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Rubberwood sawdust is one of the most common materials used as mushroom material in Malaysia, one of the South East Asia countries and its depletion is becoming one of the challenges in mushroom cultivation. A quest for alternative resources was rigorously conducted by using various biomass such as paddy straw, spent mushroom compost, paper boxes, and river tamarind wood (Leucaena leucocephala). A conventional determination method for alternative materials amount is based on yield analysis at different mixing compositions. This method took too much time for investment and experiment with. Thus, the goal of this study is to find out the effectiveness of using the Pearson Square method for mushroom material preparation with the desired nutrient level based on calculation. To begin, the carbon and nitrogen content of all materials used was determined by dry combustion and the Kjeldahl method respectively. Next, the desired carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C: N) was formulated based on the C: N of the conventional formulation that consists of rubberwood sawdust, rice bran and calcium carbonate (limestone) at 100:10:1 ratio which acts as a reference. Four different material combinations with similar C: N were calculated by the Pearson Square method and prepared. These combinations including control were inoculated by the spawn of grey oyster mushroom (Pleurotus pulmonarius). Parameters of spawn running rate, height of stipe, diameter of pileus and biological efficiency (BE) were measured and analyzed. The mushroom yield obtained shows that there is no significant difference between the material combinations according to standard deviation and one-way ANOVA, indicating all material combinations have similar nutrient content and the application of the Pearson Square method is verified. In summary, the Pearson Square method was proven can be applied in preparing mushroom material from different resources with the desired nutrient level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tocotrienols, belonging to the vitamin E family, exhibit neuroprotective, antioxidant, anticancer, and cholesterol-lowering attributes. A significant reservoir of tocotrienols is found within rice bran. Notably, rice bran oil stands as one of the most abundant vegetable oils in terms of tocotrienol content. This study aims to amplify tocotrienol levels in rice bran oil by fermenting rice bran with the fungus Aspergillus terreus, and by modulating the solvent ratio of methanol:chloroform:water during the extraction process. The research involves a comprehensive approach that encompasses solid-state fermentation of rice bran, succeeded by rice bran oil extraction utilizing the Bligh-Dyer method. This extracted oil is subsequently analyzed using UV spectrophotometry and GC/MS to ascertain tocotrienol levels within the rice bran oil. Findings from the study highlight an optimum solvent ratio of methanol:chloroform:water at 1:1.5:0.9 (v/v/v). Through this optimal configuration, the tocotrienol concentration escalates from 2541.44 ppm to 3642.79 ppm. Furthermore, the introduction of fermentation leads to a rise in tocotrienol levels within the extracted rice bran oil, ascending from 2541.44 ppm to 3257.66 ppm. The resultant rice bran oil extract also presents an array of antioxidant compounds, including n-hexadecanoic acid, benzoic acid, and chlorogenic acid. This collective insight underscores the potential for enhancing tocotrienol levels in rice bran oil through controlled fermentation and strategic solvent ratio adjustments, thereby enriching its potential health benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this research is to examine and compare the processes of producing xylanase from sugarcane bagasse and rice bran. Approach and methodology: The xylanase production was compared using sugarcane bagasse and rice bran, two novel substrates, to determine which one produced superior yield. Findings and Analysis: At 48°C and pH 6.2, xylanase production was shown to be optimal. Aerated glass columns were used for the majority of enzyme production (14.20 U/mL). With an 80% G power, a 95% confidence interval, and 8 samples taken from each group, The independent variable's p value was found to be 0.02 (p<0.05) with the assistance of a T test, suggesting that it was statistically significant. Results showed that solid-state fermentation (SSF) at or above 1.8% exhibited repression, although SSF events at 5% did not. The amount of enzymes produced by solid-state fermentation was 1.1 times higher than that of SmF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Defatted rice bran (DRB) is a by-product derived from rice bran oil production. The commercial value of DRB could be increased by using it as a raw material in the production of proteins or phenolics. Unfortunately, the oil extraction process may lose nutritional value, including its protein and phenolics compound. This study aims to compare the proximate and phenolics content of DRB to that of non-defatted rice bran (NDRB). DRB was prepared by extracting the oil with Soxhlet using hexane as a solvent. The proximate content analysis included moisture content, ash, protein, fat, and carbohydrates. The phenolics content compared were free phenolics (FP), bound phenolics (BP), and total phenolics (TP). NDRB contained moisture, ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate of 2.3, 7.9, 15.4, 15.3, and 59.1%, whereas DRB contained 5.5, 9.02, 17.8, 0.6, and 67%, respectively. The NDRB contained 2278 mg GAE/100 g of FP, 6735 mg GAE/100 g of BP, and 9013 mg GAE/100 g of TP. The FP, BP, and TP of DRB were 1616 mg GAE/100 g, 6190 mg GAE/100 g, and 7890 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. The DRB retained a phenolics of 88% compared to NDRB. Visual examination showed the existence of a suspected lipid layer on the surface of phenolic extracts from NDRB. In contrast, this was not the case in the extract of defatted rice bran. It raises optimism that utilizing DRB for phenolics extraction will minimize contamination and provide a purer phenolics extract. These findings help to understand the potential of DRB as a raw material for phenolics extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was done to study effects of feeding bioconverted cocoa pod husk supplemented with Moringa oleifera on the fermentation characteristics in the rumen of Kacang goats. Twenty animals were used and they were arranged with a randomized block design into four groups of five animals to receive one of the following dietary treatments: MF70C30CPM0, MF70C22.5CPM7.5, MF70C15CPM15, MF70C7.5CPM22.5, MF70C0CPM30, where MF = maize forage, C = a concentrate diet, and CPM = bioconverted cocoa pod husk added with Moringa oleifera leave meal, while the superscipt values denote the proportion of each ingredient in the diet. The concentrate diet was composed (dry matter basis) of tofu byproduct (30%), rice bran (34%), copra meal (25%) and dried cassava (11%), with a final crude protein content of about 18% dry matter. Rumen fluid samples were taken 2 h post feeding after allowing the animals to be accustomed to the feeding regimes, and processed accordingly for determination of VFA and NH3 concentrations. Results indicated that both rumen VFA and NH3 concentrations were significantly affected (P<0.05) by the treatments. The highest total VFA concentration (mM) was found for treatment MF70C30CPM0 (85.9±1.67) and the lowest one for MF70C0CPM30 (82.2±1.74). However, the MF70C0CPM30 had the highest acetate (62.9±1.26 mM) and lowest propionate (15.6±0.43) concentrations compared to other treatments. Lower concentrate and higher Moringa oleifera combinations (i.e MF70C7.5CPM22.5, MF70C0CPM30) significantly reduced (P<0.05) NH3 concentration in the rumen. It can be concluded that higher replacement rates of bioconverted cocoa pod husk+M. oleifera to a concentrate diet may result in lower rumen NH3 concentration after feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran is a by-product of the rice milling process. Rice bran contains a variety of antioxidant compounds that are beneficial for the health of the body, such as vitamin E, oryzanol, and flavonoid compounds. One of the compounds classified in flavonoids is alpinetin which has antioxidant activity that can protect cells from free radicals in the body. Alpinetin is a flavonoid bioactive compound known to have various benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant with low systemic toxicity. Enrichment of the content of bioactive compounds and fatty acids in rice bran oil can be carried out by a fermentation process using Aspergillus terreus. This research examined the effect of carbon source concentration and solvent ratio methanol: chloroform. This research used the solid-state fermentation method and modified the Bligh-Dyer extraction process. The extracted rice bran oil then tested using a Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) qualitatively. This research found that the addition of 10 g/L glucose produced the optimum lipid yield of 7.695%, and the highest alpinetin content was produced with the addition of glucose as much as 8g/L with alpinetin content of 27.11%. The ratio of methanol: chloroform =2:3.1 v/v produced the highest lipid yield, 9.54%, and the initial content of alpinetin compounds in rice bran extract increased from 0.02% to 3.43%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alpinetin (7-hydroxy-5-methoxyflavanone) is a flavonoid with anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other important therapeutic effects, so it has significant potential benefits. Rice husks or bran from rice are known to contain antioxidants, one of which is flavonoids. The addition of mold in the fermentation process can be used to enrich the lipid content of the fermented bran. Therefore, Aspergillus terreus chose as a mold. In this study, the fermentation process varied in the volume of mold inoculum with variables 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 mL in the fermentation medium, respectively. Inoculum volume variables are related to the metabolic products of the mold used, Aspergillus terreus, where the metabolic products in the form of desaturase and elongase enzymes catalyze the formation of unsaturated fatty acids. This unsaturated fatty acid content was tested qualitatively using LC-MS/MS-TQF. The results showed that the volume of inoculum with a variation of 7 mL had the highest lipid yield of 19.94% and with the detection of alpinetin content in RT 13.04 with an area (%) of 31.03%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the supplementary effect of rice bran (RB) and mineral block (MB) on the forage-based diet on the growth performance and cost efficiency of Ongole Cross-bred bulls in smallholder farmers. This study used 30 heads of Ongole crossbred bulls with an initial body weight of 199.4±49.6 kg aged between 12 to 18 months owned by smallholder farmers located in Bawuran village, Pleret sub-district, Bantul regency, Yogyakarta region, Indonesia. The bulls were randomly divided into 3 treatments i.e., T0, T1, and T2 with 10 heads per treatment. T0 = current feeding system (CFS) ad libitum, T1 = CFS ad libitum+RB of 1% body weight (BW)/day+MB 1.1 kg/head for 9 weeks, and T2 = CFS ad libitum+RB of 2% BW/day+MB 1.1 kg/head for 9 weeks. The experiment was performed for 9 weeks from 31 July to 30 September 2019. Data analyzed by analysis of covariance and data significantly different analyzed by Least Significant Different test. The results found that supplementation of RB 1-2% BW/day and MB 1.1 kg/head for 9 weeks on Ongole crossbred bulls could increase the average daily gain (ADG) from 0.27 kg/head/day to 0.54−0.74 kg/head/day and increase income over feed cost (IOFC) from 1183 IDR/head to 7310−13226 IDR/head per day. It was concluded that the supplementation RB 2% BW/day and MB 1.1 kg/head for 9 weeks on a forage-based diet could improve the optimum growth performance of Ongole crossbred bulls and increase farmers' income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Related to the livestock development in Banten Province, feed production is still an issue due to the limited area for forage cultivation and season fluctuation. This study aims to assess ruminants' potential availability and diet requirements from rice mill by-products in Banten Province. The assessment was based on the desk study approach, calculations, and descriptive secondary data analysis. Secondary data was used, such as livestock census, land utilization, and crop production in 2020. The findings show that Banten Province had a ruminant livestock unit of 145,410, including cows, 31,475; buffalo, 58,078; goats, 34,741; sheep, 21,052. Moreover, it had potential by-products feed on rice of 452,282,677.056 tons on a dry matter (DM) feed basis, including bran 141,338.34 tons, groats 28,267.67 tons, and husk 282,676.67 tons. The total concentrate consumed by ruminants had been estimated as 419,289.94 tons/year, and the total potential of DM availability was 452,282.68 tons/year. Therefore, there was a potential surplus of 32,992.74 tons/per year. However, most regencies/cities had potential deficits (Tangerang, Serang, Tangerang, Cilegon, and South Tangerang), and only a few regencies had a potential surplus, i.e., Pandeglang and Lebak. This study concluded that Banten Province could fulfill ruminant feed requirements from the by-product rice mill. However, there was a potential deficit in most of the regencies/cities, even though had a potential surplus in a few regencies/cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain is prospectively used as an alternative foodstuff to substitute wheat which is progressively imported to Indonesia more than 11 million tons per year. A common problem faced in the utilization of sorghum grains domestically is the lack of equipment for the polishing process before the grains are ready to be used as foodstuff. Polishing is necessary to remove the tannin content contained in the pericarp layer and tightly fused with the endosperm. The tannin content causes a bitter and astringent taste that is not liked by consumers. Tannin can also reduce protein digestibility and cause constipation. This study purposed to design and modify the rice polishing machine into a sorghum grain polishing machine that can operate continuously and has a high capacity with good quality polished sorghum grains. An appropriate polishing machine is needed on a small scale that is user-friendly for the villager processor. The modification of the common rice polishing machine was conducted to fulfill the need. The rice polishing cylinder is made of cast iron and is equipped with two air distribution grooves along the cylinder which can blow the rice bran. Modifications are made by dividing the polishing cylinder into three parts. The centerpiece, cast iron was replaced by a grindstone that grooved along and around the cylinder for air distribution as well as ground pericarp transporter. The improved polisher machine could treat the sorghum grains continuously with polishing capacity of 100-120 kg/hour, and an average yield of 85 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sustainable manufacturing aims to boost output while utilising fewer resources, cutting costs, and having a smaller negative impact on the environment. Regarding the expenditure of materials, power, and resources required for creation as well as the prices of manufacturing processes, the longevity of tools used in woodworking operations is one of the most crucial variables in this context. The current research focuses on the using the rice bran oil as a cooling agent to produce minimum friction and reducing the cutting forces by using TiAln tipped insert for producing low BUE and longevity of the tool. The Taguchi's robust design was used to minimise the number of experiments using L-9 orthogonal array. Speed (m/min) Feed (mm/rev), Depth of Cut (mm), Rice Bran oil(ml/min), were chosen as controllable process factors in the turning process, and surface roughness were engaged into consideration as performance evaluation features. The Taguchi analysis that revealed the appropriate process parameters markedly increased the turning performance when turned 17-4 PH, according to the results of the conformation tests. The rice bran oil used as a cutting fluid had significantly reduced the frictional forces and the tool insert could managed to cut all the nine samples with improved surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassava (Mannihot esculenta) peel is one of cassava processing by-products that have potential as a ruminant feed. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects substitution of cassava peel on rice bran and onggok as an energy source for ruminant feed on In-vitro analysis. The treatments using a completely randomized design with four treatments (0%, 10%, 20% and 30% DM of cassava peel) and four replications. The variables observed was pH value, NH3 and total VFA production. Data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the differences result among treatments means were examined by Orthogonal Polynomial. The results showed that increasing of cassava peel substitution decreased (P<0.01) pH value and increased (P<0.01) NH3 and total VFA. It is concluded that substitution of cassava peels up to 30% can replace of rice bran and onggok as an energy source for ruminant feed. Less wasted resources could lead to a more efficient farming. Further, it can reduce the organic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of blend essential oil (BEO) and NaNO3 on in vitro gas production kinetics and nutrient digestibility. Blend essential oils consisting of essential oil pine (Pinus merkusii) and Eucalyptus (Melaleuca leucadendra) in the ratio of 1:3. The feed for the fermentation substrate consisting of Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mott, rice bran, and pollard in the ratio of 60:20:20 based on dry matter. The doses of BEO added to the feed substrate in rumen fermentation are 0 µl/L and 200 µl/L of fermentation medium combined with 0 % and 0.1% level of NaNO3. This study used in vitro gas production technique according to Menke and Steingass (1979). Fermentation was conducted at 39°C for 24 hours. Fermented gas production was measured at 1,2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 hours. Gas produced during fermentation was used to determine gas production kinetics. Collected data included gas production and nutrient digestibility of dry matter (DMD), organic matter (OMD), crude protein (CPD), and crude fiber (CFD). The effect of adding blend essential oil, NaNO3 and a combination of both were analyzed using a completely randomized design with a 2 x 2 factorial pattern. If there was a significant difference, the Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was continued. Statistical analysis calculations were carried out with the help of Statistical Product and Service Solution (SPSS) personal computer software. The addition of BEO caused a decrease in CPD and fraction a (P<0.01). The addition of NaNO3 caused a decrease in CPD, fraction a, fraction a+b (P<0.01) and decreased fraction b, fraction c (P<0.05). The addition of BEO and NaNO3 had no effect on DMD, OMD, and CFD (P>0.05). The interaction between BEO and NaNO3 did not show a significant effect on all digestibility parameters and gas production kinetics. The conclusion of this study is that the addition of BEO and NaNO3 does not interfere with gas production kinetic and nutrient digestibility in the rumen in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of drying process of the water extracted rice bran powder on the protein-thiol and physicochemical properties was investigated. The rice bran extracted was prepared with water as solvent at high temperature and pressure using the autoclave equipment (121 °C, 15 psi, and 20 min) before undergone drying method using either spray dryer (BṺCHI Mini Spray Dryer B-290, LABOGENE, Denmark) or freeze dryer (CoolSafe 4-15L Freeze Dryers, LABOGENE, Denmark). The water-extracted rice bran powder (WRBP) yield, protein-free thiol compound, physical and functional properties were analyzed. The protein-thiol concentration was quantified using the 5,5 dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) method while protein concentration was directly measured at 280 nm by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. This was followed by physical properties (water solubility) and functional properties (foaming capacity and stability, water and oil absorption capacity) analysis. The powder yield of freeze-dried WRBP (7.69 ± 0.29%) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than spray-dried WRBP (4.43 ± 0.24%). The protein concentration of spray-dried WRBP (4.02 ± 0.36 mg/mL) was higher than freeze-dried WRBP (3.91 ± 0.75 mg/mL). Meanwhile, freeze-dried WRBP (1.22 ± 0.36 nmol thiol/mg protein) had a higher thiol concentration than spray dried WRBP (1.18 ± 0.30 nmol thiol/mg protein). However, both results were not significantly different (p>0.05) between the drying method. Spray-dried WRBP had significantly (p<0.05) higher solubility in water compared to that of freeze-dried WRBP with values 1.22 ± 0.21% and 0.63 ± 0.34%, respectively. Freeze-dried WRBP had higher water and oil absorption capacity. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in foaming capacity and stability for both drying treatments. In conclusion, the drying method for WRBP production could significantly affect the WRBP physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice husk (RH) is waste from rice milling. In the rice milling process, 72% of rice will produce 5-8% bran and 20-22% husks. RH from milling residues is usually thrown away or burned without being processed into something useful, even though RH that used as raw materials to manufacture silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs). The magnesiothermic reduction of silica to Si-NPs releases thermal up to 586.7. The heat released will be absorbed by the silicon particles to form agglomeration between the particles and produce large particle sizes. KBr is used to reduce agglomeration in the magnesiothermic. FTIR characterization showed Si-H groups at 2252 cm−1, Si-O-Si groups at 950-1250 cm−1, and H-Si-O groups at 835 cm−1. XRD characterization shows that Si-NPs and average particle size 13.63 nm. Si-NPs conductivity test about 2785.29 µS/cm and runs stable throughout the test time. Si-NPs are potential anode lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of replacing rice bran with flaxseed in feed on pH, WHC, texture, and cholesterol of broiler meat. Flaxseeds (Uinum usitatissimum) are seeds derived from the Linaceae family of hemp plants, 100 g of flaxseed contains 379.380 mcg of phytoestrogens, rich in alpha-linoleic fatty acid, omega 3, protein, soluble fiber, vitamin B1, magnesium, zinc, and phosphorus. Flaxseed with its nutritional content can lower cholesterol content in the human body and prevent cancer, heart disease, and hypertension. However, flaxseed has a high fiber content so its use is limited in poultry feed, there are also antinutrients such as tannins and phytic acid. To reduce the antinutritional substances in flaxseed, heating is done using a microwave. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) in a completely randomized design (CRD) was used to analyze the results of the study. The replacement of rice bran with flaxseed in feed on the pH value gave no significant effect (P>0.05). The effect of treatment feed on WHC value gave no significant effect (P>0.05), but at T2 (5% of flaxseed) and T4 (10% of flaxseed), the yield was higher than the control treatment (0% flaxseed). Replacement of rice bran with flaxseed 5% gave an increase in the elasticity of broiler meat texture by 26.15 N. Feeding treatment with flaxseed 2.5% gave lower yields (19.3 N) than control feed (20.50 N). The decrease in cholesterol content in meat was positively correlated with an increase in the level of replacement of rice bran with flaxseed. The result of statistical analysis showed a very significant difference (P>0.01) of treatment feed on cholesterol content of broiler meat. Feeding with a flaxseed content of 10% (T4), reduced the cholesterol content of broiler meat to 73.54 mg/100 g. It can be concluded that the best results were T4, which is a replacement of rice bran with 10% of flaxseed flour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corn epidermis is a residue from the corn drying industry, so it is abundant but still underutilized due to low palatability and quality improve the quality of epidermis, fermentation technology is needed. This study aims to determine the effect of giving cow rumen fluid as an inoculant and different carbohydrate sources to corn epidermis's crude protein and fiber. The study was designed with a factorial completely randomized design (RALF) with two factors, factor A (without rumen fluid and 15% rumen fluid addition), factor B adding carbohydrate sources (rice bran, molasses, rice bran plus molasses), three replications. The results showed that the average crude protein content of factor A was 8.97% (A1) and 9.33% (A2), factor B was 9.09% (B1), 9.22% (B2), and 9.14% (B3). Analysis of variance showed that factor A, factor B, and the interaction between factors A and B had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on the crude protein content of corn epidermis. The results of the average crude fiber content of factors A 22.63% (A1) and 22.16% (A2), factor B 23.97% (B1), 21.63% (B2), and 21.6% (B3), the addition of inoculants in the corn epidermis fermentation (factor A) had no significant effect (P>0.05), the addition of a different carbohydrate source (factor B) had a very significant effect (P<0.01), and the interaction between factors A and B has a significant impact on the crude fiber content of corn epidermis. The conclusion of giving rumen fluid and without rumen fluid with different carbohydrate sources in corn epidermis fermentation gave the same value for crude protein content. The content of crude fiber with the provision of carbohydrates as a source of molasses (B2), rice bran plus molasses (B3) provides a lower content value than the carbohydrate source of rice bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran is a common feed ingredient used as animal feed. However, rice bran is often adulterated with the addition of rice husks. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional quality of rice bran subjected to adulteration with rice husks at different levels of impurity. To test the level of adulteration of rice bran with husks, rice bran and husks were mixed in a ratio of 0; 2.5; 5; 7.5; up to 100% rice bran with 100; 97.5; 95.0; 92.5; up to 0% husk. Parameters observed were nutritional quality using proximate analysis. The regression analysis showed that adding 1% rice husk will increase the ash content by 0.116%, crude fiber content by 0.365%, reduced water content by 0.027%, crude fat content by 0.155%, and crude protein content 0.108%. The nutritional quality of rice bran that has been adulterated with rice husks has decreased with the increasing amount of rice husk contamination in rice bran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have proved that feed additive enhances livestock productivity by augmenting intake, efficiency and health status of livestock. Oligosaccharide acts as a prebiotic supplement that modifies the ecosystem of intestinal microbe. The intestinal environment is more favorable to beneficial bacteria growth. The current study is investigating the influence of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) as a prebiotic on the performance and egg quality of laying quail. Two hundred and fifty laying quail, 12 weeks old were randomly set on five treatments and five replicates in ten birds per replicate. They were maintained according to the standard management for five weeks. The ingredients of the diet were maize, rice bran, soybean, fish meal, cooking oil, minerals, methionine and lysine, and were formulated to achieve 20% of protein content. Treatments are basal diet only (C00), basal diet+0.01% of COS (C01), basal diet+0.02% of COS (C02), basal diet+0.03% of COS (C03) and basal diet +0.04% of COS (C04). Diets and water were freely available throughout the experiment. Birds were weighed at the beginning of the experiment. Intake was weekly recorded, and egg production was daily recorded. The variables are feed intake, daily egg production, the conversion ratio of feed and egg quality includes egg weight, yolk index, albumen index, eggshell thickness and Haugh Unit (HU). Data were subjected to the Anova and the Duncan test. The experiment results proved that the inclusion of chitosan-oligosaccharide in the diet significantly improved feed intake, egg production and eggshell thickness and HU values (P<0.05) and egg weight, yolk index and albumen index were not affected significantly (P>0.05). Therefore, the addition of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) in the diet elevated the performance and egg quality of laying quail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran oil is a by-product from rice that is easy to find in Indonesia and has the potential as an antioxidant for skin. To be used as an antioxidant, bran oil must be formulated in such a way as to increase consumer acceptance, one of which is made in the form of a nanoemulsion. This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of surfactant (Tween 80) and co-surfactant (PEG 400) on the stability of rice bran oil nanoemulsion with the organoleptic and pH as the evaluation parameters. Nanoemulsion was made by High Energy Emulsification method by using ultrasonicator. This research was made in 5 formulas with the ratio of tween 80: PEG 400 of (1:1), (2:1), (3:1), (4:1), and (5:1). The stability testing was carried out on those five formulas including the stability test at room temperature for 28 days, centrifuge test and freeze thaw test. The parameters observed were organoleptic and pH of the nanoemulsion. The research data were processed statistically using the One Way Anova method. The results showed that the difference in the ratio of surfactant and co-surfactant had an effect on the organoleptic and pH of nanoemulsion with a significantly different result (p<0.05). The rice bran oil based-nanoemulsion was stable against agitation, extreme temperatures and at storage for 28 days at room temperature. In the future, this rice bran oil based-nanoemulsion formula can be further developed into antioxidant preparations for skin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bran oil, commonly called Rice bran oil (RBO), is extracted from rice bran using a volatile solvent. RBO extract is reported to have poor stability against the heating process. Therefore it is necessary to increase the stability to protect its benefit. Many environmentally friendly methods are being developed in storing food, including the application of microencapsulation. Microencapsulation is a process in which a thin coating polymer envelopes small solid particles or liquid droplets, and the particle size ranges from 1-5000 µm. This research aims to study the effect of the addition of emulsifier Tween 20 on rice bran oil microencapsulation using natural polymers kappa-carrageenan and chitosan as encapsulants coacervation method. Microencapsulations were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), encapsulation efficiency, and yield. In this study, two Tween 20 emulsifier volume variations were used, namely 0.5 mL and 1 mL. Results show that obtained particles have an appearance that is not different. The surface is uneven, structured, and aggregated. RBO was successfully loaded on the matrix chitosan/carrageenan, as can be seen on FTIR spectra. However, for the addition of 0.5 mL, Tween 20 particles had a wider, structured, and finer morphology and had a higher encapsulation efficiency of 66.4959%. The higher the Tween 20 concentration, the more microencapsulations formed, which may break, resulting in lower efficiency. The yield of microencapsulations obtained was 91.9563 for 0.5 mL Tween 20 and 92.2781 for 1 mL Tween 20. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cajuput twigs (CT) and rice husk (RH) are biomass that contains cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This biomass can be used for the production of liquid smoke by pyrolysis. Crude liquid smoke derived from CT and RH contains carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs can be removed using the vacuum evaporator separation method at different temperatures. Crude liquid smoke derived from CT and RH was separated into three fractions using a rotary vacuum evaporator at temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C and resulting in liquid smoke fractions of CT 40, CT 50, CT 60 for cajuput twigs, and RH 40, RH 50, RH 60 for rice husk. These liquid smoke fractions contain phenolic compounds that have antioxidant activity. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antioxidant activity against DPPH free radical scavenging of liquid smoke fractions derived from CT and RH. The result showed that liquid smoke fractions CT 60 and RH 40 have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 33.80 ppm and 26.07 ppm, respectively. These IC50 value was classified as a strong antioxidant and potentially developed as a natural food preservative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetable oil is an alternative to power transformer oil. One of the vegetable oils is Rice Bran Oil (RBO). The material is abundant in Indonesia and has great benefits. This paper discusses the effect of nanofluids on RBO to improve dielectric properties by utilizing several different types of nanoparticles (NP) such type conductive as magnetite (Fe3O4) and type semi-conductive as titanium dioxide (TiO2). Each study sample had 0.05% mg. The sample was compared with Mineral Oil (MT) and tested for chemical, physical, and electrical properties. The physical properties testing includes the viscosity and density tests, while the chemical properties include the water and acid level. Electrical properties testing involves Breakdown Voltage with VDE 370 electrode from IEC 60156 standard under repeated heating conditions from room temperature 30°C - 60°C. From the results of the analysis of modified RBO samples, it was identified that conductive nanoparticles such as Fe3O4 and semiconductive types such as suspended TiO2 were superior to MT. This is indicated in the results that have been summarized that all the values of viscosity and density modification of RBO do not match SPLN 49-1 because of the high intermolecular value compared to MT. Increased resistance to breakdown stress of RBO, including long-chain fatty acids that are not erosive, the acid number and humidity data or water content meet SPLN 49-1 standard and ASTM D6871 standard so that even though there is aging on the RBO compared to organic acids with stress chains owned by MT, the increase is very little. From the test results, it is known that the nanoparticles used in the experiment have unique characteristics that inhibit thermal dispersion through the agolmerated nanoparticles surface which in the future can be good candidates for the development of RBO for dielectric applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced Glycemic End Products (AGEs) contribute to diabetes, neurodegenerative diseases, micro, and macrovascular complications through their interaction with RAGE. Myricetin is one of the potential flavonoids found in red rice bran in East Java. Myricetin in red rice bran may interfere with the AGEs-RAGE signaling, therefore the potential mechanism of their interaction needs to be explained. This study aims to investigate the potency of myricetin in red rice bran as an inhibitor of the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway through in silico analysis. Myricetin compounds and AGEs as ligands were taken out from PubChem and Receptor for AGEs (RAGE) from the RCSB Protein Data Bank. Both ligands and RAGE were established by Hex 8.0.0 then visualized using Discovery Studio 2020. Results show that the formation of the AGEs-myricetin-RAGE complex showed that myricetin bound to argypirimidine with a binding energy of -340.6 kcal/mol. Based on the binding site locations and energy, myricetin might have a biological function as an inhibitor of AGEs-RAGE interactions which was more likely through the establishment of the AGEs-myricetin-RAGE complex. This study suggests that myricetin in red rice bran can be a potential AGEs-RAGE inhibitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease indicated by chronic hyperglycemic condition due to disorder in insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity. Goat milk yoghurt and black rice bran contain antioxidant compound (oryzanol, flavonoid, tocopherol, anthocyanin, and proanthocyanin), with yoghurt containing lactic acid bacteria (LAB), making them suitable for diabetes mellitus therapy. This research was conducted to observe the effect of therapy with goat milk yoghurt fortified by black rice bran flour on the level of glucose and liver MDA of diabetes mellitus mouse model induced by streptozotocin. This research utilized Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with 24 male Balb/c mice aged 12-14 weeks, divided into 6 groups: negative control, positive control, and treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4. Positive control group as well as treatment 1, 2, 3, and 4 groups were induced by intraperitoneal streptozotocin with dosage 175 mg/kgBW, and on 3 days post induction, treatment group 1, 2, and 3 were administered goat milk yoghurt fortified by black rice bran flour as much as 0.14 mL/20 gBW; 0.28 mL/20 gBW, and 0.42 mL/20 g BW for 10 days, while treatment group 4 was administered Glibenclamide® therapy in dosage 0.65 mg/kgBW for 10 days. Blood glucose level was measured by glucometer and liver MDA level was measured by spectrophotometer. Blood glucose level data analysis was performed by Microsoft Office Excel graph while liver MDA level was analyzed by ANOVA test followed by Tukey test (α=0.05). The result of the research showed that administration of goat milk yoghurt fortified by black rice bran flour can significantly lower blood glucose and liver MDA level (p<0.05) with the best administration volume in treatment 3 group, which was 0.42 mL/20 gBW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of using microbe treatment (MT) in improving the water quality in tube wells. MT is a biological treatment solution produced by fermentation process using banana peel, milk, rice water, rice bran and red soil. Microbe solutions (MS1 and MS2) were produced by fermentation of different composition of rice water, milk, banana peels, and brown sugar within 2-5 weeks. MT1 and MT2 were produced in a ball form by mixing the MS1 and MS2 with red soil at different compositions. Water samples from three tube wells, designated as station 1, station 2, and station 3, were used to analyze the quality of water. The location of tube well resources for this study was located at Kampung Jeli, Kelantan and water samples from tube wells were taken and their quality were analyzed by using physical and microbes test in the lab. MT1 and MT2 could reduce the value of pH, turbidity, TDS, Escherichia coli and total coliform. The results showed that MT2 was more effective than MT1 in improving the water quality which at station 1 pH was 7.35, turbidity was 4.93, TDS level was 35.65, E. coli and total coliform were not detected. At station 2, pH was 7.27, turbidity was 2.14, TDS level was 31.11, E. coli and total coliform were not detected. At station 3, pH was 7.06, turbidity was 3.04, TDS level was 26.22, E. coli and total coliform were not detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rice milling process will produce side products, one of them is rice bran which has enormous potential both in terms of economy and health if it is further processed, but until now the use of rice bran is still very limited. Rice bran contains high oil content, which is around 10-23% consisting of 80% unsaturated fatty acids and 20% saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are generally obtained from fish oil, but fish oil has a high price and smells fishy. The content of unsaturated fatty acids in rice bran can be enriched by using Aspergillus terreus, because these molds can produce unsaturated fatty acid higher than other types of Aspergillus. This study examines the effect of pH of the medium variations and the volume of the mold variations on increasing unsaturated fatty acid content in fermented rice bran oil using Aspergillus terreus. The fermentation method used is solid-state fermentation with modified Bligh-Dyer extraction method and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) instrument is used to determine the composition and content of unsaturated fatty acids in bran oil. The result showed that the optimum pH of the medium for increasing the unsaturated fatty acid contents in rice bran oil using Aspergillus terreus, which is at pH 5 with the initial unsaturated fatty acid content of 74.835% to 76.719%. For the optimum inoculum volume to increasing the unsaturated fatty acids contents in rice bran oil is 7 mL with the acid content of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid) of 37.9% to 41.394%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main causes of hyperlipidemia include the consumption of a high-fat diet, which results in atherosclerosis and heart disease. Prevention Of hyperlipidemia can be done by consuming foods rich in antioxidants, such as anthocyanins contained in black rice bran. This study aims to evaluate the anti-hyperlipidemic effect on soy fortified with black rice bran extract on humans, which in research conducted on Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rat research animals. This study amis to evaluate the effect of anti hyperlipidemia on soygurt enriched with black rice bran extract on Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats. This research was conducted in vivo. Research materials included soygurt and black rice bran extract. The research stages included preparation of animal lab. 28 male Wistar rats, 3 weeks old: feed AIN-93G (G) and AIN-93M (M); adaptation a week; depletion period for 5 weeks, until hyperlipidemia with total cholesterol levels ± 200 mg/ml and total triglycerides > 150 mg∕dl. Separated into 4 diet treatment groups, namely without a standard diet, M diet + demineralized water (P = placebo); M diet + soygurt dried (K = control). M diet + 50 mg black rice bran extract enriched in soygurt (S-50). and M diet + 100 mg black rice bran extract enriched in soygurt (S-IOO) for 5 weeks. Taken blood from retroorbital flexus, euthanization. and surgery. Analyses were changed in total cholesterol levels, total triglyceride levels. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of one-way variants (One Way Anova) with Mini tab 17 at a significance level of 5%. If there are significant differences, then proceed with the Tukey1S test (p<0.05). The results showed that the S-100 group was able to reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels after the end of treatment at 95.13 mg/dl and 69.55 mg∕dl. Changes in total cholesterol levels during the study, namely at the early until the induction increased by 57.19% and the induction to the end decreased by -48.19% had a positive effect on the treatment of S-50 and S-100 reducing total cholesterol levels. Wliereas for the total triglyceride levels during the study, at the early until the induction increased by 46.51% and the induction to the end decreased by -48.42%. a positive effect of the treatment of S-50 and S-100 decreased total triglyceride levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Jacq.) is one of the mushrooms that is easily cultivated. Most Indonesian mushroom farmers are using sawdust as a base material for growth media of oyster mushroom. In an effort to prevent decrease in the availability of sawdust, alternative base materials are needed to reduce the cost. This research aims to determine the mycelium growth on every tested substrate and to know the effect of rice bran addition in oyster mushroom's mycelium growth rate. This research used sawdust, grass straw, and rice husk as the substrates. The effect of the presence of rice bran was done by adding rice bran to the substrate. This research used treatment composition as follows: M1 (sawdust 800 g and rice bran 204 g), M2 (sawdust 800 g), M3 (grass straw 400 g and rice bran 204 g), M4 (grass straw 400 g), M5 (rice husk 800 g and rice bran 204 g), and M6 (rice husk 800 g). The results showed that M2, M4, and M6 have mycelium 44.37 %, 28.54 % and 24.58 % respectively in 21 DAI. Our results indicate that we can use sawdust without adding rice bran as the base material to reduce the cost or substitute the sawdust with grass straw and without added rice bran to be an alternative base material for growth media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, Transesterification process has been adopted for converting rice bran oil into rice bran biodiesel. The test samples were prepared from rice bran biodiesel (BD) blended with titanium oxide (TiO2) at different proportions of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, and 150 ppm by the ultrasonicator. An unmodified diesel engine employed for experimentation for all samples. The test samples prepared by volume as follows, BD20 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel), BD20T50 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 50 ppm TiO2), BD20T100 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 100 ppm TiO2), BD20T150 (80 % Diesel + 20 % Biodiesel + 150 ppm TiO2). From the experimental results, it is observed that nano-additives gives affirmative influence on exhaust emissions of rice bran biodiesel blends on a single-cylinder diesel engine. TiO2 nano-additives acts as an oxidation catalyst during combustion thus CO, HC, NOx emissions which reduces effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research about Heryaki probiotic powder as a feed supplement in ruminant diets has been done since 2018. Since changing its form from colloid to powder, there are several advantages of the probiotic powder such as being handled, distributed and utilized easier. This change in the form has followed consumer requirements who feel less practical to use the colloid form of Heriyaki probiotic and spending more time to produce feed since it was mixed using spray pump to distribute liquid probiotic to concentrate or ensiled forage. The procedure of making Heryaki probiotic powder uses a single ribbon mixer of 150 kg capacity with a pump to distribute the liquid. Operationally, Heryaki probiotic powder production starts with turning on the mixer machine at 15 rotations speed per minute until the machine runs stable. Then, the 10% molasses was added into 20% of Heryaki probiotic liquid and mixed until homogenized (solution A). Then, the rice bran was put into the mixer machine (70% of the total amount of powder to be made) and the mixer lid is closed. Solution A is pumped and distributed into rice bran inside the mixer and mix them properly for about 15 minutes. Remove mixed probiotic powder from the mixer machine and put it into drums prior to be compacted (to make anaerobic condition) and kept in anaerobic conditions for minimum 5 days. The probiotic powder is ready to be used or distributed. During laboratory observation, the pH of Heryaki probiotic powder was 3.6 and contained 24.8% of water, 16.8% of ash, 6.8% of protein, 0.52% of lipids, 30.7% of fiber, and 45.18% of nitrogen-free extract. It also contained 2.0x1010 total viable microbes, 1.21 x1010 total fungi, and 1.87x1010 total lactobacillus. Several identified microbes were Candida ethanolica, Bacillus subtilis and Monascus fumeus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulase enzyme is a multi-enzyme system consists of endo-β-1,4-glucanase (CMCase; EG; EC 3.2.1.4), exo-β-1,4-glucanase (cellobiohydrolase; CBH; EC 3.2.1.91), and β-1,4-glucosidase (GH; EC 3.2.1.21). The enzyme system works synergistically to degrade cellulosic substrates to glucose. The endo-β-1,4-glucanase enzyme has an important role in the initiation of cellulose hydrolysis. The exploration of endoglucanase is still continuing in order to achieve the best activity and efficiency. The aim of this study was to characterize the endoglucanase-encoding gene of indigenous Bacillus subtilis, a cellulolytic bacterium isolated from rice bran, by in silico analysis. The endoglucanase gene was isolated using forward (5'-TTCGCAGCAAGTGTAACGGA-3`) and reverse (5`-CTCGCCGTACATCGCATAGT-3`) primer, and amplified through PCR in this following condition; pre-denaturation at 94°C for 4 min, denaturation at 94°C for 30 sec, annealing at 54°C for 30 sec and extension at 72 °C for 1 min, the final extension was performed at 72°C for 2 min, all repeated to 35 cycles. The endoglucanase gene of indigenous Bacillus subtilis from rice bran comprises of 862 bp (246 amino acid). In silico analysis showed that endoglucanase gene of Bacillus subtilis has a catalytic cellulase domain constituted of BglC gene and CBM (Cellulose Binding Module). The binding region of the enzyme is located at residues 228 – 246 and the constituent amino acids of the active site are Asp44, Glu84 and Glu172. The enzyme belongs to Glycosyl Hydrolase/GH1 and GH5 family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adsorption has proved as a promising process for the valuable trace component isolation. Unfortunately the process reported commonly in laboratory scale. In order to scaling – up process, the information on fundamental parameters involved must be provided. In this study, a quantitave description will be arranged for desribe Oryzanol isolation from rice bran oil. Isolation of oryzanol from rice bran oil was conducted in laboratory scale of silica gel - column adsorption. A mathematical model has been developed for describing the effect of volumetric rate to the adsorption column performance and verify through visual inspection. It turned out that the model proposed can be quantitatively described the adsorption phenomena. Furthermore, the values of the parameters for the simulation were also determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable and compostable tableware is significantly more environment and nature friendly than disposable tableware and drinkware made of plastic. Tableware made of wheat bran, but also corn and rice bran is already commercially available. It is reasonable to use the by-products of the milling of also other cereals, like rye bran, barley bran and oat bran, for the production of tableware. The aim of this research was to explore the possibilities for the production of tableware and drinkware from the by-products of the milling of wheat and also other cereals like rye and oat bran. In order to achieve the aim, compacts were moulded from rye bran and oat bran and mixtures of bran (wheat bran and rye bran) using various work modes. The moulding of the compacts included different temperatures of the mould, moulding durations and compressive forces. The mechanical properties like density and flexural strength of the compacts were determined and the compostability of the compacts was studied. The test bodies were placed inside a compost bin to check their compostability and to determine the duration of composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, one step activation was introduced using potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcium oxide (CaO) modified palm kernel shells. Various concentration of calcium oxide was used as catalyst while maintaining the same concentration of potassium hydroxide to activate and impregnate the palm kernel shell before calcined at 500°C for 5 hours. All the prepared samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). FTIR analysis of raw palm kernel shell showed the presence of various functional groups. However, after activation, most of the functional groups were eliminated. The basic strength of the prepared samples were determined using back titration method. The samples were then used as base heterogeneous catalyst for the transesterification reaction of rice bran oil with methanol. Analysis of the products were performed using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) to calculate the percentage conversion of the biodiesel products. This study shows, as the percentage of one step activation potassium and calcium oxide doped carbon increases thus, the basic strength also increases followed by the increase in biodiesel production. Optimization study shows that the optimum biodiesel production was at 8 wt% catalyst loading, 9:1 methanol: oil molar ratio at 65°C and 6 hours which gives a conversion up to 95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the synthesis of GABA by Lactobacillus bacteria in fermentation of defatted rice bran extract without adding glutamate. Two strains of Lactobacillus were investigated into capacity of GABA synthesis. Result indicates that, Lactobacillus brevis VTCC - B - 454 exhibited the higher capacity of GABA synthesis in fermentation of defatted rice bran extract than that of Lactobacillus plantarum VTCC - B - 890. Total dissolved solid (TDS), free amino acids (AA) and reducing sugar (RS) contents in fermentation of defatted rice bran extract with two strains also significantly decreased. At pH 5 and 9%w/w of TDS content in defatted rice bran extract, Lactobacillus brevis VTCC - B - 454 accumulated 2,952 ppm of GABA in 24 hours of fermentation. The result implies that fermentation with Lactobacillus brevis VTCC - B - 454 can be applied for GABA production from defatted rice bran extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran is one of the significant byproducts of rice processing with 10%w/w of constitution of whole rice grain. It is rich in nutrient compounds, including glutamic acid. Thus, it could be utilized for the fermentation with Lactobateria for synthesis of GABA, a valuable bioactive for antihypertensive effects. However, the concentration and purity of GABA in fermentation broth of defatted rice bran extract is low for production of GABA drug. This research focused on the purification of GABA from the fermentation broth of defatted rice bran extract by using cation exchange resin. The results indicate that, the adsorption isotherm of GABA by Purelite C100 showed the good agreement with Freundlich model, with high adsorption capacity. The effects of pH and concentration of NaCl in eluent on the elution were also investigated. The obtained results show that, at the operating conditions of elution as follows: pH 6.5, 0.8 M of NaCl in eluent, 0.43 of bed volume; concentration of GABA in accumulative eluent, the purity and recovery yield of GABA were 743.8 ppm, 44.0% and 84.2%, respectively. Results imply that, it is feasible to apply cation exchange resin for purification of GABA from fermentation broth of defatted rice bran extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, Vegetable oils derived from Sesame Seed and Rice Bran were used and experimented upon. Using Kerosene as the solvent in varying proportions (30%, 50%, 70% by volume) with the vegetables oils, different blends of Sesame and Rice Bran Oils were produced. The important characteristic properties were found by experimentation and compared with those of Straight Run Diesel. Subsequently, Straight Run Diesel, vegetable oils and their blends were used to run a diesel engine one-by-one and the performance analysis was conducted, followed by an investigation of the exhaust emissions. From the comparative performance analysis, it was found that Rice Bran oil showed better performance as a fuel than Sesame with regards to power production and specific fuel consumption and also resulted in less Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission than Sesame oil blends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrated method of producing biodiesel and sugar using subcritical water and methanol has been employed as a potential way to reduce the high cost of single biofuel production from rice bran. The effects of temperature, methanol to water ratio and reaction time on the biodiesel yield and purity, and the concentration of sugar in hydrolysate were investigated systematically. Biodiesel with yield and purity of 65.21%and 73.53%, respectively, was obtained from rice bran with initial free fatty acid (FFA) content of 37.64% under the following conditions: T= 200 °C, P= 4.0 MPa (using CO2 as pressurizing gas), ratio of rice bran/water/methanol of 1/2/6 (g/mL/mL), and 3 h of reaction time. FFAs level was reduced to 10.00% with crude biodiesel recovery of 88.69%. However, the highest biodiesel yield (67.39%) and crude biodiesel recovery (100.00%) were obtained by decreasing the amount of methanol so that the ratio of rice bran/water/methanol became 1/4/4, g/mL/mL. In addition, the highest sugar concentration of 0.98 g/L was obtained at 180 oC and 4.0 MPa with ratio of rice bran/water/methanol of 1/4/4 (g/mL/mL) and reaction time of 3 h. Since no catalyst was employed and the biodiesel and reducing sugar were produced directly from rice bran with high water and FFA contents, the process was simple and environmentally friendly, which would make the production of biofuel more economical and sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-situ ethyl biodiesel production from rice bran under subcritical water and ethanol with no catalyst was employed. This process is environmentally friendly and is very flexible in term of feedstock utilization since it can handle relatively high moisture and free fatty acids (FFAs) contents. In addition, the alcohol, i.e. bioethanol, is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and green raw material when produced from non-edible biomass residues, leading to a 100% renewable biodiesel. The fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs, ethyl biodiesel) are better than fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs, methyl biodiesel) in terms of fuel properties, including cetane number, oxidation stability and cold flow properties. The influences of the operating variables such as reaction time (1 - 10 h), ethanol concentration (12.5 - 87.5%), and pressurizing gas (N2 and CO2) on the ethyl biodiesel yield and purity have been investigated systematically while the temperature and pressure were kept constant at 200 °C and 40 bar. The optimum results were obtained at 5 h reaction time and 75% ethanol concentration using CO2 as compressing gas. Ethyl biodiesel yield and purity of 58.78% and 61.35%, respectively, were obtained using rice bran with initial FFAs content of 37.64%. FFAs level was reduced to 14.22% with crude ethyl biodiesel recovery of 95.98%. Increasing the reaction time up to 10 h only increased the yield and purity by only about 3%. Under N2 atmosphere and at the same operating conditions (5h and 75% ethanol), ethyl biodiesel yield and purity decreased to 54.63% and 58.07%, respectively, while FFAs level was increased to 17.93% and crude ethyl biodiesel recovery decreased to 87.32%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran contains a number of compounds which have shown to present beneficial effects on cardiovascular system. The rennin-angiotensin system is suggested to play roles in insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Rice bran products have been reported to ameliorate type 2 diabetes. The protein fraction from rice bran is a rich source of valuable nutrition, however, there is only few reports on its effects on angiotensin system. Rice protein hydrolysates (RBP) were prepared from defatted Hom-Mali rice cultivated in the North-East region of Thailand with controlled enzymatic hydrolysis. Murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells were cultured in DMEM media supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to angiotensin-I (ANG-I) and ANG-II resulted in stimulation of superoxide formation, as detected by lucigenin enhanced chemiluminescent assay. RBP (20-400ug/mL) concentration-dependently suppressed the oxidant formation. The suppression effect may be in part due to the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity, as shown by an in vitro assay using rabbit ACE and specific substrate. Thus, RBP possesses ACE inhibiting activity and Since ANG may participate in inflammatory processes in diabetes and metabolic syndrome, nitric oxide formation was measured as a marker of induction of iNOS. Rice bran protein hydrolysates (100-800 ug/mL) showed to suppress ANG-I and ANG-II-induced nitric oxide generation. This study suggests that rice bran protein hydrolysates could suppress angiotensin-mediated oxidative stress and may provide beneficial effect as food supplement in diseases with oxidative stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice bran contains various nutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals, and vitamins, making it a very useful food source. Whole rice grains can also be modified to improve their nutritional value or to promote their functional properties. For centuries fermentation with lactic acid microorganisms has been a simple and inexpensive method to improve the functional and nutritional value of foods. The aim of this study was to characterize the lactic acid bacteria previously isolated from a different spontaneously fermented cereal based media. Lactobacilli such as L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. paracasei, L. uvarum and Pediococci such as P. acidilctici and P. pentosaceus, were characterized by their growth and acidification rate, carbohydrate metabolism, and xylanase and protease activity production during fermentation of rice bran. The rice bran fermentations were carried out in a single step without growth supplementation at solid state (SSF) conditions. The P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus showed very good properties of acidification, the pH in fermentation medium ranged from 3.92 to 3.16. Among the tested strains, the L. plantarum and L. brevis and P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus strains were able to ferment L-arabinose and D-xylose, also hexoses D-galactose, D-glucose, and N-acetylglucosamine. All tested strains differed in the L- and D- lactic acid production rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]