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In the context of game-based learning, learning is often limited to basic literacies such as math and reading, even though several educational institutions acknowledge the importance of Values education. In this paper we discuss how to bring values into a game. We discuss the design and implementation of a customisable version of the popular board game, Snakes and Ladders to teach values to the young (ages 0-8). Values refer to "a centrally held, enduring belief which guides actions and judgements across specific situations...". This implies that there is an inherent element of choice or decisionmaking in demonstrating one's values. We discuss the process of adapting the Snakes and Ladders board game to a physical artefact by applying a Values-based Transformative Games Design Model, and further digitizing the artefact to make it more accessible. A prototype of the digital artefact is presented to demonstrate the concept. The Insider Action Game Design Research methodology is applied to create a physical artefact given the researcher's involvement in volunteer work on values-based education for the young. The findings of this research are of immediate benefit to those wishing to introduce a digitized version of a simple and popular board game to teach values to young children. The valuesbased questions used in the game are easy to adapt so the game has the potential to be extended to various other basic literacies, as well as different types of values such as sustainability and cultural values. The Values-based Transformative Games design model can also be adapted and improved with further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to analysis of anthropometric characteristics in young table. 41 players took part in this study (12 female and 29 male) all of whom underwent control and evaluation for a period of four years (between the ages of 9 and 12). Anthropometric evaluation was conducted following the International Society for The Advancement of Kinanthropometry protocol. Data collected for body variables were: weight, height, BMI, skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, iliac crest, mid-thigh and calf), perimeters (contracted/relaxed arm and leg), and diameters (humerus, styloid and bicondyle of femur). Body composition was calculated using percentage of body fat, bone and mass percentage, following De Rose and Guimaraes' tetra compartmental model. Carter's method was used to obtain somatotype. Consent form was signed by all participants prior to fore-mentioned processes being carried out. Analysis of variance for repeated measures of a single factor showed statistically significant differences for BMI (p=0.029) and for total value of six skin-folds (p=0.015), increasing in both cases with age. No statistically significant differences were found in reference to muscle and fat mass percentages. Total value of six skin-folds and BMI are extremely interesting variables to keep in mind when managing the evolution of an athlete's biotype due to the direct accumulative effect of specific training sessions after several years. Evaluating body composition in young players may be of interest when it comes to managing their progression, maturation and both physical and sports performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we presented some theoretical and practical considerations about children and young people vision eye care process developed into a local program in Transylvania region, with optical companies help and optometry students' implications. It is very important to understand, to inform and to educate all people in visual problems field and also to prevent, from childhood until young ages (25 year old), the installation of visual refractive errors, the correct use of their visual function, to establish visual ergonomic places and to avoid computer syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on topics about social issues in management which include the responses of firms to radical regulatory change, plagiarism among Academy of Management members, and a global governance framework for corporate social responsibility.

Notwithstanding the rather dramatic increases in the acceptance of the principle of racial equality and integration among whites over the past four decades, there are indications of persisting racial antipathy. Today much of the expression of racial antipathy is subtle and indirect. I contend that racial apathy is an especially good way to measure racial prejudice in the post-civil rights era. Racial apathy as I conceptualize it is feelings of indifference toward racial and ethnic disparities. This study uses data from the 1997 Social Attitudes of College Students Survey, a sample of undergraduate students attending four universities located in the southern, midwestern, and western region of the United States (N=541), to address two interrelated questions. First, what are the social origins of white racial apathy today. Secondly, what role does racial apathy play in determining levels of support for social policies that address race-specific inequalities? I use exploratory factor analysis to identify the underlying structure of white racial apathy. Next, I estimate an ordinary least squares regression model to examine the social correlates of white racial apathy. Finally, I estimate a series of ordinary least squares regression models in which we regress responses to racial policy questions on demographic and the individual and group self-interest variables, stratification belief variables, traditional and contemporary prejudice variables, and white racial apathy. I conclude by exploring the implications of these results for the future study of white racial attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiple sources (Arnett 1997, Scheer et al 1996) suggest the transition to adulthood involves significant psychological and emotional dimensions. In this paper we use data from five focus groups to further investigate the ?inner side? of the transition to adulthood. For focus group respondents, becoming an ideal adult means separating one?s self from family and taking responsibility for one?s life. An adult is responsible, enjoys a stable identity, is independent, is viewed by others as an adult and contributes to the world around her. Typical life course events such as legal adulthood at age 18 or marriage can be helpful steps in the process of becoming an adult but do not in and of themselves determine one?s status as an adult. Indeed, an individual need not even pass through many of these markers yet can still achieve adulthood. Results suggest that youth do not dismiss the role of traditional demographic markers such as becoming a parent, but rather assign these markers a secondary role to the psychological achievements listed above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dominant cultural images of African American women represent them as hypersexual beings, a characterization that contributes to continued discrimination against them. In this presentation, I explore how Honey, a magazine written specifically for young women of color, constructs an alternative image of black female sexuality intended to help overcome social inequality. First, drawing from a content analysis of the magazine, I outline Honey?s stance expressions of sexuality. Young black women are encouraged to pursue sexual fulfillment in their private lives while avoiding public displays of their sexuality through appearance and behavior. Second, I situate Honey?s position in a broader historical debate about women?s role in the project of improving social conditions for African Americans. Honey?s proposed strategy parallels that of black clubwomen of the early twentieth century, both of which argue for strict adherence to dominant social and cultural expectations of respectability as a means of combating the controlling images that promote ongoing social inequality. Finally, I critique the politics of respectability, suggesting that its emphasis on the adoption of white middle class standards only reinscribes them as the social norm. From a sociological standpoint, achieving social equality requires change on a structural, not just interactional, level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General strain theory is employed to delineate the social mechanism leading from economic strain and household strain, two of the most important stressors, to substance abuse among young adults, some attending college and another group pursuing other activities. The 2001 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) data is used to test three general hypotheses. The results, overall, show support for general strain theory, in that both household strain and economic strain lead to greater odds of substance abuse. The negative affect they create, measured by psychological distress, constitutes a mediating variable. However, the strain factors? effects vary for the two young-adult populations. A limited number of economic strain variables were present in the employed secondary data set, and the study models are similarly limited. Future research should collect original data for the specific purpose of testing general strain theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does being more religious make one less susceptible to alcohol problems? This paper considers the effects of religiosity (religious self-perception and coping) and attendance at religious services on the distribution of alcohol problems by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Data come from a sample of 1,803 Miami-Dade County young adults interviewed between 1997 and 2000. One-way ANOVA and OLS regression indicate that, although males exhibit higher levels of alcohol abuse, religious involvement has a similar linear negative association with alcohol problems for both sexes. The most noteworthy contrast is found between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites. African Americans display a low level of alcohol problems with a virtually flat trend line. This situation reflects a high overall level of religious involvement with little variability. In contrast, whites show high variability in both religiousness and alcohol problems; these are related in an inverse linear fashion. Also, results show that, while religious involvement inhibits alcohol problems at all SES levels, all significant relationships between SES and alcohol problems are positive. Higher parental SES increases the risk for alcohol abuse-?most likely because people with higher SES tend to be less religious and more permissive with respect to alcohol use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, adolescent depression has increasingly been recognized as a serious public health problem. The estimated prevalence rate ranges from just over eight percent to nearly 19 percent, with females having approximately twice the prevalence rate of males. In addition, a growing body of research suggests that many adolescents will continue to struggle with symptoms of depression as they make the transition from adolescence to young adulthood. While previous research has made important contributions to our understanding of the health risks associated with adolescent depression, these studies faced many serious limitations. This study, based on nationally representative longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), draws on ideas from life course theory and the social stress perspective to extend our knowledge about the long-term consequences of adolescent depression for adult health and well-being. Latent growth curve modeling will ultimately be used (1) to identify the developmental processes by which histories of depressive symptomatology influence trajectories of risky health behavior across the transition from adolescence to young adulthood and (2) to examine how gender, an important determinant of social structural position, is linked to physical health and mortality risk through differential exposure and vulnerability to mental health problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data provided by a panel of non-Hispanic white respondents (males=1,323 and females=1,427) examined in early adolescence and young adulthood, this study explored whether aggressive response to severe role stress is dependent upon gender identification and prior history of aggression. Logistic regression analysis yielded findings as follows: 1) Men who reported aggression during early adolescence are significantly more likely to respond to severe role stress with aggression while men who were not aggressive in adolescence do not report much increase in aggression under the similar circumstances. 2) For young women, however, role stress increases aggression only among those who did not report aggression in early adolescence. For those who reported aggression during adolescence, the effect is positive but weak. These findings are interpreted using principles of socialization, gendered role expectations, and strain perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though parents and age-mates play major roles in the early life course of youth, more attention is focusing on important "other adults" who have mentored them. A number of community studies have asked young people whether they have an important other adult in their lives beyond parents. However, no study has provided a nation-wide portrait of these adult mentors, or an account of their relationship and activities. This exploratory study uses a national sample of youth to address these issues in the transition to adulthood - the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) which began in 1994, grades 7-12. With early access to the third wave of interviews (2000-2001), we survey the nominated adults by gender and in different race-ethnic groups, the nature of their relationship, and the prominence of different types of mentors among youth who are on different educational paths to adulthood. Three out of four Add Health youth reported an important "other adult" - some 20 adult roles were identified. Their assistance primarily involved emotional support and guidance. Anglo-American youth were most likely to identify school personnel, whereas African-American youth tended to select family and friends. Teachers and guidance counselors stand out among youth who are collegeoriented, with adult friends being most prominent among high school graduates and dropouts. Subsequent analyses with all data waves of Add Health will extend this investigation of the life course of the mentor-young person relationship by focusing on its timing, social origins, correlates, and consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historically, few programs have provided job training services with a family orientation, even with clear goals of encouraging marriage and two-parent families in more recent welfare reforms. We present results of a nonexperimental, multi-method evaluation of the Full Family Partnership (FFP) demonstration located at Jobs for Youth (JFY)/Chicago that assisted young couples in committed relationships in entering the workforce. Econometric analyses indicate that young mothers -- who stayed in the FFP program longer than their partners and utilized more of the family-focused supportive services -- had significantly larger gains in employment and earnings and decreases in TANF receipt upon program exit relative to both mothers receiving standard, individually-oriented services at JFY and mothers participating in JTPA. In addition, descriptive analyses indicate that a majority of participating couples were still together at one year post-program and many increased their commitment to their relationship. We consider several program components that may have contributed to these effects, including the motivation partners provide one another through simultaneous program participation and the increased provision of family-focused services to participants. These are key program elements that might be considered as policymakers and program developers seek to meet the needs of a diverse range of young couples who are raising children while entering the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional effects of advertising on young adults of lower socio-economic status by Andrew L. Mendelson Temple University and Paul D. Bolls Washington State University Running head: Ads, family income, and young adults October 18, 2002 Correspondence to: Andrew Mendelson Department of Journalism, Public Relations & Advertising 2020 N. 13th Street Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 215.204.5020 amendels@temple.edu An extended abstract submitted to the Information Systems division of the International Communication Association for the 2003 annual conference, San Diego Emotional effects of advertising on children of lower socio-economic status Introduction Traditional hierarchy-of-effects models of advertising state that advertising exposure leads to cognitions, such as memory about the ad, the product and/or the brand; which in turn leads to attitudes, such as product liking and attitude toward possible purchase; which in the end leads to behaviors, such as buying the advertised product (Albion & Farris, 1981). One issue that has not been raised in this area of research is what happens to a consumer who is not able to carry out the desired behavior because of lack of economic resources. Research has suggested that people of lesser economic means are particularly harmed by constant media messages of consumerism because they have no way to relieve the created consumerist wants and desires (West, 1994). It is possible that the inability to pursue wants and desires evoked by ads for luxury products could lead to differential patterns of emotional cognitive responding during processing of an advertisement. This study investigates differences in emotional and cognitive responses as revealed through physiological responses (heart rate, skin conductance, and facial EMG) for young college students of different socio-economic levels. Advertising , materialism, and SES One of the established effects of advertising is that it increases peoples’ desires for consumer goods and promotes materialism. Some researchers, e.g., Galbraith (1967), even see advertising as "relentless propaganda on behalf of goods in general." Advertising, it is argued, stirs, or creates, desires and needs in people for more material goods. These needs are never completely satisfied, however, because, once a product is bought, a new one appears in the market to replace it, creating yet a new need (Galbraith, 1958). Thus, as Crisp (1987) argues, advertising overrides a consumer’s autonomy of decision making in the creation of these desires, by offering an unshakable link between products and the fulfillment of desires for them. A number of studies have investigated the association between advertising and materialism levels, but none has focused specifically on the role of socio-economic status as a potential intervening variable in that process. Nevertheless, the findings of previous research on advertising, materialism levels, and demographics are instructive in the formulation of a proposition to be tested in this research. In general, materialism is defined as the idea that people gain personal satisfaction from owning objects (Yoon, 1995). Further, materialism is a consumer value characterized by possessiveness, non-generosity and envy (Belk, 1984, 1985), and by acquisition centrality, which means that material acquisition is crucial to one’s life and success (Richins & Dawson, 1992). Materialism is also associated with other negative consequences, such as self-hatred and greed. Robertson, et al. (1989) examined the effects of advertising exposure on the level of demand displayed by children of their parents. As television viewing (the operationalization of advertising exposure) increased, the number of product requests increased. Unfortunately, that study did not look at the possible interaction with demographic variables. Yoon (1995) investigated the relationship between attitudes toward advertising in general and materialism beliefs among Caucasians and African Americans. The sample consisted of college students and adults from the same community (found through mall-intercepts). The results showed African Americans held more materialistic values and were more positive about advertising than Caucasians. The study did not explore the differential effects of socio-economic status specifically. Consequently, it is not possible to tell whether the African American sample was of a different socio-economic status compared to the Caucasian sample. What happens when a person is not able to satisfy the needs instilled in a materialistic culture, partly by advertising? Do these needs ferment in a person, accumulating over time, forming higher levels of anxiety, tension and frustration? Or do consumers become desensitized, as the literature on other media messages, specifically television and movie violence, has suggested? Study general proposition and specific hypotheses Consumption is constrained by disposable income. As a general rule, consumers cannot purchase products if they have no money. Indeed, Quarles and Jeffries (1983) show that overall consumption levels are predicted best by disposable income, not by the amount of advertising to which one is exposed. The most critical question, as these authors suggest, is how people react "when material expectations exceed economic ability" (p. 13). There is no evidence so far that consumers? desires, created by advertising, would simply disappear when they lack disposable income. In general, people feel comfortable in a state in which their attitudes and behaviors match. If attitudes and behaviors cannot reach a congruency, people experience a motivational state of arousal (first conceptualized and tested by Festinger, 1957). Specifically, as the phenomenon known as cognitive dissonance shows, people experience a drive or pressure to reduce this arousal by changing either their beliefs, or their behaviors or both. It is reasonable to believe that cognitive dissonance would occur among college-age consumers who, through advertising, develop a desire for a product at the present time but can not afford it. One indication of the occurrence of cognitive dissonance could be emotional responses to the ads. This study investigates the emotional state of such consumers as a result of advertising for products that they may not be able to afford. Advertising researchers have used physiological measures to assess cognitive and emotional responses to advertising. Heart rate has been used to measure attention paid to television advertisements (Bolls, Yoon, Lang, & Potter, 1997) and presence of mental imagery during exposure to radio advertisements (Bolls & Potter, 1998). Skin conductance has been used as a measure of arousal and response to sales appeal during television advertisements (Hopkins & Fletcher, 1994). Recently, facial EMG has been used to measure the valence of emotional response to radio advertisements (Bolls, Potter, Lang, Floyd-Snyder, 1999). The measurement of physiological responses during exposure to advertisements provides information that cannot be obtained through self-report measures alone. Taken together, physiological and self-report data have the potential to provide detailed insight into the nature of emotional and cognitive responses evoked by advertisements. Based on Robertson, et al. (1989)?s findings that advertising exposure was positively related to product requests, we expect that: H1: People higher in pre-exposure materialism scores will report that they pay more attention to advertising, in general. In other words, there will be a positive relationship between inherent materialism levels and advertising exposure. Building on the cognitive dissonance literature, we predict that there will be a relationship between advertising exposure, socio-economic status, and emotional responses to the ads. H2: Consumers of lower family income will find the advertisements less pleasing. H3: Consumers of lower family income will find the advertisements more exciting. Method The study will be a 2 (high/low family income level - between subjects) x 2 (high/low product cost - within subjects) x 8 (product item - within subjects) x 4 (order - between subjects) design. All participants will be exposed to the same set of commercials. The study controls for television use, attention to advertising, previous exposure to the ads used in the study, attitudes toward the advertised products and brands, and demographic variables, such as age, gender, and racial or ethnic background. Procedure and stimulus materials The study will be conducted with one participant at a time in a psychophysiological lab. Participants will be college freshman. The participants will each answer a short pre-test questionnaire, probing television watching, attention paid to advertisements, materialism beliefs, and semantic-differential-scale items measuring pre-existing attitudes to the about to be seen products (bad/good; unfavorable/favorable; dislike/like). Following this questionnaire, each participant will view a series of eight commercials for different products, four low-cost items and four high-cost items. The commercials were selected from television shows aimed at young adults. All spots are 30 seconds in length. High cost items cost at least $200 and low cost items were under $100. Four orders of exposure have been created to control for order effects. Physiological data will be collected for a five second baseline prior to each advertisement and during exposure to the advertisements. After each commercial, the participants will fill out a series of questions in reaction to the ad: Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) scales, attitudes toward the ad and the brand, and control questions about whether they had seen this commercial before and whether they owned the product. After the last commercial, the participants will answer a post-test set of questions including the materialism scale and demographic items. Participants will then be debriefed, thanked, and excused. The findings will be discussed in terms of the consequences these emotional responses may have for consumers of lower socio-economic status. Is our society raising a large group of people who are constantly exposed to, but cannot hope to participate in, the system of values advertising espouses? How do they cope with such discrepancy between the media reality and their own economically-constrained reality? References Albion, M. S., & Farris, P. W. (1981). The advertising controversy: Evidence on the economic effects of advertising. Boston: Auburn House Publishing Company. Belk, R. W. (1984). Three scales to measure constructs related to materialism: Reliability, validity, and relationships to measure happiness. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 291-297. Belk, R. W. (1985). Materialism: Trait aspects of living in the material world. Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 265-280. Bolls, P.D., & Potter, R.F. (1998). I saw it on the radio: The effects of imagery evoking radio commercials on listeners’ allocation of attention toward the ad. In D. Muehling, Ed., The Proceedings of the 1998 Conference of the American Academy of Advertising. 123-130. Bolls, P.D., Potter, R.F., Lang, A., & Floyd-Snyder, J. (1999). How can I tell if you love me when I’m afraid to ask? The effects of message valence on emotional and cognitive responses to radio. Paper Presented to the Information Systems Division of the International Communication Association San Francisco, CA, May. Bolls, P.D., Yoon, K., Lang, A., & Potter, R.F. (1997). The hard sell: The effects of pace and content arousal of television commercials on viewers’ attention, arousal and storage of commercial information. Paper presented to the Information Systems Division of the International Communication Association. Montreal, Canada, May. Crisp, R. (1987). Persuasive advertising, autonomy, and the creation of desire. Journal of Business Ethics, 6, 413-418. Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Galbraith, K. G. (1958). The affluent society. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Galbraith, K. G. (1967). The new industrial state. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Havlena, W.J., & Holbrook, M.B. (1986). The varieties of consumption experience: Comparing two typologies of emotion in consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 394-404. Hodes, R.L., Cook, E.W., & Lang, P.J. (1985). Individual differences in autonomic response: Conditioned association or conditioned fear. Psychophysiology, 22, 545-560. Hopkins, R., & Fletcher, J.E. (1994). Electrodermal measurement: Particularly effective for forecasting message influence on sales appeal. In A. Lang (Ed.), Measuring psychological responses to media. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. Mehrabian, A., & Russell, J. (1977). Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273-94. Morris, J. D., & McMullen, J. S. (1993). Measuring multiple emotional responses to a single television commercial. Advances in Consumer Research, 21, 175-180. Quarles, R. C., & Jeffries, L. W. (1983). Advertising and the national consumption: A path analytic re-examination of the Galbraithian argument. Journal of Advertising, 12, 4-13. Richins, M., & Dawson, S. (1992). A consumer values orientation for materialism and its measurement: Scale development and validation. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 303-316. Robertson, T. S., Ward, S., Gatignon, H., & Klees, D. M. (1989). Advertising and children: Cross-cultural study. Communication Research, 16, 459-485. West, C. (1994). Race matters. New York: Vintage Books. Yoon, K. (1995). Comparison of beliefs about advertising, attitude toward advertising, and materialism held by African Americans and Caucasians. Psychological Reports, 77, 455-466. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young Americans' non-engagement in politics has been raised as a critical issue for the last 10 years. People claim that young people today are more ignorant, apathetic, and cynical about politics than at any other time in the past. A recent report from the Washington Post quoted a young voter from Arkansas as saying, "The young people don't feel connected to the candidates, because they don't campaign to them. And the candidates don't feel connected to the young people, because they think they don't vote." Using the National Election Study (NES) data, this study seeks to discover the relationships between various factors that influence voting behavior and voter turnout among young people aged 18 to 35 in the 2000 presidential election. Using the hierarchical regression, this study tried to predict how much of variance in voter turnout among young Americans was explained by certain factors. This study further develops a profile of the young people who are likely to turn out to vote on an election day using the discriminant analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I show how very young children (between the ages of 1 and 2 ½ years) use ?gaze avoidance? as a method of resisting caregivers? efforts to intervene in their activities, specifically their acts of misconduct toward other children. When children hit, bite, push, or take toys away from others, caregivers routinely seek to halt their activities. As part of a course of intervention that usually involves both verbal and physical moves, caregivers seek to bring their eye gaze in line with the children?s, particularly when children are slow to give up their line of misconduct. Indeed, children?s avoidance of the caregiver?s gaze is treated by the caregiver as specifically constituting a course of resistance, even defiance. As part of a strategy of securing compliance from ?misbehaving? children, caregivers insist on the children?s return gaze as they address them, and treat the absence of return gaze itself as a sanctionable matter, one that is closely tied up with children?s refusal to comply. An important issue raised in this paper is that of very young children?s agency with respect to how such a basic and pervasive interactional resource as being able to regulate where one looks enables them to persist in their own interactional projects, in spite of others? efforts to get them to stop. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An abstract of the research paper "The Influence of Anxiety Towards the Future and Gender on Entrepreneurial Intention" by Adnane Maalaoui et al. is presented.

This paper presents preliminary findings from a research project on religious- and secular-based volunteering and the transition to adulthood. Specifically, I examine the link between childhood poverty and a successful transition into adulthood, and how participation in religious- and secular-based volunteerism during adolescence might mediate this relationship. I use longitudinal data from multiple waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to create complete life-histories and parental characteristics of 1324 individuals aged 18 and 19. This analysis and data are a step-forward among studies of the ameliorative effects of religious involvement and volunteering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the young adult consequences (social, economic, and psychological well-being) of junior high school violence and harassment. The paper addresses questions raised by the popular media about whether socially isolated and harassed adolescents (1) go on to become violent, (2) whether they remain victims of the harassment into young adulthood, or (3) whether they handle it as a normative phase of life and recover from it. The answer is pretty clearly that they remain victims and experience social isolation, may experience times of serious economic impoverishment, and may have serious psychological problems in later young adulthood (even controlling on initial levels of family poverty and depression). The study is a panel study of 7th grade students in 1971, later reinterviewed as adults in 1981-88. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]