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An upstream supply chain commonly causes supply chain disruptions in both the manufacturing and service industries. As one of the prominent national industries, the sugarcane industry in Indonesia has been facing such disruption. Upstream risks in the sugar cane supply chain need to be evaluated to avoid disrupting the national sugar industry supply chain. This study aims to map network configuration and the potential sustainability risks and causes through the upstream sugarcane supply chain. The Supply Chain Operation Reference is used to classify business activities in the upstream sugarcane supply chain. Stakeholders of the upstream sugarcane supply chain have participated as respondents for this research. This study has begun by conducting the Delphi interview method to validate sustainability risk events and agents on the supply chain. In addition, supply chain configuration has been validated to visualize a comprehensive view of upstream sugarcane supply networks. The results of this study found that potential factors and causes of sustainability risk. This study also shows that environmental risk factors are the most prominent factor contributing to the impact of economic losses compared to social risk factors and economic risk itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Sugarcane is a major Philippine crop. It is also accounted for the 2nd biggest farm area under food crops. Despite the large plantation area, there is a decreasing trend of production of sugarcane in the past few years, both in quantity and quality. One of the reasons is the accumulated decreased productivity of small - sized farm. To address the decrease in sugarcane production, this research aims to (1) provide combination of the best Philippine sugarcane varieties using compromise programming. Flowering, millable stalks, yield potential (LKg/Ha), and reaction to diseases such as downy mildew, smut, yellow spot, and leaf scorch were used as criteria, and (2) recommend cultivation practices based on the chosen varieties to produce more high yield sugarcane for small - size farm in the Philippines. The results show that the five best sugarcane varieties for the current conditions stated are Phil 93-1601, Phil 94-0913, Phil 92- 0577, Phil 92-0051, and Phil 99-1793. The best combination of sugarcane varieties and cultivation practices are also listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is a biomass conversion by thermal process that using water as solvent and reactant. This technology is superior in treating biomass with a high water content into char and liquid product. This research aims to observe the zeolite incorporation in HT as an additive material to increase the acidity for hydrolysis enhancement. The effects of temperature and zeolite addition on biochar of press-mud biomass characteristic has been observed. The temperature variation were 180, 200, and 220ºC with a water-biomass ratio of 1:5 and residence time of sixty minutes. Zeolite was added as much as 20% of the sample weight. The HT char was characterized using proximate analysis, heating value, and FTIR. The solid product had a heating value from 1886.419 to 2047.559 cal/g. It is observed that temperature variation affect the caloric value, ash content, fix carbon, and energy densification, while zeolite addition increased solid yield, energy yield, and liquid product acidity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) gasification is a promising method that used in energy generation field. The impurities of SCB such as moisture content, ash and volatile maters will disturb the gasification process and decrease yield and quality of syngas. Pre-treatment, such as pelleting and torrefaction, can be applied on SCB to improve gasification performance in a gasifier. The aims of this experiment were to study non-catalytic gasification of Indonesian SCB for syngas production in a downdraft gasifier. This experimental investigation was focused on gasification temperature effect (800, 950 and 1050°C) and pre-treatment methods (pelleting and torrefaction) of Indonesian SCB on carbon conversion efficiency (CCE), syngas volumetric percentage and lower heating value (LHV). The result showed that the highest CCE was 88.16%, obtained at 1050°C of torrefied SCB gasification. Meanwhile, the highest LHV of syngas was 4.48 MJ/Nm³, obtained at 1050°C of pelletized SCB gasification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...

Decreasing world reserve of fossil resources (i.e. petroleum oil, coal and natural gas) encourage discovery of renewable resources as subtitute for fossil resources. Biomass is one of the main natural renewable resources which is promising resource as alternate resources to meet the world's energy needs and raw material to produce chemical platform. Conversion of biomass, as source of energy, fuel and biochemical, is conducted using thermochemical process such as pyrolysis-gasification process. Pyrolysis step is an important step in the mechanism of pyrolysis - gasification of biomass. The objective of this study is to obtain the kinetic reaction of catalytic pyrolysis of dry torrified sugarcane bagasse which used Ca and Mg as catalysts. The model of kinetic reaction is interpreted using model n-order of single reaction equation of biomass. Rate of catalytic pyrolysis reaction depends on the weight of converted biomass into char and volatile matters. Based on TG/DTA analysis, rate of pyrolysis reaction is influenced by the composition of biomass (i.e. hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin) and inorganic component especially alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM). From this study, it has found two equations rate of reaction of catalytic pyrolysis in sugarcane bagasse using catalysts Ca and Mg. First equation is equation of pyrolysis reaction in rapid zone of decomposition and the second equation is slow zone of decomposition. Value of order reaction for rapid decomposition is n > 1 and for slow decomposition is n<1. Constant and order of reactions for catalytic pyrolysis of dry-torrified sugarcane bagasse with presence of Ca tend to higher than that's of presence of Mg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...