Search

Glycerol monocaprate was synthesized from capric acid in two stages. These include the synthesis of tricaprin from capric acid followed by ethanolysis to produce glycerol monocaprate. The esterification of glycerol (1 mmol) and capric acid (10 mmol) with sulfuric acid (5% w/w of the total weight of reactant) produced tricaprin as a yellow liquid with a yield of 32%. Additionally, the ethanolysis of tricaprin using lipozyme TL IM yielded 57% of glycerol monocaprate as a viscous yellow liquid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acid methyl esters or commonly known as biodiesel has emerged as a promising alternative to petroleum-based diesel. Biodesel is biodegradable, renewable, high lubricity, non toxic, good viscosity and have similar properties to diesel. In this study, the methyl ethyl esters were produced from waste cooking oil using nickel supported calcium oxide derived from waste cockle shells (Ni/CaO) as catalyst. The catalysts were synthesized using electrochemical method at 0.5 wt% nickel loading. The methyl ethyl esters were produced via simultaneous esterification and transesterification at different catalyst dosages (1 to 7 w/w%), reaction temperatures (60 to 90 oC) and reaction times (3 to 7 h) with constant molar ratio methanol to oil of 20:1. The high yield of methyl ethyl esters were obtained at 3 w/w% of catalyst dosage, 80 oC of reaction temperature and 5 h of reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is a residual by-product derived from the processing of crude palm oil (CPO) into cooking oil. Due to its high content of free fatty acids (FFA), PFAD is unsuitable for further utilization in food products. This study harnesses PFAD as a feedstock in the production of biodiesel, a sustainable energy source. The esterification of PFAD with methanol to generate fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) was conducted using a semi-continuous reactor equipped with an ion-exchange heterogeneous catalyst known as amberlyst. The catalyst was employed at 8% of the substrate's weight for the esterification process, which was carried out at a temperature of 115°C for 3.5 hours. To assess the progress of the reaction, aliquot samples were collected every 30 minutes, and the acid number was measured. The amberlyst catalyst was subjected to purification and could be reused for up to three cycles. The outcomes demonstrated that employing the catalyst for up to three repetitions yielded FAME products with high yields of 98.58%, 98.27%, and 97.82%, respectively. A direct relationship was observed between the FAME yield and the reduction in the acid number. The consistent yield percentages after three esterification cycles affirmed the effectiveness of the catalyst in the esterification of PFAD into FAME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Proceedings of the International HVAC&R Congress is the property of Union of Mechanical & Electrotechnical Engineers & Technicians of Serbia (SMEITS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cinnamic acid ester derivatives are known to have important pharmacological properties. Replacement of hydrogen with deuterium at selective positions of potential drugs is known to allow less frequent and lower drug dosing. The synthesis of methyl-d3 cinnamate derivatives is introduced in this study. The room temperature Fischer esterification is conducted to present the methyl-d3 cinnamate derivatives in which deuterated methanol was used as deuterium source of the ester counterpart. Sulfuric acid is applied as a catalyst and ethyl acetate is also tried as a co-solvent for the utmost synthesis of cinnamic acid derivatives that resulted in a fair to excellent yield of methyl-d3 cinnamate derivatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinyl Oleate was prepared by esterification reaction between Polyvinyl Alcohol and Oleic Acid catalyzed by sulfuric acid and also in the absence of it. The reactant concentration was varied as 1 : 1 mol and 1 : 2 mol regarding to oleic acid in 2.5 hours of reaction. The formation of the ester was confirmed by FTIR and HNMR. FTIR spectra showed the wavenumber as 1100-1200 cm−1 assigned to C-O-C functional group. HNMR chemical shift showed the signal at δH 4.7 ppm and δH 4.9 ppm were attributed to vinyl ester proton. The decrease of acid value of the product indicated that esterification reaction has been proceeded, with the highest conversion as 97.4%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free fatty acids can be converted into biodiesel through an esterification reaction. The esterification activity can be enhanced by using a catalyst such as pillared bentonite. In this study, bentonite was modified through the pillarization method using Al-Fe and Al-Cr metals with a metal mole ratio of 1:1, 1:9, and 9:1 to prepare the solid acid catalysts and to determine the mole ratio of Al-Fe and Al-Cr metals that can produce maximum conversion in the esterification process of free fatty acids into biodiesel. The prepared catalysts were characterized using TPD, XRD, SAA, and XRF. The esterification reaction was conducted in an autoclave reactor at 150 0C with 20 bar in N2 gas for 3 hours. The reaction product was analyzed by free fatty acids analysis. The XRD results showed an increase in the basal spacing of Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (9:1) catalysts were19.63 Å and 16.61 Å after the pillarization. XRF analysis showed an increase in the metal composition of Al2O3, Cr2O3, and Fe2O3, in the Al-Fe and Al-Cr pillared bentonite. The results of the TPD analysis showed an increase in the acidity value of Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (9:1) catalysts were 0.43 and 0.38 mmol/g. The SAA results also showed an increase in surface area on Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (1:9) catalysts were 90.23 and 149.95 m2/g. It is concluded that the pillarization process was successfully obtained. Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) catalyst contributed the best results in the esterification of free fatty acids into biodiesel with a conversion value of 70.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esterification reaction of low-grade coconut oil to reduce free fatty acid (FFA) has been performed using SO4/ZrO2 (SZ) and SO4/TiO2 (ST) catalysts. SZ and ST catalysts were synthesized using the wet impregnation method and characterized by FTIR before and after the acidity test, then applied to the esterification step. The esterification process was carried out with variations in the weight of SZ and ST catalysts (1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) from the total weight of oil and methanol and variations in reaction times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes). FTIR and GCMS characterized the esterified oil. The optimum conditions of the esterification process were obtained at 5% weight of SZ and ST catalysts, a reaction time of 150 minutes, and a temperature of 55 °C for SZ and ST catalysts. The SZ catalyst obtained a reduction percentage in FFA content of 65.80%, while the ST catalyst was 72.05%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hygroscopic nature and porosity of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) was successfully rectified with the surface modification via esterification process, prior to mixing with polypropylene (PP) in the development of green polymer composite. The optimum temperature for acid esterification was studied to enhance the compatibility and surface adhesion between modified CBA (mCBA) and PP. Esterification reactions were carried out for 4 hours at varying temperatures of 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C. 50 g of Palmitic acid (PA) and 3.6 g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) were used as the organic modifier and reaction catalyst. The mCBA samples were filtered and washed with distilled water before the samples were oven-dried at 60°C. The esterification reaction treated the polarity and converted the hydrophilic CBA into an organic hydrophobic material. CHNS analysis displayed high proportions of carbon and hydrogen in mCBA due to the embedment of PA's organic segment on the surface of CBA. The attachment of alkyl group of PA into the mCBA chains altered the intensity peaks of Si-OH, Al-OH and ethylene (-CH2) groups at ∼3700cm-1, ∼900cm-1 and ∼2980cm-1. The intense peak depicted at ∼26o in XRD diffractogram signified the presence of large interlayer spacing (d) of SiO2 in mCBA and the formation of more amorphous phase of the composite at low esterification temperature. Subsequently, denser PP-mCBA composite with fewer voids were observed which indicate the reaction occurred between free hydrophilic sites at oxide groups and its surrounding moisture. Overall, the relatively amorphous PP-mCBA composite treated at 40°C exhibited superior drop impact energy (2.66J) than the unmodified composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometry with the application of ultraviolet and visible ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum able to measure the coloured solution sample. Spectrometry was successfully used in online monitoring of miniaturized processes. However, until now there is no literature reporting on the application of online UV-Vis spectrometer usage for esterification. In this work, an online UV-Vis spectrometer with the light wavelength range of 340-1050 nm was used to determine the concentration in the esterification reaction of acetic anhydride. Methyl yellow was used as an indicator for acetic anhydride. Different volume ratios of acetic anhydride (AcAn) in acetic acid (AAc) were prepared. Effect of absorbance on different flow rates was conducted by varying the flow rates. Esterification of isoamyl alcohol with acetic anhydride was conducted in a miniaturized intensified reactor at 80 oC. Sample with 100 vol% AcAn showed a single absorbance peak at 410 nm. Meanwhile, AcAn at 0 to 90 vol% showed two absorbance peaks at the wavelength of 410 nm and 530 nm. The absorbance of 100 vol% AcAn was around 0.55. Meanwhile, absorbance for 0 vol% of AcAn at the wavelength of 410 nm and 530 nm were around 0.4. Insignificant absorbance changes when the flow rate varied from 0 to 100 µL/min. Absorbance of AcAn dropped from 0.51 to 0.13 at the end of esterification reaction where up 95% of AcAn used in the esterification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the effect of mesh independence analysis in an intensified solvent-free esterification process via a miniaturized intensified reactor (MIR), and to find the most effective variables that may be decisive in this application. Six mesh with a different number of elements were constructed and the computational period and the relative difference of each velocity to the maximum velocity for each constructed mesh were calculated. Then by using the best mesh suggested, the reaction rate and concentration of each component were visualized by surface plot via computational fluid dynamic (CFD). It was found that a longer computational time is required for mesh with a higher number of elements. The best mesh for this study was Mesh D with the number of elements equals to 32.12x 103. Based on the reaction rate plot extracted from CFD simulation, it was found that the reaction rate for the first reaction was very high compare with the second reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An amino alcohol has been synthesized on the basis of piperidine and epichlorohydrin. The esterification reaction of methacrylic acid with resulting amino alcohol - 1-chloro-3-piperidin-2-propanol has been studied. The optimum conditions for the esterification reaction were determined and the effect of various factors such as temperature and reaction time on the process was studied. It was found that the synthesized monomer - 1-chloro-3-piperidin-2-methyl methacrylate spontaneously polymerizes without initiator. The influence of monomer concentration on the polymerization reaction speed and product yield was studied. The optimum conditions of polymerization process and physicochemical properties of synthesized poly-1-chloro-3-piperidin-2-methyl methacrylate have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to produce glycerol monostearate according to standard specifications by studying the effect of the variable reactant ratio, amount of catalyst, power and esterification reaction time between glycerol and stearic acid on glycerol monostearate yield using microwave for 40-80 minutes to accelerate reaction temperature. The esterification reaction is the reaction between stearic acid and glycerol using HCl as catalyst in this research. The resulting product is glycerol monostearate which will then be recrystallized and analyzed with AOCS Ca 5a-40 to know the content of glycerol monostearate. In this study, the variables are mole ratio (1:1, 2:1,3:1) , amount of catalyst (0,5%wt, 1%wt, 1,5%wt), temperature (120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C) and reaction time (40, 50, 60, 70, 80 minutes). By using reactant ratio 3:1, catalyst weight 1%wt, heating time 80 minutes and temperature 160°C, the product is glycerol monostearate with FFA content of 25.80% and yield 88.35%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol Monooleate is the non-ionic surfactant that can be produced by the esterification reaction of oleic acid and glycerol. The purpose of this research was to produce Glycerol monooleate using H-ZSM-5 catalyst and microwave as a heat source, and to study all the effect of reaction ratio, reaction time, amount of catalyst and operating temperature. The use of microwave as a heat source serves to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the esterification process so that the required processing time is faster. The esterification process is carried out using microwave power of 300 watt. Based on the results of the study, the optimum conditions were obtained at a ratio of 2:1 reactant, 1% catalyst weight, reaction time of 50 minutes, and reaction temperature of 160°C with a yield value of 92.02%. So, it can be concluded that the use of a microwave can increase the processing time 40 minutes faster than conventional heaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cinnamamide (3-phenylacrilamide or cinnamic acid amide) is a cinnamic acid derivative present in various natural products such as fagaramide, piperine, antiepilepsirine, cinromide, etc. Cinnamamide and its derivatives demonstrate a wide spectrum of biological activities i.e. anti-microbial, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer, antimalarial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, antidepressant. Cinnamamides are generally generated from cinnamic acid and the corresponding amines in the presence of thionyl chloride, phosphoryl chloride, (1-ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) or N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). However, these chemicals are dangerous, toxic, explosive, and some of them are categorized as third-class chemicals in the chemical weapons conventions. In this study, the Shiina esterification by using 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) and 2-methyl-6- nitrobenzoate anhydrate (MNBA) was utilized for the synthesis of cycloheptylcinnamamide. The reaction of cinnamic acid with activated acyl carboxylate MNBA produced the corresponding mixed anhydride (MA). The reactivation of MA by nucleophilic catalyst followed by the attack of amino group in N-cycloheptylamine to the host molecule gave cycloheptylcinnamamide. The structure of the product was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis (IR, NMR, MS). The reaction was succeeded and cycloheptylcinnamamide was resulted in 92% yield as white solid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPO contains high fatty acids with a palmitic acid content of 87.26 % and potentially can be converted into biodiesel. Optimization of SPO esterification using a sulfonated carbon montmorillonite catalyst from glucose has been conducted using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) to produce biodiesel. The input parameters observed were temperature of 63.18 - 96.82 °C, catalyst weight of 0.3 - 3.7 g, and reaction time of 69.54 - 170.46 minutes and the output parameter were free fatty acid conversion percentage. The optimum conversion percentage was 88.02% at a temperature of 80.51 °C, catalyst weight of 2.25 g, and reaction time of 170.45 minutes. The value of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.895) indicates that the quadratic model is relatively accurate enough to estimate the optimal input parameters. FTIR analysis showed that the esterification product's functional groups C=O and C-O were shown at 1713 cm−1 and 1088 cm−1, respectively. Determination of the density and viscosity indicates that the biodiesel product have been qualified according to SNI-04-7182-2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esterification of glycerol with oleic acid for the production of glycerol oleates in the presence of methyl ester sulfonate acid as a homogeneous catalyst was studied. The study was carried out experimentally in a batch reactor with reaction time up to 360 minutes and temperature between 100 and 175 °C. The results showed that the yield of the glycerol oleates increased with increasing reaction time and temperature, reaching the highest yield of 82.61%. The kinetic of the glycerol oleates yield was examined, and the calculations showed that the reaction follows a third-order kinetic model, and the activation energy and frequency factor were determined. The obtained reaction kinetics data were invested in modeling and simulating the esterification reaction of glycerol with oleic acid in ideal mixed and plug flow reactors. The simulation results demonstrated that the effect of the temperature on the yield of glycerol oleates in the mixed flow reactor is less than that of the plug flow reactor. The results also indicated that the mixed flow reactor is suitable when the required glycerol oleates yield is less than 63%, while the plug flow reactor is suitable for higher yield values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess presence of water would affect the equilibrium stability of esterification reaction and cause reduction of ester formation. Gas chromatography –thermal conductivity detector (GC-TCD) with Watercol 1910 Column was used as an analytical tool to detect water content in esterification reaction between isoamyl alcohol and acetic anhydride. The effects of split ratio and carrier gas flow rates were studied in GC setting for sample analysis. To validate the analysis method, samples from esterification reaction at 80 °C at different reaction times were directly analyzed. Slow carrier gas flow rate caused the peak of the chromatography not separated evenly and required longer time to analyze the sample. However, higher carrier gas flow rate caused shorter chromatograph peaks (reduced analysis sensitivity) and shorter analysis duration. Split ratio more than 2:1 unable to detect the presence of acetic anhydride in the sample. Carrier gas flow rate of 2.5856 mL/min and 1:1 split ratio was used to analyze the samples from the esterification reactions. All the samples from esterification reactions showed the presence of water and other compounds. The presence of water in all sample indicated that second reaction of the esterification reaction between acetic acid and isoamyl alcohol took place. The presence of water slightly affected the reaction equilibrium, promoting the hydrolysis of isoamyl acetate and reduced the formation of isoamyl acetate from 2.7 mol/L to 2.2 mol/L when esterification reaction time extended from 60 to 90 min. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ricinoleic acid has been known to have therapeutic activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and anticancer. In this research, synthesis of ricinoleic acid-based ester conjugate compound with tocopherol was carried out by coupling reaction of Steglich esterification using DCC as coupling reagent and DMAP as the catalyst. Thin-layer chromatography was performed to identify the product and showed Rf values of 0.40 for ricinoleic acid, 0.53 for ricinoleic acid ester, and 0.73 for tocopherol. The product was purified using silica gel column chromatography with petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (9:1, v/v) as the eluent. Characterization by FT-IR showed new absorption of the C-O ester functional group at wavenumbers at 1760 cm−1 – 1690 cm−1 and a sharper absorption peak for the aromatic C-H functional group at 870 cm−1 – 675 cm−1. Antioxidant activity assay of the ester conjugate produced and tocopherol as control gave IC50 values of 4.152 ppm and 0.625 ppm, respectively. Toxicity assay using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) showed LC50 value of this ester product compound was 58.344 ppm. Based on this value, the ricinoleic acid-based ester conjugated showed toxic properties and potential as a bioactive compound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon the successful development of the substantially stabilized 12-tungstophosphoric acid incorporated calcium modified SBA-15 (HPW/CaSBA-15), the need for the crucial reaction kinetics data for reactor design and commercialization of the developed catalyst is inevitable. Driven by such motivation, this study reported the finding of the further investigation on the kinetics modelling and mechanism study of the said catalyzed reaction. Critical literature review revealed the possibility of empirical power laws (first and second order) and mechanism-based kinetic models (nucleophilic substitution, Langmuir-Hinshelwood, and Eley-Rideal) as the potential candidates in this study. Each kinetic model was derived to obtain the respective mathematical representation and tested via curve fitting with actual experimental results. All the derived models showed significant deviation (R2 values of 0.4260 - 0.7681) at higher reaction temperatures (150 - 160°C) as compared to the reaction occurring at lower temperatures (130 - 140°C) (R2 values of 0.9686 - 0.9920). Though the parity plots of all models showed high accuracy of the derived models, the Eley-Rideal kinetics model was determined as the best fitted kinetic models with the lowest Chi-square values (0.002468) among all tested models. The activation energy and Arrhenius constant of this catalyzed reaction were found to be 63.88 kJ mol−1 and 1141.2 L mol−1 gcat−1 h−1, respectively, suggesting that the catalyzed reaction is truly chemical step limiting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, palm olein oil was used to produce biodiesel by reducing the percentage of free fatty acids in the oil and then performing a transesterification reaction. biodiesel is one of the sources of alternative fuels. Palm olein oil had treated with sulfuric acid as a catalyst at a ratio of 0.25 wt%. The reaction took place at a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 3:1 at a temperature of 60 °C and stirred to 250 rpm and for 60 minutes after that, the methanol had separated from the oil. This process reduced the free fatty acid plant by 5%. The transesterification reaction was done by placing 50g of palm olein oil and the reaction had carried out with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, and the catalyst was 1wt%, where the reaction occurred at a temperature of 60 °C for 120 minutes and stirred at 300 rpm. The results of the produced 44.87g of biodiesel and12.34g of glycerin. Test showed an increase in dynamic viscosity, higher biodiesel density, lower calorific value, higher flashpoint, and a higher cetane number compared to fossil diesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel was produced from renewable BioSource (waste poultry feedstock). Oil was extracted from waste chicken poultry feedstock collected from slaughter houses of Muscat Area, Sultanate of Oman. Alkaline trans-esterification reaction was conducted using the extracted oil and methanol in the presence of a liquid phase catalyst to produce the biodiesel. Qualitative analysis of extracted oil and produced biodiesel was carried out. The effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst amount and stirring speed was evaluated. The maximum yield of biodiesel (89%) was obtained at optimum conditions of 6:1 molar ratio of methanol/oil, 90 min reaction time, 5 g of catalyst, 60°C reaction temperature and 400 RPM stirring speed. The quality of produced biodiesel (B100 and B20) was compared with ASTM D6751 standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An attempt of synthesis 2-monolaurin from lauric acid through trilaurin as an intermediate compound has been successfully conducted. Trilaurin has been afforded via esterification reaction of lauric acid and glycerol with yield and purity of 78 and 84% respectively. Ethanolysis reaction of trilaurin using Lipozyme TL IM enzyme resulted in the formation of 2-monolaurin in a yield of 60 % and purity of 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors that determine the effectiveness of an alcohol esterification reaction is the group attached to the acyl chain. The study of the esterification reaction of menthol with acetic acid and its derivatives has been carried out with success. The esterification reaction of menthol was carried out with glacial acetic acid, acetic anhydride, and acetyl chloride. The effectiveness of esterification, both from the yield and the resulting content of menthyl acetate, shows that acetyl chloride is best effective, followed by acetic anhydride and acetic acid in its esterification against menthol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction and characterization of pectin from rind of santol fruit (Sandoricum koetjape Burm. F.) Merr have been done. Pectin was obtained through the extraction process of peel using HCl at 90 °C for 4 hours. The gravimetric method was used to determine the pectin content in the rind of the santol fruit, which was 11.51%. Meanwhile, the titrimetric method was used to determine characterizations of the pectin. The results obtained were equivalent weight, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, moisture content, ash content, and degree of esterification 1937.7 mg, 0.74%, 13.28%, 31.63%, 11.93%, and 10.37%, respectively. The pectin from the rind of santol did not meet IPPA standards and was categorized as a pectin with a low methoxyl content and a low esterification degree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decreasing of oil production has become the main factor for applying Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods in the oilfield. Chemical injection using surfactant was one of EOR technologies that had been proved to increase the oil recovery. In this study, surfactant was synthesized using palm oil as hydrophobic group and polyethylene-glycol as hydrophilic group. The use of natural oil as the raw material was preferred used due to its abundant and environmentally friendly. Esterification of nonionic surfactant was performed by utilizing the azeotrope technique (EtOAc-H2O) between oleic acid and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400. The reaction was optimized by a various mole equivalent of oleic acid and PEG (1:1,1; 1:2,5; 1;3) in various reaction time. Surfactant product was characterized by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), acid value (AV), and ester value (ES) to determine the optimum condition and conversion rate. The molecular structure of surfactant was confirmed by 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H and 13C NMR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS). Then, nonionic surfactant was analyzed by measuring the interfacial tension (IFT) of oil and water. The optimum condition was achieved by reacting oleic acid and PEG at mole equivalent ratio of 1:3, 5 hours reaction time, and conversion rate of 93.7% mole. This nonionic surfactant was able to decrease the IFT of oil and water as low as 10-3 dyne/cm in brine salinity condition of 18000 ppm and oil 34,39°API. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a zeolite Y was synthesized from Bangka-Belitung Kaoline. The synthesis was conducted through activation of metakaolin with sulfuric acid at various concentration of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 M. The aging and hydrothermal process was conducted at 100 oC for 24 h. The products were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) techniques. XRD and FTIR analysis show that the zeolite Y was formed at all acid variation. Acidity was determined by FTIR using pyridine as a molecular probe. The result shows that zeolite Y that was activated with 9 M sulfuric acid (HY-9) has a highest acid site of 0.26 mmol/g. Test of the prepared-catalyst for esterification also shows that HY-9 has the highest conversion of acetic acid, which is 60.06%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study’s objective was to synthesize esters of ricinoleic oxidation product. The esterification products were expected may act as emulsifiers and to have antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. Before esterified, ricinoleic acid was oxidized by KMnO4. The success of the oxidation reaction was proven by determining iodine number. Esterification was carried out using ZnCl2 as catalyst with various alcohols, namely methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, and 1-butanol. Mole ratio fatty acid to alcohol used in esterification was 1: 2. The ester products were characterized using FTIR and the conversion percentage were determined by titrimetric method. Emulsifier test also performed to determine the ability of ester product as emulsifier. The success of oxidation was proven by decreasing iodine number from 44.05 mg/g to 17.15 mg/g and increasing absorption intensity -OH group in FTIR spectrum. FTIR spectrum of ester products showed the presence of absorption of C = O ester groups at 1750-1735 cm-1 and C-O-C at 1300-1000 cm-1 which proved the success of esterification. Emulsifier test showed that esterification products can act as emulsifiers and the emulsions formed were stable up to 24 hours for water-in-oil emulsion (w/o). The best ability as an emulsifier was shown by methyl esters. Antimicrobial assay showed that all esters can inhibit the growth both bacteria, P. acnes and S. epidermidis. The largest inhibition zone obtained for butyl ester against P. acnes by 17 mm and methyl ester against S. epidermidis by 17 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high national demand of 2.2 ×107 kL/year and nonrenewable of diesel fuel lead to a decrease in the diesel fuel reserve. Hence, biodiesel is required as an alternative to substitute diesel fuel or to be mixed in fuel. Reutealis trisperma seed can be the feedstock of biodiesel production since it has the high oil content and it is non-edible oilseed. Thus, it does not compete with the food industry. However, Reutealis trisperma oil had a high acid value. Hence, the conversion process of Reutealis trisperma oil into biodiesel should be conducted using the esterification method with an acid catalyst. In situ esterification of Reutealis trisperma oilseed was carried out by reacting Reutealis trisperma seed with catalyzed methanol. This oilseed had the oil content of (57.81 ± 3.85) % and high free fatty acid of 48.92 mg KOH⊕8g-1. The experimental design of 2³ full factorial central composite design was employed to optimize reaction conditions. Optimum conditions included the ratio of methanol volume to seed weight of 7.28:1 ml/g, catalyst weight percent of 15.93%, and reaction temperature of 61.3°C were obtained. In these optimum conditions, the maximum yield of (44.26 ± 0.3) % and a minimum acid value of (0.24 ± 0.04) mg KOH/g were achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel from microalgae as a third-generation fuel is promising due to its sustainability and eco-friendly energy source. The objective of this study was comparing conversion of lipid from microalgae Botryococcus braunii mutated with UV-B using esterification, transesterification and combination of esterification-transesterification processes. In this study, Ultraviolet (UV-B) light was used to perform mutation of microalgae. It was used to damage the cell walls of microorganism. The conversion of lipid to biodiesel from UV-mutated and native microalgae using esterification method were 2.05% and 1.11%, respectively, under 1 : 10 molar ratio of algae lipid and methanol at 60°C, 1.5% w/w H2SO4, 200 rpm stirring speed for 2 h. Transesterification method did not produce biodiesel under 1 : 7 molar ratio of algae lipid and methanol with 0.5% w/w NaOH catalyst at 60°C, 200 rpm stirring speed for 1 h. Furthermore, the combination esterification-transesterification method resulted in 24.82% and 3.87% yield for mutated and native algae, respectively. In the first stage, esterification of the mutated and native algae decreased acid value from 24.13 to 0.567 mg KOH/g and from 23.21 to 0.486 mg KOH/g, respectively, under 1 : 8 molar ratio of algae lipid and methanol, 1.5% w/w H2SO4 catalyst, 60oC, 400 rpm stirring speed for 2 h. The next stage of transesterification was conducted at a molar ratio of 9 : 1, 0.75% wt KOH catalyst concentration, 65°C at 600 rpm for 1 h. The results showed that combination esterification-transesterification was the best method to convert lipid to biodiesel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the synthesis of 13X zeolite as a byproduct from Iraqi insoluble potash ores accompanied by potassium carbonate preparation was investigated. Citric acid efficiency, as dealuminated agent, was monitored for the prepared 13X zeolite by applying different experimental conditions, concentration (0.1 and 1 N), treatment temperature (25 and 75 °C), and time of reaction (1 and 3 h). Different techniques have been used in order to assess the effect of treatment with citric acid on the structural and textural properties of the obtained products, which are X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption-desorption Brunauer Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results of the XRD test revealed that dealumination with 1 N citric acid causes structural damages for the zeolite and transforms it into alpha quartz, while the XRD pattern was similar to that of prepared 13X zeolite when treated with 0.1 N citric acid. XRF data showed a significant improvement in the Si/Al ratio compared to the prepared 13X zeolite. Prepared and selected dealuminated catalysts were tested as a heterogeneous catalyst for the esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol at 70 °C for 1h. A higher oleic acid conversion was obtained using the modified 13X zeolite, as opposed to the direct use of the nonimproved prepared catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An alternative environmentally benign support was prepared from nanocrystalline silica (SiO2), and cellulose (NCC) acquired from oil palm fronds leaves (OPFL) for incorporation with polyethersulfone (PES). The resultant PES-SiO2-NCC support was then used for covalent immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL/PES-SiO2−NCC). FTIR-ATR spectral data of SiO2−NCC indicated that NCC was hydrogen-bonded to SiO2 based on the characteristic wavenumbers at 1735 cm−1 and 1650 cm−1 for NCC, 1732 cm−1 and 1657 cm−1 for SiO2, alongside decreased peak intensity and the overall downshifted wavenumbers, respectively. X-ray diffractograms of NCC and SiO2 showed crystallinity indices of 68% and 70%, respectively, implying their crystalline nature. The CRL/PES-SiO2−NCC biocatalyst yielded pentyl valerate as high as 78.3% after 2 h using a 0.02 cm membrane size and 5% (w/v) incorporation of SiO2−NCC but in the absence of the pore former, PVP K30. The findings invariably envisage the biocompatibility of NCC and SiO2 derived from OPFL as a hybrid nano-filler to prepare the PES-SiO2−NCC composite for lipase immobilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural zeolite from Cikalong, West Java has been modified by attaching protons and copper (II) to the framework. These materials are characterized by X-Ray Fluourescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR). The results of the analysis with these tools show that the framework of the natural zeolite sample did not change significantly after modification. The catalytic activity of natural zeolite samples and their modified forms were tested as heterogeneous catalysts in esterification of ethanol with acetic acid. The chemical process was carried out at 75 °C for 4 hours with the presence of 5% catalyst weight and with the mole ratio of ethanol and acetic acid at 2: 1. Ethyl acetate products formed were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC). In the catalytic test it was found that natural zeolites were more active than those modified with acid and copper, although the latter were also slightly better at reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gum rosin is a solid component as a side product of the distillation process of pine resin or oleoresin. Based on data from Perhutani Indonesia, Indonesian gum rosin production in 2017 reached 80,000 tonnes (10% of world gum rosin production). Gum rosin is one of the commodities that have high market demand. Utilization of gum rosins, such as for additives in the synthetic rubber industry, paint industry, electronics, paper, and adhesive. The problem faced today is the high abietic acid content in rosin, causing increasing effects of crystallization and dark colors. So it is necessary to convert acid in gum rosin into ester form to maintain rosin stability from oxidation and reduce the effect of crystallization of gum rosin. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of reaction temperature (180-240 °C) and the ratio of catalyst (7-15% by weight) against conversion of gum ester. The synthesis process is carried on in a stirred batch reactor through an esterification reaction between gum rosin and glycerol using zeolite which modified by nickel metal as a catalyst. The reaction product was analyzed by FTIR and ASTM D-465 titration method to determine reaction conversion. From the experimental results obtained the highest conversion is reached in temperature reaction of 240 °C and catalyst ratio of 11 % [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycerol Monooleate (GMO) is an emollient and emulsifier that is widely used in cosmetics and food products. GMOs are produced by esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. In this study, Indion Ion Exchange Resins were used to develop low-cost and efficient catalysts for esterification of oleic acid with glycerol. The performance of catalyst was studied under various operating conditions (reaction temperature, the molar ratio of oleic acid to glycerol, and catalyst loading). Effect of the catalyst mass ratio on acid (1-5%), the molar ratio of oleic acid/glycerol (1: 1-1: 8), and the reaction temperature (120-170oC) on acid conversion were studied to obtain the optimal reaction conditions. The optimal condition was obtained on 5%wt of catalyst loading, the molar ratio of oleic acid/glycerol 1:3 at 170oC for 180 minutes. Under the optimal conditions, the prepared catalyst provides an acid conversion of 78%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esterification of kemiri sunan (Aleurites trisperma sp.) oil with TiO2 photocatalyst was studied. Kemiri sunan oil is non-edible oil with high content of free fatty acid (FFA), which needs esterification and followed by transesterification process to improve methyl ester yield. Esterification was conducted to reduce FFA content in the oil by reacting them with methanol to produce methyl ester. In this study, esterification is conducted in photocatalytic reactor using TiO2 photocatalyst in the presence of UV light. Many parameters effected to the conversion of FFA, but in this study it was limited in reaction time, ratio methanol and ratio TiO2. The aim of this study was to obtain the optimum condition of those parameters. Experimental result showed that the optimum condition of esterification achieved at ratio of catalyst to oil 0.4% (w/w), ratio between oil and methanol 1:36, and reaction time 60 minutes. the conversion of FFA into methyl ester was 83.45% (FFA decrease from 29.79% to 4.93%). Photocatalytic esterification is prospective because it needs shorter time, do not require neutralization, also in the end the catalyst and methanol could be recycled. Esterification product was characterized with FTIR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An acid esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) from high acid content palm oil and methanol has been investigated. This study describes an optimization study on the esterification reaction using Oil Palm EFB supported solid acid catalyst. A statistical experimental design of L9 orthogonal array using Taguchi method was implemented to optimize the esterification reaction conditions to maximize FFA conversion. Three main reaction conditions include methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction duration (min) and percentage of catalyst loading were investigated. Based on the results, the optimum conditions were obtained as follows: molar ratio of methanol to oil of 30:1, reaction duration of 120 min, catalyst loading of 5 wt%, constant temperature of 60 °C. At these reaction conditions, the highest FFA conversion was achieved with 87.20%. Notably, methanol to oil molar ratio has the most significant effect on the FFA conversion followed by reaction duration. Catalyst loading has minimal effect on FFA conversion throughout the reaction. Thus this study showed that methanol to oil molar ratio has the strongest influence in FFA conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

UiO-66 and Al-MCM-41/UiO-66 with mass variation of Al-MCM-41 to UiO-66 at 10.78; 21.56; 43.12 and 86.24% had been synthesized by solvothermal method using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as solvent at 120 °C for 24 hours. XRD pattern of UiO-66 and Al-MCM-41/UiO-66 had similar characteristic peaks at 2θ of 7.4 and 8.5°. FTIR spectra of materials showed characteristics peaks of UiO-66 at wavenumbers of 1649-1656; 1506-1582; 1400 and 663-665 cm-1. The result of N2 adsorption desorption showed that specific surface area of Al-MCM-41/UiO-66 (2) (413.106 m²/g) was lower than that of UiO-66 (466.997 m²/g). Esterification of oleic acid with methanol showed that yield methyl oleate by using Al-MCM-41/UiO-66 (2) (28.83%) was higher than using UiO-66 (8.82%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO) using calcium oxide as heterogeneous catalyst which focusing on the effect of stirring speed was investigated. WCO can be utilized as biodiesel's raw material to reduce both biodiesel production as well as waste treatment cost. NJ WCO contained of solid and other impurities that need to be separated, a series of pre-treatment processes were applied. Subsequently, esterification process was done to decrease free fatty acid (FF A) content of WCO. NJ WCO contained low FFA content, trans-esterification was conducted to produce methyl ester. Transesterification process used CaO as heterogeneous base catalyst, so stirring speed is the important factor to produce high quality biodiesel. In this study, the effect of stirring speed on transesterification process using CaO were investigated in different stirring speeds for 4 hours with temperature of 60°C and loading catalyst CaO 1 wt% constantly. Biodiesel was characterized by FTIR, GC-FID, viscometer, pycnometer, and GC-MS. The yield and maximum methyl ester content were approximately 80% and 98.9"/o, respectively, under optimal operating stirring speed of 500 rpm. Biodiesel produced has already meet the specification in accordance to Indonesia Standard National (SNI) Biodiesel number 7182:2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esterification is a reaction to produce an ester from an alcohol and a carboxylic acid. Generally, homogenous acid catalysts are used to accelerate the reaction rate due to their excellent performance in the reaction. The catalysts provide high conversion of carboxylic acids and good selectivity to produce esters. However, it has several drawbacks, such as difficulty catalyst-product separation, corrosiveness, toxic waste production, and non-reusable. It is, therefore, necessary to develop heterogeneous catalysts for the reaction. Zeolite has potential to use as a catalyst for esterification. Yet, it is sometimes easily to be deactivated due to the formation of coke on its surface. This paper presents a preliminary study of zeolite as a catalyst for esterification reaction. Zeolite catalyst was prepared from natural zeolites, originally obtained from Indonesia. The prepared catalyst was tested for the esterification reaction of glycerol with oleic acid to produce monoglycerides, which can be used as food emulsifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anionic surfactant methyl ester sulfonate (MES) was synthesized from jatropha oil through three consecutive stages of esterification, transesterification, and sulfonation. The use of non-edible oil with a high free fatty acid content of 5.40% needs to be treated by lowering its acid value so that it does not hinder alkali-catalyzed transesterification. Esterification was performed using TiO2 nanoparticles with the aid of UV-A light with loading variation of 0%, 1%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and reactant ratio of 1:12; 1:24; 1:48. Transesterification was performed by using 1% NaOH catalyst with jatropha oil and methanol 1:12. Sulfonation is carried out at 100°C for 4.5 hours by reacting sodium bisulfite and methyl ester with the variation of 1:1; 1:2; 1:3. The free fatty acid content of jatropha oil can decrease up to 2.40% (55.43% conversion) with the optimum loading of 7.5% titania catalyst and the ratio of jatropha oil and methanol of 1:48. Methyl ester composition for sulfonation reaction is identified using GC-MS. The methyl ester sulfonates produced from the sulfonation process were characterized by FTIR spectrometry and have surface tension value of 33.93-33.12 dyne/cm with active matter content up to 13.21%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The esterification of free fatty acids with alcohols using montmorillonite (MMT) clay as heterogeneous catalyst is one of the methods to produce fatty acid alkyl ester that can be used as alternative renewable biofuels. However, the unmodified MMT gives low conversion of free fatty due to the limitation of acid sites in the clay structure. This work focuses on preparation of an environmental friendly catalyst from montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10) clay catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with various alcohols. Esterification of oleic acid with alcohols has been carried out in the presence of metal exchanged MMT K10 (M-MMT K10; M = Fe3+ and Cu2+). The concentrations of both Fe3+ and Cu2+ precursors were varied at 1 M and 4 M. The effect of different alcohols used, molar ratio of reactants and catalyst loading on the esterification reaction was investigated. Among the exchanged clay catalysts, 4 M Fe-MMT K10 was found to be more active for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol. The maximum oleic acid conversion (ca. 68.5%) was achieved after 3 hours of reaction at the reaction temperature of 60 oC with molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid of 10:1 and catalyst loading of 5 wt% relative to the mass of oleic acid. The catalytic activity was found to be directly related to the amount of cation used in the modification step and Brønsted acidity of metal exchanged MMT K10 clay catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural feldspar from Tanah Putih, Gua Musang, Kelantan (Malaysia) was physico-chemically characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Surface Area and Porosity Analysis (ASAP) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) techniques. The feldspar was found to be of the potassium (K) type, with major components containing aluminum (Al), and silicon (Si). The feldspar also possesses 38.307 nm mean pore diameter and 18.717 m2/g surface area. Candida rugosa (CRL) was then immobilized onto natural feldspar by physical adsorption method. About 49.96% of protein content was immobilized onto the support. The catalytic activity of the immobilized lipase was determined by the esterification reaction using oleic acid and oleyl alcohol. The effects of various reaction temperatures, stability in organic solvent, and lipase recyclability on the esterification reaction for the native and immobilized lipase were investigated. Feldspar-immobilized lipase exhibited higher activity than that of the native lipase. Immobilized lipase retained its activity ca. 50% even after incubation at high temperature (70°C) with the optimum reaction temperature of 40°C, long incubation in hexane up to 10 days and after ten repeated cycles used. Feldspar-immobilized lipase also showed considerably efficient reusability where it was not easily leached even after being washed with large amount of hexane (20 mL). These results showed that physical adsorption method is suitable for the immobilization of lipase onto feldspar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transesterification does not allow to make full conversion of oil to biodiesel because the glycerol as a by-product cannot be included in the composition of biofuel. The development of methods for full conversion of raw material to biofuel with higher yield remains entirely relevant. Interesterification, a reaction of vegetable oil with methyl acetate, constitutes a full conversion process which has not been investigated sufficiently. Instead of glycerol, the interesterification reaction gives triacetin (TA) which can be included in the composition of biofuel and allows to increase its yield. Both interesterification and transesterification occur at low temperature only in presence of catalysts. Results of the investigation of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysts indicate the superior importance of catalyst solubility in starting reaction mixture of oil and TA. Partial solubility can remarkably lower the activity of homogeneous catalyst and extremely increase that of formally heterogeneous one. The reaction mixture of interesterification reaction is less polar than that of transesterification, and potassium tertbutoxide (t-BuOK) should be more appropriate catalyst for interesterification than sodium methoxide which is used in most cases. The catalytic system t-BuOK/t-BuOH substantially increases the yield of TA and changes the properties of obtained biofuel. Whereas the content of the TA in the interesterification reaction mixture does not achieve the same level from the theoretically predicted as the FAME, the occurrence of side reaction between t-BuOH and TA cannot be excluded. This paper presents a study of the interesterification of rapeseed oil in presence of catalytic system t-BuOK/THF (catalytic system without alcohols) with the aim of establishing the influence of aprotic tetrahydrofuran to the proceeding the reaction, composition of reaction mixtures and their fuel properties. Obtained results show that the absence of alcoholic hydroxyl groups in the catalytic system insufficiently increases the activity of catalytic system but fails to increase the yield of TA. The content of TA increases and fuel properties become more conformable with the requirements for biodiesel standard only by an increase of methyl acetate to oil molar ratio from 18 to 27. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid detergent with combination of MES surfactant and TiO2 nanoparticles to remove and degrade the dirt in the form of methylene blue and produce waste with the lowest surfactant residual concentration has been done. The formation of MES is carried out by esterification and transesterification of crude palm oil, sulfonation, refining, and neutralization. The photocatalyst TiO2 nanoparticles is added as an additive to improve surfactant performance in removing dirt and degrading organic compounds. MES formation is performed by varying the mole ratio of the reactants in the esterification and transesterification reactions, and the mole ratios between methyl esters and NaHSO3 during the sulfonation reaction. Variations of MES surfactant and TiO2 nanoparticles compositions were performed to obtain detergent stability. Data analysis technique in this research is characterization of methyl ester, MES surfactant, and detergent using UV-Vis spectrophotometer instrument, FTIR, GC-MS, and LC-MS. The optimum conditions in the esterification and transesterification process were each mole ratio of 1: 6 between CPO and methanol based on the highest conversion, 99%. The optimum condition of the sulfonation process is the 1: 1.5 mole ratio between methyl ester and NaHSO3 based on the lowest surface tension value, which is about 36 dyne/cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane-polysiloxane modified epoxy based on polyethylene glycol monooleate (PSME-PEGMO) was synthesized. Polyethylene glycol monooleate (PEGMO) for the synthesis of PSME-GMO was synthesized via esterification between oleic acid and polyethylene glycol by using sodium hydroxide as catalyst. Synthesis of PSMEPEGMO was conducted by reacting epoxy, isocyanate, PEGMO, and polysiloxane (hydrolyzed and condensable 3- glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane) simultaneously in one step. This synthesis was carried out by varied the reaction time (1, 2, 3 hours), PEGMO-isocyanate composition (PI composition: 10 and 20 % toward epoxy), and isocyanate/PEGMO ratio (NCO/OH ratio: 1.5 and 2.5). Characterization of PSME-PEGMO was conducted by determining the isocyanate conversion, viscosity analysis, mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation at break) and thermal analysis using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The data show that the PI composition and NCO/OH ratio does not affect the isocyanate conversion linearly. The viscosity of PSME-PEGMO product at ratio and composition variation show has tended to increase with increasing of reaction time. The highest tensile strength and elongation at break PSME-PEGMO was shown by PI composition 20%, NCO/OH ratio 2.5 and reaction time 3 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxidase enzyme was used to catalyze the dimerization process of gallic acid. The structure of the dimerization product was characterized by 1H NMR and LC-MS-MS. The mechanism of gallic acid dimerization was also discussed. It was proposed that ellagic acid was formed through an oxidative coupling mechanism that lead to the formation of a C-C bond and followed by an intramolecular Fischer esterification mechanism that lead to the formation of two C-O bonds. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of gallic acid and ellagic acid were also studied. Gallic acid and ellagic acid exhibited the DPPH radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 13.2 /iM and 15.9 /iM, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]