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Evidence indicates that poverty is associated with a host of social ills including crime, and also including correlates of crime such as psychological and behavioral problems in children, teen joblessness, single parenthood, and child abuse. In the present paper we concern ourselves with whether poverty is differentially associated with serious and violent crime as compared to nonviolent crime. The conventional wisdom allows that violent acts are much more likely than property crimes to be motivated by negative emotions such as frustration and anger and the connection between these and psychological and physiological stresses associated with poverty can easily be made (e.g., Bernard, 1990). A logical analysis points in the direction of a special relationship between poverty and violence. Here we will discuss the basis for the hypothesis and an analysis of data that tests it. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a variety of reasons why violence may have a differential etiology compared to other forms of crime. In the present paper we explore one factor that is sometimes more strongly associated with violence in the empirical literature: poverty. We review theoretical discussions related to this issue and empirical evidence. We discuss both how poverty may affect contemporaneous motivation to commit violence and how poverty might be associated with the development of violent behavioral strategies. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, mixed-use development has become a very popular strategy in urban planning. Criminological theory, such as routine activities theory, might suggest that this type of development could lead to a greater number of crimes, in particular burglary and robbery. The present paper will discuss likely effects of mixed-use development on crime. To that end we will review criminological theory and empirical research relevant to this issue. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some types of crime and some types of offenders cause more harm than others. Violent offending causes harm to society in human as well as financial terms. While most criminological theories do not distinguish violence from other forms of crime, and evidence suggests that high rate offenders commit a variety of crimes, there are many reasons to believe that all offenders are not equally likely to commit a serious violent act. Unfortunately, very few reviews of the correlates of crime focus on violence, and those that do fail to determine whether a given correlate is associated with violence in particular, or with criminality more generally. Some studies, however, present separate analyses of violent and non-violent crime and allow us to determine whether a correlate is differentially related to violence. In the present paper we will browse a sample of criminological journals to discover studies that present findings on both violent and non-violent outcomes. We will attempt to organize what has already been published so that we can move our understanding of this issue forward, and generate hypotheses about correlates of crime that may help us predict violent behavior. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical and empirical literature in criminology suggests that strain, social control and social support are all associated with offending. What is unclear is the nature of their role in the development of persistent offending. In the present paper we will discuss the logic regarding the role that strain, social control and social support might play in the long-term dynamics of persistent offending and present some analyses related to this issue. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses multiple waves of the National Youth Survey (NYS) to examine the dynamics of strain, social control, and social support in the etiology of persistent offending. Two major issues are addressed: 1) Does strain in early adolescence contribute to the development of persistent offending; and 2) Can factors such as social support and social control mitigate the effects of strain on long term offending? The analysis will also examine the types of stressors most closely linked to persistent offending and the types of social relationships which have the best prospects for mitigating their effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]