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The pursuit of security is one of the basic human needs, which at the level of a stateorganized society is transformed into the category of national security in the conditions of various social and natural man-made threats. Understanding of national security and the implementation of individual measures to maintain it are based in national interests, which are the national striving for sustainable development, improvement of welfare, improvement of technology, science and culture, strengthening the role in the international arena due to a combination of economic development and military threats, history and traditions, as well as other factors. A modern factor that should be taken into account when realizing the problems that exist in the area of ensuring national security, as well as understanding the changing geopolitical situation, is climate change. For Russian legal science, special attention to environmental issues and the need to preserve the natural balance on the planet for present and future generations are not new. Issues of environmental culture were updated in the Soviet period. Of particular note is Russia's role in shaping the international legal regime on climate change, which is also recognized in foreign legal literature. It was the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by the Russian Federation in 2005, under conditions when the Bush administration refused to ratify it, which threatened the future of the protocol, allowed the mechanism envisaged by the Kyoto Protocol to be launched. Russia's position on climate change and the international legal regime that is being formed to address the issues arising in connection with this factor is based on its national interests, due, in particular, to the geopolitical alignment, historical traditions, and level of economic development. Perspectives include such areas as making a positive contribution to the formation of an international legal climate regime, taking leading positions on a number of climate change issues, developing adaptation measures related to global warming, in particular in the Arctic, improving forestry to reduce climate change, developing principles justice in the international climatic regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the concepts of Affirmative Action (AA) and Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) and the policies developed in post-Apartheid South Africa. It compares it to similar policies adopted in different contexts in Malaysia, India and the U.S.A. It explains and critiques the South African policies on AA and BEE, its history since 1994 and how class has replaced race as the determinant of who succeeds in education and the workplace. It analyses why these policies were essential to address the massive racial divide in education and the workplace at the arrival of democracy in 1994, but also why it has been controversial and racially divisive. The strengths and limitations of these policies are juxtaposed, the way it has benefitted the black and white elites, bolstered the black middleclass but has had little success in addressing the education and job futures of poor, working class black citizens in South Africa. The views of a number of key social analysts in the field are stated to explain the moral, racial, divisive aspects of AA in relation to the international experience and how South Africa is grappling with limited success to bridge the divide between the rich and poor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibilities of usage of credit system for increasing students. individual work effectiveness are investigated. In given article on the example of National Mining University the optimization of educational process is considered. The goal is to increase the effectiveness of students. individual work by the use of innovative technologies, credit system in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is the important material foundation of the development of economic and social. Nowadays, the whole world is in short of energy and the environment is deteriorating. Every country attaches great importance to the development of renewable energy. In order to better promote the development of renewable energy, there must be reasonable and effective policy support. This paper first analyzes the shortcomings of the current energy policy and the necessity and the feasibility of implementing RPS in China, then summarized the international experience of RPS. On the basis of the above work, this paper made a tentative plan of our country's RPS. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents abstracts on topics about organizations and the natural environment which include barriers to greening the relief supply chain, alignment of consumers around low-carbon competitiveness, and the application of scenario analysis in industry sectors regarding climate change adaptation.

The article presents abstracts of international management topics which include the role of personal values in job choice, international research and development networks in the consumer electronics industry, and immigrant entrepreneurs' bicultural identity integration and social capital creation.

This article presents abstracts pertaining to international market management. They include "Corporate Policies Motivating Expatriates to Localize in China," by Jan Selmer, "Country Risk and Network Linkages Within Multinationals," by Susan Feinberg and Anil K. Gupta, and "Expatriate Return on Investment," Yvonne M. McNulty and Phyllis Tharenou.

The section presents the abstracts of several papers including "Anti-Counterfeiting Strategies and Managerial Confidence in the IPR Regime of Chinese Markets," by Agnes K.Y. Sie and Gerald Erick Fryxell, "The Influence of Industry and Home Country Characteristics on the Pursuit of Firm Innovation," by Brent B. Allred and Kevin Steensma and "Knowledge Flows Within Multinational Corporations: Why Are Some Subsidiaries Isolated?" by L. Felipe Monteiro, Niklas Arvidsson and Julian M. Birkinshaw.

Research Question The issue of country of origin (CO) has aroused a great deal of debate among international marketing researchers. By assuming that if brand origin plays a salient role in consumers' everyday judgments and decision-making processes, it would be expected that consumers would possess reasonably accurate abilities to recognize brands' CO," Samiee, Shimp, and Sharma (2005) opened a new stream of research for CO effect. Specifically, the concept of brand origin recognition accuracy (BORA) was created and tested for variability. They found that consumers who have amassed greater international experiences should manifest higher levels of BORA for foreign brands because of possession of greater knowledge of foreign brands." However, just like walking in a department store does not mean we get to know the name of each clerks well; international experience does not necessarily increase knowledge of brands from foreign countries. The mechanism between international experience and BORA needs to be further clarified. In this study, we aim to answer the research question which aspect of country image (CI) influences consumers' brand origin recognition accuracy most? Method and Data The hypotheses proposed were tested using an online survey conducted to evaluate American consumers' BORA toward 36 Japanese and French brands. Japan and France are selected because they both have balanced brand portfolio regarding product involvement, eliminating the risk of biased BORA because of high or low product involvement (Hakala, Lemmetyinen, & Kantola, 2013). In the data collection process, a link to our questionnaires was sent by email to the pool of potential respondents in MTurk. Respondents were provided a small monetary incentive for participating in the survey. A total of 390 usable responses were received. CI was measured by Martin and Eroglu (1993)'s multidimensional scale. To measure verbal brand recognition (BORAverbal), we followed the procedures of Samiee et al. (2005). On a separate page, we randomized the order of brand logos and followed a similar procedure to measure visual brand recognition (BORAvisual). We measured global identification using an established scale by Westjohn, Singh, and Magnusson (2012). Based on past studies on brand recognition, we also controlled for brand equity, measured as brand value in the year our data was collected, and product category, which includes apparel, auto, computers, cosmetics, electronics, food, game, handbags, and tobacco. Summary of Findings A core contribution of our model is the suggestion that technological, economic, and political CI's mediate the relationship between international experience and BORA. Conventional wisdom might suggest the strongest brands are from countries with advantages in political and economic influence or cultural significance. Contrary to conventional wisdom, our results suggest that the aforementioned factors contribute little to the process by which consumers recognize brands from foreign countries. Instead, we find that technological image mediates the relationship between international experience and brand origin recognition accuracy. In addition, our results suggest that verbal cues and visual cues are equally important in foreign brand recall. Further, we find that heterogeneity in global identity alters the relationship between international experience and CI. Key Contributions Our study refines the long-held assumption in brand recognition accuracy research that international experience helps consumers to better recognize foreign brands. We find that CI is the mechanism between international experience and brand origin recognition accuracy. Also, we find that techno-logical image explains more than economic image or political image regarding why international experience contributes to brand recognition. This is especially the case for consumers who identify themselves as more global-oriented. In addition, we find both visual and verbal cues are important to help consumers recall foreign brands. Our study has rich managerial implication as to the importance of technological CI and the match between company products and country competitive advantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the effort of creating a joint international graduate program in the area of semiconductor product engineering and power electronics. As a first step, a joint summer course for undergraduate students is implemented with the intention to create a larger interest in the program among the current undergraduate population at Texas Tech University and the University of Applied Sciences, two of the institutions jointly offering this degree. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Hiring a top executive is an important strategic decision. Given that top teams with international experience have experienced positive outcomes in terms of its performance and strategies, we examined the genesis of international teams with a focus on the international CEO. To do so, we followed 82 CEOs from S&P 100 companies listed in 2012, and analyzed 831 hires of top executives over a maximum follow up period of 39 years. It seems the international experience of the CEO matters in regards to whom is appointed to the top management team and this preference is negatively associated with the power situation of the CEO. Our results complement past research that identified characteristics that bond executives and may help reconcile mixed findings about the conditions for the most powerful actors in the organization to replicate their demographic characteristics. Moreover, they shed some light on how firms can garner the benefits international teams seem to convey to firms, including firm performance, more international alliances and more foreign market entries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing upon managerial cognitive and experiential learning theory, we suggest that the extent to which different types of international experiences affect executives' cognitive ability to make strategic decisions varies, depending on the level of interaction with and reflection upon the host countries' cultures that those experiences provide. To test our prediction, we develop specific hypotheses concerning the effect of newly-appointed CEO's international experience variables, including number of countries in which an executive has served, functional experiences of the executive, and the cultural distances between an executive's home and host countries, on strategic change. We also hypothesize that strategic changes initiated and implemented by new CEO with rich international experiences will result in improvements in firm performance. The results generally support our prediction. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications as well as the limitations of our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study integrates the seemingly contradictory predictions of human-capital and social-network perspectives about the relationship between executives' international experience and speed of career advancement (i.e., the time that individual executives took to become CEOs from the beginning of their career). We postulate that these two perspectives are more complementary in nature, and that the relationship between international experience and time to the top follows a U-shape form. Initially, executives realize faster career advancement from the acquisition of international experience until a given threshold where the social network costs of losing contact with the headquarters outweigh the human capital benefits, resulting in slower career progress. Data from 170 large multinational firms provide support of the hypothesized U-shaped relationship. Our results also show that this relationship is moderated by the firm's degree of internationalization, and the level of industry munificence - suggesting that contextual attributes play an important, contingent role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a comprehensive test of the impact of CEO human capital on corporate strategic choice. Using a large panel data set in an emerging market context, we find that CEO prior international experience promotes EMFs' internationalization. Corporate governance, CEO cognition, and government support are contingency factors that affect CEO's human capital to be fully utilized for international diversification. When CEO human capital is bundled with CEO incentive, CEO cognition, and resource endowments, EMFs strongly endorse an international diversification strategy. Future research directions are discussed in the paper as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates whether the relationship between mode of international market entry and non-location bound international experience is weaker for firms that are large or have a high foreign to total sales ratio, labeled multinational experience. Empirical evidence based on 250 foreign market entries made by Norwegian, Danish and Swedish firms suggests that the association between equity mode choice and non-location bound international experience diminishes in the presence of higher levels of multinational experience. Furthermore, firms whose entry mode choice is predicted by the model including the proposed moderating effect, on average, yield higher post-entry performance. This study sheds light on inconsistent results found in previous research investigating the impact of international experience and has practical implications for managerial decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating the international experience and liability of foreignness literature, this study explores the contingencies relating firm's international experience and managerial capability to mitigate the liability of foreignness. Empirical results from a sample of 207 Taiwanese MNCs indicated that exploitative experience and explorative experience both significantly help firms to mitigate liability of foreignness. In addition, this study also found that managerial capability positively moderates the relationship between the experience and liability of foreignness, suggesting the effect is contingent on a firm's capability to deal with the mitigating of foreignness during international expansion. Theoretical implications of these results and suggestions for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the relationship between new team members' international experience backgrounds and subsequent contributions to team performance at the first year of team membership. It is argued, that individuals' experiential backgrounds can range from narrow careers in single national contexts to broad careers in multiple international settings, with different developmental effects on newcomers' knowledge, competencies, and subsequent potentials to successfully contribute to team performance. Importantly, the experiential composition of the entire team moderates these relationships in such a way that newcomers' broad international backgrounds constitute valuable inputs of new knowledge and perspectives in experientially homogeneous and long tenured teams. A set of hypotheses was tested on a longitudinal multilevel dataset from seven consecutive seasons of German Bundesliga football (2005-2012) and provided support for our predictions. Implications of these findings are discussed together with future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper expands our understanding of the role of knowledge derived from other sources than the firms' own experience in international markets on firms' internationalization and does so by focusing on the effect of hiring managers with export experience on firms' export growth. Econometric analyses on an unbalanced panel of Danish exporters in the manufacturing sector covering the years from 1997 to 2006 are used to investigate this relationship. The results show no significant association between the event of hiring managers with export experience and a firm's export growth rate. However, it is argued in this paper that the effect of hiring managers with export experience on a firm's subsequent export growth may depend on the recruiting firm's prior export experience. The findings support this claim, and show that the effect of hiring managers with export experience indeed depends on the scope of a firm's export portfolio, measured in terms of number of markets a firm is exporting to. The effect of hiring managers with export experience increases with the number of export destinations. Conversely, the depth of the recruiting firm's export experience, measured by the number of years a firm has been exporting, does not play a role in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By integrating the international experience and liability of foreignness literature, this study explores the contingencies relating firm's international experience and managerial capability to mitigate the liability of foreignness. Empirical results from a sample of 207 Taiwanese MNCs indicated that exploitative experience and explorative experience both significantly help firms to mitigate liability of foreignness. In addition, this study also found that managerial capability positively moderates the relationship between the experience and liability of foreignness, suggesting the effect is contingent on a firm's capability to deal with the mitigating of foreignness during international expansion. Theoretical implications of these results and suggestions for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]