboro County Bar Association in Tampa, Florida, Lee addresses himself to allegations of inconsistency in the Reagan administration's positions on court cases involving civil rights issues. In defending the administration, Lee cites the Spirt v. TIAA-CREF and Hishon v. King and Spalding court cases. Both cases fall under the Title VII statute which prohibits employment discrimination. In the Spirt case, the issue in question was the payment of lower monthly pension annuity benefits to women than to men. The Hishon case regards law firms that discriminate against women in promotion from associates to partners. In both cases, the government argued that the Title VII principle requires that an individual be treated as an individual, rather than as an undifferentiated member of a group. Lee says that the same argument holds for the administration's position on employment quotas or the use of busing in school desegregation, since both are group oriented solutions. Lee asserts that the cornerstone of civil rights laws and public policy has been the securing of individual rights. Therefore, he concludes, consistency in civil rights cases should be measured by attempts to protect individual rights. (AOS)

This publication contains proceedings of a pre-White House Conference on Aging Activity held in May, 1980. The meeting was designed to (1) provide a labor/management forum for review and discussion of problems and issues arising out of a progressively aging population and workforce; (2) explore practical matters which can be resolved by employers or by unions individually, as well as those which might be resolved through collective bargaining; (3) identify national policy issues for the agenda of the White House Conference on Aging of 1981. Proceedings are summarized and organized according to these topics: background perspectives on employment and the older worker; the employment/retirement continuum; management viewpoints; organized labor viewpoints; employment/retirement flexibility; special issues of retirement; productivity and performance; and national policy issues for consideration by the White House Conference on Aging. Delegates, who included representatives of labor unions, management executives, observers from the White House, and staff from social service agencies, identified issues such as extension of mandatory retirement ages, flexible retirement policies, productivity as related to age, longer lifespans, the growing number of older workers, and Social Security benefits to be discussed further at the White House Conference. (KC)

This third and last volume of the final report of the 1981 White House Conference on Aging presents the results of a post-conference survey of delegates and observers conducted to gain insight about participants' views of Conference recommendations. Part I of the volume presents a detailed description of the methodology of the survey (coding and analysis, and reliability analysis) and both the quantitative and qualitative analyses of the survey results. A detailed analysis is given of the most favored recommendations (i.e., elimination of all restrictions on older workers, expansion of home health care and in-home services, provision of tax credits for families who care for elderly relatives in their homes, organization of services for the elderly using the Older Americans Act network, and medicare reimbursement for preventive care and wellness maintenance) as well as the least favored recommendations, most of which relate to the control of inflation. Part II presents the recommendations from the 14 Conference committees along with a summary of the changes made in committee reports from previous printings. The appendices include the survey instrument and series of tables summarizing survey results by category of respondent. (MCF)

This first volume of three of the final report of the 1981 White House Conference on Aging contains the response to the congressional charge to the Conference that the final report propose a national policy on aging not only for the minority who need aid but also for the majority of older adults who live in comfort and security. The report is divided into five chapters aimed at addressing areas of major concern to the nation and its elderly citizens. The first chapter, on the economy, discusses the importance of preparing our economy for an aging population, the changes which may be expected to result from this aging, the consequences of these changes, and the necessity to plan to meet the decade ahead. Chapter 2, income in old age, concentrates on the Social Security System, how it works, its problems, and some of the options available for strengthening the system. Chapter 3, health care, discusses the medical delivery system, long-term care, and disease prevention. Chapter 4, social benefits and services, sets forth the policy thrust proposed for other benefits for the elderly. Chapter 5, research, discusses the research implications of the national policy. For each area, issues are defined, policy options are explored, and recommendations are made. (MCF)

Proceedings of a 1980 Brown University conference on faculty retirement are presented. Papers and authors are as follows: "A Review of Current Legal Status and National Policy Issues" (Laura C. Ford); "Mandatory Retirement Age Legislation for Tenured Faculty: The Policy Issues and Their Context" (W. Lee Hansen); "Retirement and Inflation: The Problem, Qualifications, and Some Modest Proposals for Change" (John H. Biggs); "The TIAA/CREF Perspective: The Unisex Issue" (Thomas C. Edwards); "TIAA/CREF and Planning for Retirement" (Donald S. Willard); "ADEA Implications for TIAA/CREF Retirement Plans" (John J. McCormack, Jr.); "Faculty: Planning for Retirement" (Aaron Lemonick); "COFHE Faculty Retirement Plans" (Janice Clinthorne); and "Financial Planning for Retirement" (George Barbee). Specific topics include: a federal legislative amendment to establish a general mandatory retirement at age 70 and the exemption provisions for tenured employees at postsecondary institutions; cessation of employer contributions to pension plans for post-retirement age employees; cases involving contract principles and the mandatory retirement of tenured faculty; public policy; and economic factors affecting individuals and postsecondary institutions. The comments of J. Russell Southworth and Robert F. Link are also included, along with questions and answers resulting from the conference sessions. (SW)

As increasing numbers of women make the transition from the household sector into the labor market, dramatic changes in household composition have occurred that have thrust many women into the role of provider. This new role for women has led to dramatic and rapid changes in attitudes, as well as in the institutions and laws relating to women's work roles and conditions of employment. Despite the rapid change in women's work roles associated with the transformation of the household, a significant gap still exists between the pay received by men and that received by women. One consequence of this gap has been the feminization of poverty, a problem that affects younger and older women alike. Included among the many needs created by the transformation of the household are the need for social services for families, for flexible working arrangements and increased part-time employment opportunities, and for eliminating existing inequalities in the tax laws and in Social Security. A policy agenda for working women must begin by rejecting outmoded stereotypes about women's work and by recognizing the needs of women as providers. Particularly needed are provisions guaranteeing equal pay, adequate child care and support services, and equal employment opportunity for members of both sexes. (MN)

Economic well-being after retirement depends on an individual's portfolio which includes income from Social Security, pensions, transfers from public or private sources, and accumulated wealth. Any event which interrupts the savings process can have an adverse effect on an individual's economic status after retirement. Dissolution of marriage, which may affect as many as one-third of all families, is such an event. Marriage dissolution may effect the family's savings rate. Property division rules discourage marital savings if either party anticipates divorce. Because most divorces occur early in the individual's lifetime, the impact on retirement savings can be great. The effect of excluding certain assets from the marital property pool creates differences in the expected rate of return between property subject, and not subject, to division. The rate of return to marital property is uncertain, not only because the asset has risk, but also because there is a chance that the other spouse will own the asset after marriage. Actual divorce involves economic costs which further reduce the couple's wealth through legal fees, loss of the value of the imperfect annuity that marriage represents, and loss of access to valuable property rights. Whether divorce interrupts the savings process or destroys assets, it is unlikely that most individuals will be able to save enough in later life to overcome the loss. The long-term effect may well be that in future years, a new category of elderly poor will be recognized, those who have experienced divorce. (Author/ABL)

This collection consists of papers presented at a 1982 conference on policy issues in work and retirement. Presented first is an introductory overview of the problems of retirement and aging by Herbert S. Parnes. The following conference reports are included in the volume: "Life without Work: Does It Make Sense?" by Eli Ginzberg; "Aging, Health, and Work," by Leon F. Koyl; "Health and Retirement; Retirement and Health," by Carl Eisdorfer and Donna Cohen; "Keeping Older Workers on the Job: Methods and Inducements," by Daniel E. Knowles; "Maximizing Post-Retirement Labor Market Opportunities," by Anna Marie Buchmann; "Age Discrimination in Employment," by Stephen R. McConnell; "Financing Options for Social Security," by Alicia H. Munnell; and "Private Pensions, Inflation, and Employment," by James H. Schulz. Also provided are 10 separate discussions of three of the eight papers. (MN)

This document contains papers delivered at a conference designed to highlight similarities and differences in the situation of the elderly in Sweden and in the United States. The papers are: (1) "Aging and Work" (Sheppard, Berglind); (2) "Services to the Elderly: An Emphasis on the United States" (Hokenstad); (3) "Notes on Services to the Aged in the United States and Sweden" (Sundstrom); (4) "Formal and Informal Support of the Elderly: Selected American Cultural Values and Social Welfare Policy" (Mullins); and (5) "Caring for the Elderly in Sweden and the United States" (Thoreus-Olsson). (CML)

The National Education Association (NEA) Retirement and Benefits Forum is an annual event where leaders, lobbyists, researchers, and trustees of retirement and health and welfare plans meet to learn about and discuss current and future retirement and benefits issues. This report of the 1990 forum contains 10 selected papers and a welcoming speech by Robert F. Chase, vice president of the NEA, who discussed the importance of retirement and benefits issues. Three sections follow this introduction. The first is entitled "Three Critical Issues" and includes three papers: (1) "Pensions and Benefits in the 1990s: Challenges and Opportunities for Public Education Employees" (Dallas Salisbury); (2) "Funding Issues for Public Retirement and Retiree Health Plans" (Sophie M. Korczyk); and (3) "The New Medicare Physician Reimbursement Schedule" (L. Maynard Oss). The second section covers state health plans and also includes three speeches: (1) "The Hawaii Plan" (Marylin Matsunaga); (2) "The New York Proposal" (Dan Beauchamp); and (3) "The Ohio Proposal" (Dennis Roberge). The last section contains four papers that focus on proposals for a national health plan: (1) "The Physicians Proposal" (Steffie Woolhandler); (2) "Tax Reform Model" (Edmund Haislmaier); (3) "A Genuine National Health Insurance Plan" (William Glaser); and (4) "Health Care Reform: The Buy Right Strategy" (Walter McClure). (LAP)

Title IX legislation has had a widespread impact on institutions of higher education. Similar laws and regulations preceding Title IX include Executive Order 11246, the Comprehensive Health Manpower and Nurse Training Act, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. The pervasive influence of Title IX is indicated in its provisions concerning admissions, recruiting, and programs and activities such as course offerings, counseling, financial assistance, and athletics. To comply with Title IX, an institution must evaluate its current policies, appoint a compliance officer, establish grievance procedures, and notify all interested parties that it does not discriminate. During the development of Title IX regulations, several suggested requirements were supported by the Women's Equity Action League and Representative Bella Abzug and opposed by other organizations. These requirements concerned textbooks, single-sex courses and scholarships, part-time employee fringe benefits, retirement plans, and maternity leaves. The two suggestions incorporated were single-sex courses and maternity leaves. The magnitude of Title IX coverage presents serious questions concerning administration, finance, implementation, and enforcement. (Author/JM)

Texarkana (Texas) Community College and Texarkana Independent School District left the federal Social Security System (SSS) and reallocated SSS funds to a self-administered fringe benefit program, while also returning employees' SSS contributions to them intact. Several safeguards for Texas employees were already in place through the Texas Teacher Retirement System, including disability and health insurance and a tax-sheltered annuity (TSA) option. Benefits to employees of withdrawing from SSS included free life, health, and longterm disability insurance; a TSA, plus increased disposable income; and voluntary, not mandatory, retirement plans. Benefits to the employers included self-administration of fringe benefits, a better plan that had lower costs than SSS, no further funding of part-time employees, and, for the school district, no need to keep an insurance reserve. Among the concerns about leaving SSS are greater exposure of younger employees to high disability risks, employers' possible inability to cover longterm disability insurance costs, probably higher insurance premiums after SSS-covered employees move on, and possible drawbacks for today's more mobile workforce because SSS is national while state and local plans are not. On balance, the employers feel withdrawal from SSS was wise. (RW)

Several conceptualizations and definitions of retirement have been proposed. One of them--the three-stage transition process--can be illustrated from studies in Israel: (1) leaving the old role; (2) going through the act of formal separation; and (3) adjusting to the new situation and role. Today's higher rate of survival into later years means that retirement can be extended into a period of 15-20 years during which three additional subtransitions may occur: onset of sickness and disability, institutionalization, and widowhood. The growing trend of early retirement causes a further extension of the retirement period through earlier entry into this role by relatively young old persons, widening the gap between retirement and traditional concepts of old age. Analysis of some research findings reveals conflicting role expectations and strain resulting from early transition into retirement status and role. It is tentatively suggested that three distinct substages emerge in the extended retirement period: pre-aging retirement (early retirement), active (engaged) retirement, and passive (stabilized) retirement, each with its own characteristics and needs. These developments require long-range planning, with both individuals and society adjusting to specific situations and needs as they arise. (KC)

Alternative college retirement programs and features of a desirable retirement program are discussed. The historical, social, and economic forces that prompt institutions to consider alternative programs are identified. The present position of college faculty in terms of retirement options is also addressed. Since its inception, the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) has been the principal retirement or pension program for the nation's independent colleges and universities, as well as for many public institutions. Retirement options include the variable annuity, 403(b) tax-deferred annuities, and mutual fund custodial accounts. An important issue is the choices that are available in addition to the TIAA, the College Retirement Equities Fund and the various state retirement systems. Criteria that should be addressed in beginning an evaluation of alternative retirement programs include: determining responsibility for the evaluation; specifying intended purpose/objective of the evaluation; evaluating service and counseling requirements of the organization; determining how much flexibility and choice should be available to the participant; and evaluating company characteristics, investment choices, contract features, and distribution features. (SW)

These proceedings consist of 14 papers some of which are followed by responses or discussant comments. The papers are: Thrifty Food Plan: New and Improved" (Cude, Walker); "Automated Teller Machines: Perceived Impact on Consumer Spending" (Greninger, Kitt, Hampton); "A Comparison of the Attitudes and Behaviors of Utah Men and Women in Their Roles as Primary Household Food Shoppers" (Langrehr, Langrehr); "Self-Employed Women's Use of Time" (Longstreth, Stafford, Mauldin); "A Demographic Profile of Investors in Nevada" (Zimmerman, Tripple); "The Norris Case: Implications and Applications of the Supreme Court Decision on Pension Plan Benefits" (Emberson); "Supporting Adult Volunteers as Non-Formal Educators" (Fong); "Evaluation of Economic Impact of Kentucky State University's Family Development and Management Program" (Jeffiers); "Financial Management Practices of Remarried Families" (Lown); "Time Used for Household Work: Comparisons for Farm, Rural Nonfarm, and Urban Women" (Meiners, Olson); "An Investigation of Economic and Other Factors Influencing Rural Families Energy Use Decisions" (Pedersen); "Using Microcomputers in Family Economics and Home Management" (Wesswick); "The Effect of Structural Modification on Energy Conservation Behaviors" (Beck); and "Education and Earnings of Young Men: Effects of Living in a Single-Parent Family" (Krein). An addendum contains four additional papers: "A Path Approach to Income Utility and Distribution in the Household" (Berry); "Household Equipment--An Anachronism?" (Burton); "Economic Pressures on Women: Update" (Drennen, Makela); and "A Comparison of Two Personal Financial Management Programs--'Dollars and Sense' and 'Home Accountant Plus' for the IBM PC" (Onodera). (YLB)

Aging population has currently become a global phenomenon. Having a long life is great, but it could turn into a nightmare if not properly prepared, especially for the financial aspect. In fact, majority retirees in Malaysia had relied on mandatory retirement scheme organized by Employees Provident Fund (EPF), meanwhile, the funds were estimated to deplete just within 3 to 5 years after full withdrawn by the retirees. Alternatively, the EPF had provided with a less popular retirement benefit option among the members such as monthly withdrawal instead of lump-sum payment. Nevertheless, the former retirement benefit would be deemed the ideal process as an alternative to the traditional lump-sum benefit payment to the EPF retirees in securing their financial position, it somehow needs to prove its sustaining to prolong the retirement savings according to projected life expectancy of retirees. Thus, this research aims to use a mathematical approach as part of methodology in proving this matter. The research will derive a certain formula based on the withdrawal process and try to generate the result in ensuring as to whether to monthly withdrawal would be the best option for retirees to secure their financial position during retirement age. As a result, it is expected that the option of monthly withdrawal could extend the period of retirement savings from depletes all, but this does not confirm to prolong until projected life expectancy of the retirees. Therefore, another approach should be imposed or the existing system needs to be optimized in order to sustain the retirement savings as the only one financial resource to the majority of retirees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The welfare of workers at retirement age is an important factor in ensuring fulfillment of needs in old age. One of the ways to achieve this welfare is by participating in a pension fund program, which is a program designed to provide pension benefits to employees in order to ensure the fulfillment of workers' needs during retirement. Pension fund management can be done using the actuarial calculation method. This study aims to calculate the pension fund financing in which the methods used are Entry Age Normal and Attained Age Normal methods which are two of the four parts of Projected Benefit Cost Method. Based on this research, the amount of pension contribution, actuarial liability and pension benefit is obtained from each method. The normal contribution with Attained Age Normal method increases every year with the most significant increase occurring at the age before retirement, while with Entry Age Normal method, the pension contribution increases at the beginning and then continues to decline until retirement age. The pension benefits of both methods are both greater than the proportion of salary for pension benefits. Therefore, Entry Age Normal is recommended for the participants of pension fund program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of whether Malaysians are adequately prepared for costs of their future retirements has been the subject of significant debate and research over the last few years, especially for those who contributing under defined contribution (DC) plan, since the contributors under this plan are allowed in managing some portion of their savings. The contributors are allowed to withdraw or invest during contribution (working) period, according to rules and regulations. Therefore, the objective of this study is to estimate the retirement wealth adequacy of future retirees under the DC plan in Malaysia using wealth-need ratio model and simulation approach. There are four simulated wealth-need ratio models projecting with several feasible scenarios, including an optimistic scenario involving more investment activities (more-investments) and a pessimistic scenario including no or less investment activities (more-savings), based on several related assumptions. The results show that 43% of households are projected to have adequate retirement benefits under the pessimistic scenario, while 94% of households are projected to have adequate retirement benefits under the optimistic scenario. In addition, three hybrid models are constructed to provide more realistic scenarios of Malaysian population, by developing three samples with different proportions of households with more-investments, and households with more-savings. The results show that 80% of households with higher proportion of more-investments households have adequate retirement benefits, while only 65% of households with higher proportion of more-savings households have adequate retirement benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies indicate that almost all new job growth since 1995 has been in the nonstandard or contingent work. Many workers in non-standard jobs would prefer full-time jobs with benefits. While unemployment at the national level remains low, the challenges of obtaining health insurance for workers in jobs that are not the "gold" standard remain for many of the roughly 40% of US workers in non-standard jobs. Provisions of the ACA that were enacted in 2014 provided additional pathways to coverage for workers without employer sponsored health insurance. Thus, it is likely that the ACA disproportionately impacted access to insurance for non-standard workers. While some prior research finds broad increases across employment status, our study makes a new contribution by analyzing important groups of nonstandard workers. Moreover, by using high quality data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we are able to examine how non-standard workers insurance status changed in 2015-2016 compared with earlier years of data and we are able to use geocoded MEPS data to include state identifiers in our analysis. We present estimates of coverage in 2015-2016 for nonstandard workers in Medicaid expansion and non-expansion states. We also provide estimates of coverage and employer insurance offers by annual household income, race-ethnicity, gender, education and a set of social, demographic and job characteristics in addition to paid leave and retirement benefits. We focus on three groups of non-standard workers: full-time temporary contract workers, freelancers (defined as self-employed with no employees and unincorporated) and part-time workers. Together, these three categories represent the largest shares of nonstandard employment in the United States. Our findings shed light on current debates about health policy and labor market insecurity, with serious implications for health status and access to healthcare for both workers and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retirement benefits are an additional security for an employee that impacts present and future lives of both – an employer and an employee. The employer tries to expand the job offer and looks for additional forms of remuneration for its employees. An employee satisfied with work, encouraged by additional employee benefits (retirement benefits, jubilee awards, etc.) decides to retire after reaching the required seniority. The article presents a Bayesian approach to the valuation of a provision for employee benefits. The main goal of the article is to create a Bayesian model of provision for employee benefits. To achieve the goal, non-classical statistical methods were used to estimate the provision for an employee in accordance with current legal standards in Poland (ie the Accountancy Act, Labor law, International Accounting Standards). In the Bayesian approach, the provision for retirement is described by the posterior distribution, which can be used to estimate selected characteristics, such as. measurement position or dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old age pension provision constantly creates an increasing financial pressure on most of the EU countries, therefore some of European countries are in a further stage or reforming pension system, others already completed transformation and became an object of analysis and surveillance for researchers and policymakers. Over the years attitude towards the role of pension system in economy changed significantly from simple provision of retirement benefits and income distribution to indisputable contribution to a very wide range of economic, social and other processes. Nowadays pension system is supposed to be the instrument of impact and all reforms, even parametric, have a consequent effect on work and tax incentives, welfare, consumption, demographic indicators, etc. Some of the results are well studied, e.g. income distribution, other outcomes, for example society's radicalisation, only recently have become a subject of research. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of latest scientific approaches to the estimation of various effects of pension system’s reform including the influence of parametric corrections. Scientific papers of Latvian and foreign researchers have been considered, systemized and characterised according to the main idea of research. The study provides conclusions on the extent of research on different effects and points out the most actual and up-to-date directions of scientific activities. The results of this study can be implemented for identifying the most untapped area of research, for further investigation and for the assessment of reform from the perspective of the newest scientific achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retirement benefits are a valuable advantage for an employee that impacts present and future live of both - an employer and an employee. The employer is obliged by labour law, collective law agreements or employment contracts to accumulate those provisions and to apply indicators like a discount rate, an expected inflation rate and an employee turnover rate. On the other hand, an employer stays encouraged to not retire until the required seniority is achieved to receive the employee benefits such as retirement benefits, pension benefits as well as jubilee bonuses. The article presents an innovative probabilistic (randomised) approach to the valuation of a provision for employee benefits. The main goal of the article is to create a probabilistic model of provision for an employee. To achieve the goal, actuarial methods were used to estimate the provision for an employee in accordance with current legal standards in Poland (ie the Accountancy Act, labor law, international accounting standards). The adoption of actuarial assumptions about the random structure of model parameters has a significant impact on its value, and thus on the financial result of the business entity, as well as on the faithful and reliable picture of the business unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study is to estimate the retirement wealth adequacy of future retirees under defined contribution (DC) plan in Malaysia using wealth-need model and simulation approach. Several feasible scenarios are projected, including the best case (or optimistic) and worse case (or pessimistic) scenarios, based on several related assumptions. The results show that 36% of households are projected to have adequate retirement benefits under the pessimistic scenario, while 84% of households are projected to have adequate retirement benefits under the optimistic scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we use a market-consistent approach to calculate present value of obligation of a companies' postemployment benefit in accordance with PSAK-24 (the Indonesian accounting standard). We set some actuarial assumption such as Indonesian TMI 2011 mortality tables for mortality assumptions, accumulated salary function for wages assumption, a scaled (to mortality) disability assumption and a pre-defined turnover rate for termination assumption. For economic assumption, we use binomial tree method with estimated discount rate as its average movement. In accordance with PSAK-24, the Projected Unit Credit method has been adapted to determine the present value of obligation (actuarial liability), so we use this method with a modification in its discount function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the Amendment of 328/2002 Coll. Act, the adoption of which had been planned for ten years. Up to 2013, the policemen and soldiers in their best active years were leaving for retirement pension and the state kept losing its skilled and highly active policemen and soldiers with long-term experience. The here discussed Amendment plans to deal with these unwished consequences. The paper therefore sums up changes in social security of policemen and soldiers in Slovak republic that are anchored in aforementioned Act Amendment and it also provides overview of currently introduced benefits, describes previous situation of policemen and soldiers' insurance and specifies newly amended taxes of assistances that policemen and soldiers are entitled to claim, in percent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The said paper proposes to seak some answers regarding the long term sustainability of the pension system. Romania's pension system originates from the invalidity insurances and pension system designed by the German cancellor Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismark in 1889. From a European perspective, Romania has to fill an obvious gap regarding the reformation of the national public pension system. International experience, particularly of the last 130 years, indicates that, in actuality, multiple pension systems have been put into function in most of the world's countries and which are diferenciated by some elements (organizing and managing the system, defyning pension rights, method of forming the resources, the pension's level rapported to the average income etc.) and after the eficacity degree dependent on internal influences, social, economic and demographic environment, and last but not least by the political factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the imposition of personal income tax on the working group of the U.S. The withholding of income tax of the employee's from their wages by the employers, its requirements and obligations on the corporations are discussed. The issues related to employer compliance, deferred compensation, unemployment insurance and retirement benefits also discussed.

This study investigates retirement expectations and plans among six cohorts of adults. In recent decades, changes, such as the development and growth of defined contribution pensions and IRAs, have been increasingly shifting responsibility for securing later life income, making individual retirement planning particularly important today. This research contributes to our understanding of retirement preparations by examining multiple dimensions of retirement expectations and planning behaviors and their predictors. 403 respondents, ranging from ages 19-96, who were living in the Cleveland, OH area, were surveyed. The effects of cohort, social position, parental resources and socialization to planning, work status and family responsibilities, income, and attitudes toward the future of Social Security and pensions on preparations were examined. Findings reveal that cohort membership is highly related to many retirement planning activities, including the tendency to save and organize finances, extensiveness of thoughts about retirement, and age plans were initiated, as well as when people expect to retire. One example of a cohort difference is that over half of individuals in their twenties already began to make preparations and at an average age of 24. Just over sixty percent of 30-37 year olds already began to plan and at a mean age of 28. Such ages contrast sharply to those of the oldest two cohorts who began planning at an average age of 46 (ages 54-76) and 52 (ages 77-96). Findings underscore the significant differences individuals have regarding expectations for retirement, as well as the types of financial resources people anticipate receiving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935, innovative legislation titled the Social Security Act (SSA, Act) was signed into law. Part of the Act created a social insurance program designed to cover eligible individuals who reached retirement age. This retirement program was established to provide benefits to eligible retirees as well as to a deceased retiree's spouse or minor children. The benefit paid was intended to supplement the eligible retiree's retirement plan from his/her work and any money saved. Initially, SSA provided a monthly benefit to eligible individuals who were 65 and older. However, the Social Security Amendments of 1961 modified the rules to allow retirement at age 62 for those willing to accept a reduced benefit. Through the years, the Act has been amended and modified resulting today in rules are that quite complex including eligibility for full retirement benefit determined by the year in which the potential recipient was born and early retirement at a reduced benefit or delayed retirement at an increased benefit. This paper provides a brief history of the SSA to provide context and discusses the current options available to eligible retirees regarding payout along with major considerations in making a decision when to begin receiving benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The present study aims to extend the literature on individual differences in income decline during retirement. It is commonly advised that retirees pool from annuities, pensions, and Social Security benefits, covering 70% to 80% of pre-retirement income. In the past 30 years, however, fewer retirees have such fixed sources of income besides Social Security benefits. Instead, the rise of Defined Contribution Plans has translated to a decreased rate of pension enrollment and annuity purchases. Thus, for most retirees in the United States, a large portion of income relies on individual efforts (e.g., investment and working) on a constant basis. Objectives: Using Social Security Administration data matched with the Health and Retirement Study, the present study makes one of the first attempts to estimate the population trajectory of income replacement ratio with the focus on education as a potential source of heterogeneity. The literature identifies key individual characteristics related to education. Retirement planning, cognitive abilities, and psychological well-being are taken into account as potential explanations to the linkage between education and retirement income trajectory. Data and Methods: We define the beginning of retirement as the starting date of Security Retirement. Pre-retirement is calculated based on income averaged over 5 years prior to retirement. Post-retirement is based on total household income per capita. Income replacement ratios are then repeatedly measured over a span of 20 years following retirement. Our study sample consists of 7520 HRS respondents who reported their post retirement income at least twice while participating in HRS. We use a latent growth modeling approach to estimate decline patterns in the likelihood of maintaining an income replacement of 70% to 85% or above. Retirement planning, cognitive abilities, and CES (Center for Epidemiologic Studies) depression scale were measured before retirement (at ages 50-60). We control for age at retirement, year of retirement, gender, pre-retirement income quintiles, marital status at retirement, income replacement from Social Security Benefits, and receipt of annuities and pensions. Results: We confirm that education influences not only the initial level of income, but also the rate of change over time, such that the income gap along educational levels widens as individuals spend more years in retirement. Retirement planning, cognitive abilities, and CESD scale, however, do not account for educational differences in the initial income replacement ratio or its subsequent change. Lastly, we find that the rate of decline in income replacement ratio is higher for recent retirees in the early 2000s, compared to those who retired in the 1970s and 1980s. Discussion: The findings pose a challenge to the progressivity of Social Security and call attention to education as a source of income inequality among retirees. We encourage future research on a wider range of factors related to education than we covered in our study, such as sense of control and social support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the balance sheet law, business entities are required to present their material and financial situation and financial result clearly and reliably, i. e. show your complete liabilities. Liabilities include also provisions, even though their maturity date and amount are not certain. This justifies the inclusion in the accounting books of provisions for future employee benefits (short provisions for employee). Provisions for employee are created if the employer's obligation to provide such benefits for employees results from labor law, collective labor agreements or employment contracts, and when the amounts of these benefits are so significant that their failure to include them in the financial statements will negatively affect the image the material and financial situation and the entity's financial result. These benefits include retirement and pension benefits and jubilee bonuses, which are long-term. This means that there is uncertainty as to whether and when the event conditioning the payment of the benefit occurs. As a result, when estimating provisions, appropriate indicators are adopted (discount rate, expected inflation rate, employee turnover rate and others). The article presents an innovative Bayesian approach to the valuation of a provision for employee benefits. The main goal of the article is to create a model of provision for employee. To achieve the goal actuarial methods as well as Bayesian models based on linear dynamic models were used to estimate the provision for employee in accordance with current legal standards in Poland (ie the Accounting Act, labor law, international accounting standards and the national accounting standard no. 6). The adoption of actuarial assumptions about the random structure of model parameters has a significant impact on their value, and thus on the financial result of the business entity, as well as on the faithful and reliable picture of the business unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of work and retirement in later life has become increasingly varied over the past forty years. However, little is known about how public- and private- retirement provisions impact the transactions between labor force statues in the emergent retirement landscape. This problem is analyzed using Hierarchical Linear Modeling and data from the Health and Retirement Study. Results suggest that both public- and private- benefits generally increase transitions to retirement and decrease transitions to unemployment or to increased work. However, because private benefits are not equally distributed throughout the population, the results is a two tiered system of retirement provisions: a disadvantaged group that relies solely on public provisions, and an advantaged group that supplements their public benefits with private pensions and employer provided insurance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]