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Generally speaking, a coating system that is optimal combines considerable toughness and micro hardness in the right way. The possibilities of several difficult phases and more difficult candidates have previously been investigated in previous research. The current paper has examined several of these slurry erosion studies that included nickel, alumina, and Titania as potential coating materials. The goal of the study is to find out how these coating candidates affect how well a coating system resists slurry erosion. The analysis showed that using the researched coating materials significantly improved the coating surface behavior (mechanical and micro structural), and performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass Oxygen Transfer is a molecular diffusion of gas in a liquid depending upon its characteristics, concentration and cross-sectional area across which diffusion occurs and is accomplished in aerobic digestion of organics through different aeration equipment. Accordingly the comparative evaluation of mass transfer oxygen by different aeration equipment were conducted in existing aeration tanks of Agro Based Pulp and Paper Mill by studying the effect during pre and post injection of liquid oxygen through submerged and floating turbine systems coupled with fine bubble replacing existing coarse bubble diffuser. The dissolved oxygen levels in the second aeration tank (AT2) equipped with submerged turbine has further improved in the range of 2 to 2.5 comparison to lower values up to 1.5 mg/l observed in first aeration tank (AT1) with floating turbine systems. It was further studied that if fine bubble diffuser replacing existing pipe in both the aeration tanks are further coupled with liquid oxygen injection through submersible turbine system in both the aeration tanks shall increase dissolved oxygen levels up to 3-3.5 mg/l besides reduction in energy consumption up to 25% thus lowering overall treatment cost and further improve the treatment efficiencies for reduction a of BOD and COD at the final out let well below compliance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historical masonry buildings are characterized by vulnerability corresponding to seismic action as also been highlighted by Bhuj 2001, Kashmir 2005 and Nepal 2015 earthquakes of Indian subcontinent. As per the past earthquake records Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand (India) are the most tectonically dynamic regions in the foothills of Himalayas. The two states are having several heritage structures of british regime spanning from Shimla to Dehradun and Mussoorie. One such national heritage clay brick masonry structure namely Forest Research Institute in the city of Dehradun had gone under vast damages in the form of cracks during the Uttarkashi earthquake (1991). This structure has been investigated for detailing the existing in-situ damages and compare the damages with numerically predicted overstressed regions. Numerical solution shows huge bidirectionally spanning walls, arch and vault springings to be critically overstressed in out of plane movement and in-plane shear respectively validated too by in-situ damages. Depending on the damage typologies and construction material as lime or lime:surkhi mortar, this study suggests retrofitting strategies specifically for historical clay brick masonry structures of India which can be broadly extrapolated for use elsewhere in the world for historical clay brick masonry having constituents' properties lying in the same range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this review article, an attempt has been made to study the global impacts of the climatic uncertainties on the environment and human health. The principal factors responsible for global climate change are also highlighted in brief. It has been reported in the literature, that the mean temperature of worldwide atmosphere may rise from 1.8 - 4.0 °C in the running centaury. Moreover, 1°C increase in the temperature could increase 1-4% of mortality along with some adverse consequences such as water shortage, crop crisis, unemployment, green house gases concentration etc. Therefore, in order to preserve the global environment and human life, it is imperative to explore the alternative options even in changing climates. The present study explores the possibilities of minimizing the negative effects of climate change on ecological system and human health by adopting the principles of sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research carried out reveals the annual soil erosion risk assessment and its relation in landslide vulnerability in the Shimla tehsil, Himachal Pradesh, India. The study area has a geographical area of 368 km2. Datasets such as Survey of India topographical maps, Soil maps from Soil and Landuse Survey of India (SLUSI), rainfall datasets from Shimla meteorological centre and LANDSAT 8 imageries have been used to retrieve the annual soil loss. Landslide inventories have been collected from 2000 to 2020 through LANDSAT 8 OLI, Sentinel 2A and Google Earth satellite imageries. The datasets have been processed in the GIS environment and the final results have been cross-correlated with the landslide inventories to evaluate the relationship between soil erosion and landslide vulnerability. The rate of soil erosion was differentiated into five classes ranging from 0.03 to 2.1, where 0.03 represents the least amount of soil erosion and 2.1 represents the highest amount of soil erosion. The values less than 0.1 were observed all through the places covering forest and slope areas which is least prone to soil erosion. The values between 0.12 to 0.5 indicate medium to high stage soil erosion. These areas cover agricultural fields, degraded forests and forest blanks. The areas with the highest amount of erosion were observed along with the Barren lands and Built-up lands where the rate of erosion exceeds more than 30. A total of 96 landslides were mapped from the Google earth imageries for the year 2017. Among these landslides, nearly 79.1% occur along the Very low rate of soil erosion and 20.8% occurred along the low rate of soil erosion. The landslides are clustered in the study area mainly located along populated areas such as Shimla Town, Mashbora, Dhalli etc. Some of the landslides are located along the National highway extending between Rampur to Shimla. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environmental flow is the mitigation strategy proposed to overcome the environmental impact due to the construction, and operation of the hydropower project. Maintaining the environmental flow is one thing to worry but the conflict between the perception towards the maintenance of the environmental flow among the administer and locale differs at two extremes. In 2017, National Green Tribunal has passed the order to maintain 15 % of the average lean season flow as the environmental flow in the downstream side of the dam. The amount of water to be maintained also differs from project to project. Hence a proposal of device that typically assesses the environmental flow needed based on the hydrological, habitat, and hydraulic data fed into. This research work proposes an instrument that evaluates the environmental flow requirement and alerts the stakeholders in case of any failure in maintaining the environmental flow in the downstream side of the dam. A sensor is attached to it that monitors the maintenance of the environmental flow, failure in maintenance will alert the river authorities. Additionally, the environmental flow calculated will be displayed in the government offices where it is visible to the public on a daily basis. This helps in creating awareness among the locales, farmers, and other stakeholders to know the importance of the environmental flow. This also helps in creating transparency between the dam administrators and the locales about both the extreme level of impact due to the hydropower project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this investigation, the leaching characteristics of heavy tracing elements from bottom ash was studied. Leaching test have been performed to predict the environmental impact of bottom ash with variation liquid-to-solid (L/S) ratio and three different extracted medium. The leachate concentration of tracing elements Mg, Mn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe and Mo was determined to examine impact of extraction fluid. It is noticed from the results that pH of extracting medium is highly responsible for the leaching rate. Leachate concentration is increases with increase in liquid to solid ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the effects of sand water slurry on the pressure drop in horizontal pipes are study. The CFD tool is used to analysis the pressure drop, velocity profile and solid concentration distribution profile of the slurry in the pipe. For the study the length of horizontal pipeline is taken as 2 m with 100 mm diameter. Eulerian multiphase model and K-omega mode is adopted for simulation. The three average particles size i.e. 128 µm, 79.5µm and 31.5µm are considered for this current analysis for a slurry flow velocity of 4 m/s at two different volume fractions (10 and 40%). The influence of slurry flow velocity on the flow parameters are analyze in this study. The simulation model is validating with the experimental results available in previous literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of BaZn0.6Zr0.6Fe10.8O19 powder samples using sol–gel-auto-combustion method has been reported. The impact of calcination temperature on the structural, magnetic and surface morphology of these samples has been investigated. XRD data confirms that the samples are phase pure and have no traces of intermediate phase such as α/γ-Fe2O3 and BaCO3 etc. The lattice parameters and cell volume increase slightly with increase in calcination temperature. The c/a parameter is <3.98 for all samples implying that they are M-type hexaferrites. Magnetic measurements reveal an increase in the values of coercivity (HC) and saturation magnetization (MS) increase with calcination temperature. The grain size increase from≈100 nm to ≈2 µm with increase in calcination temperature from 800 °C to 1100 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of different fuel on M type barium hexaferrite structure and properties. During present work, we have synthesized a BaZn0.2Zr0.2Fe11.6O19 using sol–gel auto combustion route by using different fuel combination (citric acid-ammonia, citric acid-ethylene glycol and tartaric acid-ammonia). BaZn0.2Zr0.2Fe11.6O19 were characterized by XRD, VSM, EDX and SEM. The influence of different fuels were reflected on the morphology of crystallites, size as well as on their magnetic properties. The sample prepared by tartaric acid as fuel has the highest saturation magnetization (Ms) and that with citric acid-ammonia sample has the highest coercivity(Hc). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrogen doped SnO2thin films (thickness ~ 250 nm) were deposited at different substrate temperature by radio frequency (rf) sputtering method. Crystal structure, morphology and optical properties of these films were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer, respectively. XRD measurement suggests that the film deposited at room temperature was amorphous in nature and films deposited at higher temperature were crystalline in nature. The film deposited at RT and 200 °C have transparency more than 90% in visible region but the film deposited at 400 °C has lesser transparency. Red shift was observed in the absorption edge may be due to decrease in ionicity due tothe formation of the Sn-N bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]