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Covid-19 pandemic caught the world by surprise. On March 11th, 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) announced the global pandemic. Thus, in fact initiating the official beginning of various kinds of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) and disease containment measures and reduction of mobility of population and slowing down business activities. Under these circumstances state governments had to come up with viable fiscal support packages for health sector and for the economy at large. It provided a unique opportunity to follow how different state governments coped with the consequences of suddenly imposed health and economic challenges and to compare why in some countries the depth of the crisis and speed of recovery from the crisis was different. In order to comprehend the complexity of various factors influencing the developments, this article aims to research economic and other factors defining the depth of the crisis and which of them made crisis worst and precluded economies from recovering sooner. Thus, requiring more financial and fiscal resources and increasing the outstanding public debt and debt service costs. Making potential future borrowing less attractive, decreasing the fiscal space and complicating future economic outlook even further. Author will be using regression method to compare various variables. Results prove that stringency and NPI measures were not only factors influencing the depth of the crisis. Research finding also indicate that the public debt could not be singled out as the only factor precluding the recovery and efficient use of fiscal resources. Governance, Quality of institutions, Trust in government policies are clear contributors to the efficient use of limited fiscal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the connection between corporate governance and firm performance, corporate governance, and economic growth, the moderating effect of external governance on corporate governance and firm performance, and economic growth by using a sample of one hundred companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India (NSEI), and one hundred companies listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) between 2011 and 2020. We construct three governance indices –the Internal Corporate Governance Index (ICGI) based on 100 elements of governance, and the External Governance index (X-GI) based on World Bank Institutional Quality measures. The study uses GMM Dynamic Panel Data to test the hypotheses. Results show that our newly constructed indexes (the ICGI and CCGI) have significant relationships with firm performance (ROE, Tobin’s Q,) and economic growth (growth in GDP) in both the UK and India. Findings also show that external governance negatively moderates the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance, and the relationship between corporate governance and economic growth for India. The case for the UK is different as external governance positively moderates the relationship between corporate governance and firm performance. However, no significant moderating effect is seen between corporate governance and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging Markets Developing Economies (EMDE) rely on sovereign external debt to meet their financial needs and to enhance the economic growth. However, a high level of external indebtedness and its mismanagement can harm the economic performance, which outlines the importance of the objective of any operation of fund raising. These countries tend to accumulate significant levels of debts. This paper investigates the factors contributing in debt accumulation in case of Morocco, which is an emerging economy, using annual data over the last two decades. A certain determinants of external debt buildup identified by the literature are examined using ARDL approach to cointegration. The findings affirm the relationship between the level of external debt and the explanatory variables both in long and short run. Nevertheless, the nexuses are statistically insignificant. The Granger causality test that was conducted on the model variables reveals a bidirectional cause between external debt and exchange rate. Furthermore, the regulatory quality is the only variable among institutional variables which is caused by foreign borrowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the interactions of outward foreign direct investment with institutional quality as well as other macroeconomic determinants to determine whether their joint impact promotes home country economic growth. Econometric techniques such as the pooled OLS, fixed effect, differenced Generalized Methods of Moment, and the System Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM) are utilized for panel dataset of 141 countries for the period 2003-2019. The study finds that the dynamic interaction of outward foreign direct investments (FDI) and institutional quality is positive and boosts home country's economic growth and development. Furthermore, evidence shows that the mutual reinforcement of outward FDI and exchange rate gives rise to economic growth. This suggests that when home country's currency appreciates, there may be a higher flow of overseas direct investment to countries with weaker exchange rate, given that the domestic currency can buy more investment. This enhances economic growth through forward and backward linkages. These results imply that policymakers should consider sound economic policies that integrates outward FDI with home country institutions as well as other economic determinants to enhance economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our paper aims to investigate how the changes in macroeconomic conditions and the quality of institutions affect the level of entrepreneurial activity in 18 European Union countries, over the period 2002-2016. Using panel-data estimation techniques, we alternatively analyzed the effects of some macroeconomic and institutional framework related factors (in particular, the quality of institutions) on entrepreneurial activity level, proxied by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity rate, nascent entrepreneurship rate, and new business ownership rate. The results of our empirical analysis show that the economic situation of EU countries and the quality of institutions (reflected in our study through competitiveness, economic freedom, and governance quality) have a significant effect on early-stage entrepreneurs and for some variables the sign of the relationship depends on the age of the business. Our findings may be of interest to policy makers in developing effective policies contributing to enhancing the entrepreneurial capacity in different countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2005, cancer is still a daunting health problem, and due to the complex nature of health care provision in this country, many patients routinely seek out information to augment their physicians' assessments. From the patient's perspective, organizations that provide information resources are a large and often undifferentiated block, and evaluating which of these sources provide the best information can be difficult. However, problems delimiting the cancer survivor population have led to a paucity of research on how patients behave in seeking useful medical information, and how they might decide "who matters". As an analytic alternative to the patient perspective, I turn towards hospitals as a reliable source of legitimate authority in the medical field as they represent key nexuses of information and skills. I enumerate a list of elite cancer hospitals and argue that from the signals these hospitals broadcast we might learn which resource-provision organizations are most significant. I deduce this by noting elite hospitals' referrals to support organizations on hospital websites and construct an affiliation network based upon these ties. My conclusions highlight a potentially key role that support organizations occupy in mediating hospital quality and health outcomes. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between economic corridors and logistics performance has been intensively analysed. However, only few studies analyse other factors through which the economic corridors affect logistics quality. Therefore, we aim to estimate the impact of economic corridors on logistics performance, in a way to account for institutional effect, by constructing multiplicative interaction model. Our proposed model was tested using the difference-in-differences estimator and panel data of 36 European countries along The Belt and Road Economic Corridors between 2007 and 2018. Considering robustness tests and appropriate estimation techniques our analysis showed that economic corridors affect countries logistics performance via institutional quality. However, several limitations need to be acknowledged. The first one is related to the availability of the data as The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was introduced only recently, limiting the length of the analyzed period. Secondly, no official or generally accepted definition of the BRI exists, thus it is very difficult to identify its geographical scope. Therefore, applying the same methodology for data, several years after the announcement of BRI, future research could include more countries and additional time periods to explore the matter in more detail. Despite the fact, our approach assumes that the initiatives of economic corridors should be accompanied by stronger institutions and good governance to have higher levels of countries logistics performance. Moreover, this study confirms that economic corridors is very complex economic phenomenon and further studies should consider the role of moderators of this nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of political discretionality and corruption on firm creation rates, distinguishing between formal and informal entrepreneurship. The results show that political discretionality discourages the creation of both formal and informal enterprises, as the fewer restrictions to the discretional and opportunistic behavior of the government increases uncertainty and risks for all types of entrepreneurial activities. Corruption also has a negative influence on formal entrepreneurship, as it increases the costs of the procedures required to create and manage the company without providing assurance that the other party will fulfill the agreement. However its impact on informal entrepreneurship is positive because this type of companies represents an alternative way to enable entrepreneurs to start their activity avoiding some of the requirements to which formal firms are subject to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]