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This study considers the 'three sub-abilities' that constitute the abstraction ability and focuses on drawing as an education for acquiring them. Focusing on the similarity between the process of drawing and the semiotic triangle, elucidating their relationship with the sub-abilities that constitute the abstraction ability, it devises a drawing education programme that focuses on 'observing' rather than 'drawing'. The drawing education programme formulated is implemented on 177 students, and the result is determined using tests that enable objective evaluation to prove the effectiveness of the program in helping students acquire the 'three sub-abilities' that constitute the abstraction ability. The educational programme proposed in this research, which focuses on the universality of the effects of learning drawing, as well as the quantitative criteria for evaluating it, will contribute to familiarize practical education in the field of art to the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing primarily on Ian Bogost's model of procedural rhetoric, this study examines how a recent console role-playing game -- Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 3 -- combines game mechanics and narrative themes in order to create ideological frames. In particular, genre conventions that shape those mechanics and narrative themes refract common procedural frames in particular ways, suggesting that procedural rhetorical arguments based on the same general principles can shift depending on the generic lineage of any given text. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]