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This study was carried out to investigate the diversity of termite species and level of damage on tree in 25-year-old rubber plantation, Singkawang City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The survey was conducted by direct observation of all rubber trees in the rubber plantation and termite's mound (nests). Observations on rubber trees attacked by termites were characterized by the presence of termite's gallery and damage on the bark. Soldier termite were collected from standing rubber tress for identification purposes. The results showed that 16 species of termites were identified from nine genera such as Coptotermes sepangensis, Havilanditermes proatripennis, Pericapritermes speciosus, Coptotermes curvignathus, Coptotermes travians, Procapritermes sp H, Amitermes dentatus, Schedorhinotermes malaccensis, Macrotermes gilvus, Macrotermes sp B (major soldier), Coptotermes havilandi, Macrotermes malaccensis, Macrotermes sp A (major soldier), Prohinotermes flavus, Nasutitermes matangensis, and Schedorhinotermes sarawakensis (major soldier). A total of 348 rubber trees were inspected for evidence of termite attack. Termites attack on tress was determined by both the presence of gallery and termites on the trunk, but particularly peeling of tree bark, The most dominant termite genera found infesting rubber trees was Coptotermes. Approximately 22.70% (79 trees) of all rubber trees in the plantation were infested by termites consisting of 3.45% (12 trees) at level I damage, 7.47% (26 trees) at level II damage, and 11.78% (41 trees) at level III damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are indispensable water resources for human needs such as domestic consumption, agricultural, and industrial purposes. This study aimed to determine the water quality in the upstream of Sook River, district of Keningau, Sabah, Malaysia. The field study was conducted between October 2018 and March 2019, during the wet season due to the Northeast Monsoon. Five water quality sampling stations in the upstream of Sook River area were chosen. And, six quality parameters, namely DO, BOD, COD, pH, NH3−N, and TSS, were collected to examine the water quality index of the Sook River. The results showed that only the DO parameter was in Class II, indicating that the Sook River was in good condition; COD, pH, and TSS parameters were in Class III (moderately polluted); and BOD and NH3−N parameters were in Class IV (polluted). Based on the Malaysian WQI, the water quality during the study period was 59 (Class III), indicating a polluted condition. The field observations revealed that the primary sources of pollution in the upstream of Sook River were domestic waste discharge from settlement areas, agricultural activity (oil palm and rubber plantations), and logging near the upstream area. In conclusion, the water quality in the upstream of Sook River is classified as polluted (Class III). Thus, the upstream of Sook River's is unsafe for domestic consumption and must be treated further. Authorities must mitigate efforts to conserve the Sook River's water resources that supply raw water to the Lanas Village water treatment plant for domestic consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the deformation pattern of compressed wood cell walls and the effect of loading directions on modulus of rupture (MOR) values of radially compressed wood in drying set condition. Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa End1.) wood with a specific gravity of0.44 was used to determine the deformation pattern because it has a clear boundary between early and latewood. The deformation levels were observed at strain levels of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. Microscopic observations of wood cell walls were carried out using a Laser Scanning Microscope (LSM) at a scale of 200 µm. The wood samples used for bending tests were Agathis (Agathis sp.) and Rubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) with specific gravity of 0.45 and 0.70, respectively. The wood samples were compressed in the radial direction at 0.35 strain level or 35%, after softening by using a hot press at 100°C for 4 hours until it reached drying set condition without being damaged. The results showed that the deformation of wood cell walls at a strain level of 0.1 started from the surface and the earlywood, which has thin cell walls. At strain levels of 0.2 and 0.3, the number of deformed cell walls at the surface and below the latewood increased, and only the latewood cell walls remained unchanged. MOR values of uncompressed wood in radial loading direction were almost the same as that in tangential loading direction. However, the MOR values of radially compressed wood in the tangential loading directions were higher than those in the radial loading directions. Compression in the radial direction collapsed the wood cell walls from their initial shapes to almost flats and arranged the structure tangentially. Therefore, the MOR values of radially compressed wood increased when it was loaded parallel to its tangential direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a triple-track engineering strategy (3TES) that is developed simultaneously, integrated and sustainable while still based on local wisdom and changing environmental conditions of swamp buffalo. The decrease of the buffalo population is caused by external factors such as an increase of slaughter rate due to high demand causing substitution between the two red meat producers; and internal factors, including the traditional rearing system, loss of habitat due to land conversion, reproductive performance, and lower growth rate. So far, researchers and policymakers have paid attention to efforts to generate potential. The integration system was developed regarding to the traditional concerns of the Jambi Malay indigenous peoples as stated in the Seloko (traditional poem) "Ado Padi Segalo Jadi, Ado Ternak Segalo Enak, Ado Parah Segalo Murah". The 3TES model is an adaptive model that was developed in response to changes in external environmental conditions that affect the habitat of the buffalo ecosystem, especially related to the loss of grazing areas due to the conversion of forest, rice fields, as well as rubber plantations into palm oil plantations. Model 3 TES is an entry point for the introduction of technology that is carried out in stages, simultaneously and integrated, and involves the participation of local communities (households) in collective action through the communal housing system. It can be concluded that the 3 TES approach is the entry point in developing an integrated system for palm oil, swamp buffalo, and rice fields known by the abbreviation SISKESA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rubber farming is the main activity of rubber farmers in Musi Banyuasin Regency. Generally, a rubber farmer cultivates a quite extensive of rubber plantation area, but the production is not optimal, hence it impact on their revenue. This study was aimed to determine the factors affecting rubber farmer revenue as well as optimizing these factors to preserve their rubber farming business. This research was conducted in Sukamaju Village, Musi Banyuasin Regency, on September – October 2017. This study used multiple regression analysis with 30 respondents as the samples. The results showed that the average of farmer education was elementary school and was still in the productive age. The sources of income for farmers came from rubber farming, trading and labor. While the factors influencing their revenue were the number of farmers rubber stands (X2), the price of rubber farmers (X3) and the amount of rubber production (X4). The results of this study are important to be determined because by knowing the factors affecting the farmers revenue, farmers can optimize their revenue by increasing these factors. These factors including implementation of good agricultural practice, adoption of recommended clones, as well as by selling their product through organized market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies concerning the bird community inhabiting the rubber plantations at Universitas Indonesia, Depok have been previously conducted. However, Universitas Indonesia has since developed infrastructure that may have affected the population of the bird community. Here, we investigated the effect of rubber plantation land reduction on the resident bird community. The birds were surveyed using a point-count at 4 subtype rubber plantations in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The number of unit sampling was determined using the curve method. Totally, 16 species from 12 families were found. The composition of species in the rubber plantation has changed; only 6 species from the previously studies were found. The diversity index increased from 2.02 (previous study) to 2.06, and the evenness index was 0.75, indicating that the bird community is quite even. This study revealed that the dominant species of birds have changed to Collocalia linchi, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Dicaeum trochileum, Nectarnia jugularis, Hirundo sp., Passer montanus, and Pericrocotus cinnamomeus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental management of Dayak Ngaju tribe, especially in Mantangai Sub-district is a local community strategy for maintaining their current lives. The ethnoecological studies in Mantangai Sub-district, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province has been conducted during July 2018. The objective of the study is to record and classify the landscape unit based on the local knowledge perspectives. Collecting data was conducted using semi-structured interviews, direct observation, and literature study. The results show that local community divided into six units of landscapes as a place to fulfill the daily needs of the Dayak Ngaju communities. The unit landscapes are batang danum (river), lewu (villages), parakayu (protected forest, customary forest, and village forest), kabun gita (rubber plantation), tana (fields of vegetables and rice plants), and bahu rambung (old fields or field that have not been used for several years). Differences in community perspectives of land use are due to changes in the environment, cultural conditions, and social economy. It can create a landscapes composition and adaptation strategies that are also different to complete their daily needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of butterflies within an ecosystem is influenced by the availability of host plants and food. Butterflies have specific host plants to lay eggs and to get food for the larvae. One of the methods to collect butterfly by using fruit traps. The purpose of this research was to know the diversity of butterflies by using fruit trap in Bukit Duabelas and Harapan Forest landscape Jambi. Butterfly sampling was conducted on seven different land types: forest, forest riparian, jungle rubber, rubber plantation, riparian rubber plantation, oil palm plantation, and riparian oil palm plantation. Traps in pairs of 4 pieces using banana (2 traps) and pineapple fruit (2 traps). Trapping started from 08.00 am to 5.00 pm. The number of butterflies caught with banana traps was 52 species and 417 individuals. The highest number of butterflies caught is in the forest than to other land types. Mycalesis mineus (24 individuals) and Elymnias congruent (50 individuals) from the subfamily Satyrinae are the dominant species caught in traps. The traps with pineapple bait (44 species and 227 individuals) attracted more butterflies than the traps with banana (37 species and 190 individuals) as bait. The results of this study implied that the transformation of land use influenced the diversity of butterflies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The populations of Sumatran elephant are decreasing as the elephant are mostly killed in the conflict triggered by elephant disturbances to the community fields and gardens. Research on human-elephant conflict around Plantation Forest Area (PFA) was conducted in Ulak Kedondong Village, Cengal District, OKI Regency, from August to November 2017. The aim of the research was to determine elephant disturbances, perception and socioeconomic characteristic of the community toward elephant conservation value. Purposive random sampling was used to determine the respondents to be interviewed by using structured questionary. The results showed that the PFA area and community gardens of Ulak Kedondong Village in Cengal District were often suffered from elephant disturbances. The communities education level are mostly elementary school graduates (51.6%) and only 9.68% are high school graduates. The majority of respondents have the main occupation as farmers (88.9%). Elephant disturbances in the villages cause damage to community gardens especially rubber plantation leading to economic losses. The existence of elephant disturbances influence the community perceptions to the conservation of elephant negatively, as indicated by 91.7% of respondents stating that elephants are harmful and not useful. To minimize conflict, increasing feed availabilities through habitat enhancement are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]