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Three Dimensional (3D) maintenance data provides a link between design and technical documentation creating interactive 3D graphical training and maintenance material. It becomes difficult for an operator to always go through huge paper manuals or come running to the computer for doing maintenance of a machine which makes the maintenance work fatigue. Above being the case, a 3D animation makes maintenance work very simple since, there is no language barrier. The research deals with the generation of 3D maintenance data of any given machine. The best tool for obtaining the 3D maintenance is selected and the tool is analyzed. Using the same tool, a detailed process for extracting the 3D maintenance data for any machine is set. This project aims at selecting the best tool for obtaining 3D maintenance data and to select the detailed process for obtaining 3D maintenance data. 3D maintenance reduces use of big volumes of manuals which creates human errors and makes the work of an operator fatiguing. Hence 3-D maintenance would help in training and maintenance and would increase productivity. 3Dvia when compared with Cortona 3D and Deep Exploration proves to be better than them. 3Dvia is good in data translation and it has the best renderings compared to the other two 3D maintenance software. 3Dvia is very user friendly and it has various options for creating 3D animations. Its Interactive Electronic Technical Publication (IETP) integration is also better than the other two software. Hence 3Dvia proves to be the best software for obtaining 3D maintenance data of any machine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we numerically investigate the multiphase problem involving the water entry of a three dimensional body. In this respect, the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are numerically handled via the finite volume method, while the multiphase flow is captured using the Volume of Fluid algorithm. The numerical approach is first validated by comparison against Wagner's analytical results, then the water impact of a high speed planning craft hull is simulated considering a constant entry velocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct reconstruction method for 3D electrical resistance tomography was introduced. Compared with the traditional image reconstruction algorithms based on the sensitivity/Jacobian matrix, the conductivity distribution in any part of the three dimensional region of interest can be calculated directly and independently, by using the factorization method. Simulated data for electrical resistance tomography with sixteen electrodes were obtained in three dimensions. The electrodes were equidistantly mounted at a single cross section of the pipe. Neither matrix inversion nor iteration was used in the process of image reconstruction. The reconstructed results validated the feasibility of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We study the effects of three dimensional (3D) random roughness on wave propagation in a parallel plate metallic waveguide with finite conductivity. The surface roughness is characterized as a random process characterized by root mean square (rms) height, correlation length and power spectral density (PSD) function. The second order small perturbation method (SPM2) is applied to compute the coherent wave enhancement factors of absorption. A microstrip line structure is designed for validation of these enhancement factor results. Rough surface height profiles are measured on the substrate and the PSD is extracted. With the PSD we obtain the enhancement factor for the specific surface roughness. The attenuation constant of the microstrip line with rough surface can be estimated using a field solution for a smooth surface and the enhancement factor. The results for waveguides are also compared with the results obtained for a plane wave incident on a metal surface with 3D roughness. Comparison between the estimated and measured attenuation constant shows that the enhancement factor derived by SPM2 gives a better estimation than the standard Hammerstad and Bekkadal equation. The waveguide model gives more accurate enhancement factors than the plane wave model at frequencies above 20 GHz, especially for rough surfaces with rms heights larger than 2 μm. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study investigates the use of ultraviolet nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) for patterning three dimensional (3D) structures. Generating the 3D structures is a challenging task especially on an insulating substrate such as quartz. The quartz transparent mold is essential for the UV-NIL process. The 3D profiles were created on the negative tone photoresist, Microresist ma-N2403 using a Raith- 150 electron beam lithography (EBL) tool in a single step variable dose controlled exposure. The developed 3D resist profiles were subsequently utilised as the 3D masking layer. The 3D patterns were transferred into the quartz mold substrates by a single-step reactive ion etching (RIE). Surface roughness below 2 nm has been achieved when the RIE process pressure is lower than 6 mTorr. The replication of the 3D mold structure by using the UV-NIL technique requires a two-step imprint process. The master mold profile was replicated onto a Microresist Ormocomp US-S4 resist on the first imprint to become the soft mold. The cured Ormocomp soft mold, was subsequently used as a mold for replicating the 3D pattern structures on the Microresist mr-UVCur06 resist in the second imprint step to create a positive replica of the original mold. A test pattern of a 3D pyramid-shaped array with multilevel features was successfully replicated using this technique. This paper reviews our recent work on 3D UVNIL mold making and imprinting processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present methods of analysis and mathematical modeling contain so many assumptions that separate them from reality and thus represent a defect in design which makes it difficult to analyze reasons of failure. Three dimensional (3D) modeling is so superior to 1D or 2D modeling, static analysis deviates from the true nature of earthquake load which is “a dynamic punch”, and conflicting assumptions exist between structural engineers (who assume flexible structures on rigid block foundations) and geotechnical engineers (who assume flexible foundations supporting rigid structures). Thus a 3D dynamic soil-structure interaction is a step that removes many of the assumptions and thus clears reality to a greater extent. However such a model cannot be analytically analyzed. We need to anatomize and analogize it. The paper will represent a conceptual (analogical) 1D model for soil structure interaction and clarifies it by comparing its outcome with 3D dynamic soil-structure finite element analysis of two structures. The aim is to focus on how to calculate the period of the structure and to investigate effect of variation of stiffness on soil-structure interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]