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The scarcity of qualitative water is increasingly regarded as a timely issue of major importance, especially considering emerging environmental challenges affecting complex water systems in a local context. Thus, proactive sustainable solutions for water quality monitoring such as Internet of Things (IoT) technology are gaining prominence for innovation through data-driven decision making. In the region of Flanders, responsibilities of water policy and management are scattered across authorities and organizations with often conflicting priorities, not considering the natural borders of the waterways. For the first time, the key stakeholders combined efforts during the four-year research project "Internet of Water Flanders". The aim of the innovation project was to facilitate a more dynamic and efficient water management and pave the way towards a more robust water system. Living Labs (LL) have been used as an approach to facilitate durable solutions for a range of water management challenges such as drought, water pollution and flooding. This paper presents an in-depth case study of the project examining the value of the LL approach, where we have put forward a post-hoc impact assessment of the intended results of the project compared to the actual outcomes. Main findings are that a LL approach is suitable for an innovation project in a complex environment, with some barriers to be overcome in terms of feasibility and viability. The most added value was found on a policy level in operational recommendations for a supported governance structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building climate-neutral ships in environmentally sustainable shipyards represents a strategic objective for the maritime industry to fulfil its obligations of social, economic, and environmental responsibility. This goal is particularly crucial for cruise ships, given their notorious association with various deleterious environmental impacts. As the fastest-growing segment of global tourism, the cruise shipbuilding is under pressure to meet the escalating expectations of existing and emerging generations of cruise tourists. Additionally, it serves as a significant regional employer and a driver of technological innovation within the maritime sector. To cope with these demands, the industry is exploring new avenues to enhance the overall innovative capacity of its ecosystem. This paper contributes to the advancement of the conceptual framework of the Green Transition Lab (GTL) - a form of living lab operating within the context of shipbuilding. GTL is a form of open innovation networks, arena for transition towards a greener, sustainable future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living labs share common elements but have multiple different implementations. Prior studies have revealed a lack of research on effective management approaches for living labs. Service harmonization is suggested as an approach to improve efficiency and to ensure the consistency of services and results regardless of the service provider. This study evaluates the living lab service portfolio and proposes a harmonized service categorization to contribute to ongoing discussions on living lab harmonization. The suggested framework consists of 18 services for Customer acquisition, 13 for Detailed project planning and 29 for Project implementation and dissemination phase as well as 9 repositories in Innovation ecosystem orchestration. Services are also classified into Back-office (N=29), R&D services (N=21), and 3) Auxiliary services (N=4). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings of this paper present a taxonomy with structured overview on key characteristics of living labs in a smart service context and with that, insights on how living labs can be used for smart service innovation. Deriving from theoretical and empirical data we found that characteristics of living labs can be arranged into two main groups describing on the one hand the milieu and on the other hand the methodology for smart service innovation. Characteristics of the milieu such as physical framing or the ecosystem of living labs describe the set-up of living labs within which smart service innovation takes place and which can be utilized for the innovation process. Characteristics of the latter, the methodology, outline possible characteristics of using living labs as an approach towards the smart service innovation process including activities, resources, and the involvement of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the challenge of positioning Living Lab approach in theoretical discussion. The Authors consider Living Labs as best positioned as a conceptualization of public sector driven innovation ecosystems. Public sector innovations involve multi-stakeholder engagement and competing agendas, and as such are examples of collaborative, ecosystem-based innovations with focus on societal value creation and citizen engagement, as opposite to profit objectives. Living Lab philosophy's emphasis of citizen engagement and societal impact makes it well suited for the purpose, but such applications are rarely seen in academic literature. We present an evolutionary review of Living Lab approach, along with a framework for its' application to implementing public sector innovations. The paper contributes to the academic discussion on public sector innovation and Living Lab knowledge base with a framework and proposals for future applications for Living Lab approach. Managerial contribution is a model for managing ecosystem-based innovations for public organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paediatric oncology field still faces significant challenges, despite the substantial progress in childhood cancer diagnosis and treatment. Not only in terms of incidence and mortality rate reduction but also in terms of patients, their support system (e.g. family, school staff) and the cancer survivors' well-being. The use of innovation has provided new forms to support the paediatric oncology community. As these solutions continue to emerge it is necessary to test and validate them based on the end-users' specific needs. In this context, this article shares the ongoing work in the development of an unprecedented and unique Living Lab project. In this ecosystem, a paediatric oncology patients' physiological monitoring device, an app that combines technology and science with culture and arts to create mental health promotion solutions device, a virtual reality solution to help paediatric oncology patients manage pain via gamified environments and a methodology to diagnose difficulties in problem-solving that arise among parents and caregivers of children with cancer survivors, breakthroughs technologies where supported and leveraged during their participation in this Living Lab program. Considering the symbiotic interdependence between end-users empowered by Living Labs and the Living Labs' success dependency on the end-users involvement and motivation, an original methodology for entrepreneurship fostering and innovation support based on end-user participants' high involvement was proposed and evaluated. This methodology was based on interlinked and tailored sessions which were characteristically re-designed based on the stage of development of the proposed innovation, the technical support required and the end-users' needs and engagement level as well as the feedback obtained from previous activities. As a result of the complexity of the context in which the solutions are implemented and the changing openness and engagement of the end-users, the activities and sessions were constantly being created and customized. Although this is a work-in-progress, the tailored engagement program developed already allowed the value creation for all the participants and an efficient evaluation and validation of new end-user-centred solutions which will harness progress through their path to the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paediatric oncology field still faces significant challenges, despite the substantial progress in childhood cancer diagnosis and treatment. Not only in terms of incidence and mortality rate reduction but also in terms of patients, their support system (e.g. family, school staff) and the cancer survivors' well-being. The use of innovation has provided new forms to support the paediatric oncology community. As these solutions continue to emerge it is necessary to test and validate them based on the end-users' specific needs. In this context, this article shares the ongoing work in the development of an unprecedented and unique Living Lab project. In this ecosystem, a paediatric oncology patients' physiological monitoring device, an app that combines technology and science with culture and arts to create mental health promotion solutions device, a virtual reality solution to help paediatric oncology patients manage pain via gamified environments and a methodology to diagnose difficulties in problem-solving that arise among parents and caregivers of children with cancer survivors, breakthroughs technologies where supported and leveraged during their participation in this Living Lab program. Considering the symbiotic interdependence between end-users empowered by Living Labs and the Living Labs' success dependency on the end-users involvement and motivation, an original methodology for entrepreneurship fostering and innovation support based on end-user participants' high involvement was proposed and evaluated. This methodology was based on interlinked and tailored sessions which were characteristically re-designed based on the stage of development of the proposed innovation, the technical support required and the end-users' needs and engagement level as well as the feedback obtained from previous activities. As a result of the complexity of the context in which the solutions are implemented and the changing openness and engagement of the end-users, the activities and sessions were constantly being created and customized. Although this is a work-in-progress, the tailored engagement program developed already allowed the value creation for all the participants and an efficient evaluation and validation of new end-user-centred solutions which will harness progress through their path to the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In uncertain times, a proactive attitude toward change is needed amongst all companies. The objective of this research is to create new knowledge on harnessing the possibilities of employees' competencies to business model innovation activities. This research is a continuation to firmlevel ecosystem action plan created for the Service Business by Vähänikkilä and Vakkuri (2022). This research is tied to “Limelight” project activities taking place at Laurea University of Applied Sciences (Espoo, Finland) newly built Events Living Lab. . This research focuses on BMI in the hospitality industry. We use theories and concepts from fields of study: business ecosystem, business model, and innovation underpinnings of this research. The potential contribution of this research creates value for two audiences. As this research contributes to scholars by providing academic discussion on business model innovation, it will also contribute to business practitioners by providing hands-on knowledge to managers and executives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The starting point of this study is a broader review of literature related to innovation partnerships. Based on that review, the concept of Living Labs was identified as a proper enabler of regional collaborative innovation between a variety of stakeholders. Then, the aim was to identify the practices for successful collaboration of Living labs through comparative case study in five European countries, i.e. Austria, Denmark, Finland, Netherlands and Sweden. As a result, we clustered the success factors to four categories: 1) shared vision, 2) funding and operational model 3) collaboration (including orchestration) and complementary partners and 4) value co-creation and impacts of the collaboration. As a practice-oriented comparative case study, there was only limited theoretical contributions; the linkages between different concepts was demonstrated both at literature and at practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Labs have become a popular approach to facilitate multi-stakeholder engagement in open innovation processes in real-life settings. Despite their extensive application across various research fields, there is still a lack of theoretical understanding in this area. This study aims to take the first step towards developing a theory for Living Labs, which can guide future research and practice in this field. This research-in-progress will review the current state of the art of Living Lab theories, identify areas where further theoretical support is required, and investigate how the gained theoretical understanding can be put into practical use by Living Lab practitioners. To achieve this, grounded theory will be used as the overarching approach to rigorously review literature. The outcome of this research will be a taxonomy of Living Lab theories, classified according to the emerged themes from grounded theory analysis. Additionally, the study will identify areas where Living Lab research needs to be theorized to support both researchers and practitioners in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising citizen awareness and fostering new forms of consumer behavior are among the priority actions of the transitional process towards circular economy. According to the social transition models, schools act as catalysts for the urban environment and therefore are able to maximize the impact of the ecological transition. Starting from these assumptions, a School Living Lab was developed by ENEA over the course of three school years, borrowing and adapting the Living Lab methodology. The project took place at the "Pitagora" Institute of Higher Education in the city of Policoro in the province of Matera (Basilicata, Italy). The activity was part of the broader ES-PA Project, Activity 3.2.3 "Integrated Territorial Projects for sustainable economic development", focused on the improvement of multilevel governance practices, the involvement of local stakeholders for the promotion and development of the circular economy approach. The School Living Lab was organized in three steps: during the first year experts from ENEA trained and rose the awareness of the school community on sustainability and circular economy; during the second year the students ran an analysis of their needs and consumption habits and co-designed a circular economy project; finally, the third year was dedicated to the implementation of the project and to the following data analysis. The Living Lab included a nudge practice aimed at encouraging correct behavior in waste sorting and collection of recyclable plastic (bottle caps). The Living Lab also triggered a virtuous process of change by involving other local stakeholders, who collaborated independently to implement the practices. The project was concluded with the delivery of collected material to an Apulian recycling company, which transforms plastics into a secondary raw material for the production of streetlamps, thus closing the cycle of the polyethylene supply chain and proving the replicability of the School Living Lab experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its establishment in 2017, MobiLab2.0 (former MobiLab Upper Austria) has been working with companies and institutions in its advisory role as a project developer, facilitator, and evaluator to successfully get innovative, novel approaches into action. To ensure a high standard of this implementation, it is necessary to implement the projects in a scientific framework. This paper presents the difficulties of the topics dealt with in the living lab to reflect scientifically and to put them into the context of global/European developments. The two topics identification of a sustainable fleet and the necessary infrastructure and sustainable last-mile logistics dealt with in the Austrian Living Lab MobiLab are examined in terms of their difficulties and opportunities and considered in the context of scientific work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Labs are one of the most common participatory design approaches that aim to facilitate user engagement throughout the innovation development process in real-life setting. This study explores and discusses how the process of voluntary user engagement in the Living Lab context is shaped, by including the users' perspective. In so doing, a user engagement framework in Living Lab context is developed that includes the issues of user engagement in relation to the three themes, namely, voluntariness nature of user engagement in Living Labs, issues associated with real-life engagement, as well as immaturity of innovation in Living Lab setting, from the perspective of both users and innovation (or Living Lab) experts. The objective is to ensure sustainable user engagement and commitment throughout innovation processes in Living Labs. To achieve this goal, empirical data was collected through semi-structured interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and workshops in three European Living Lab projects, namely, UNaLab, U4IoT and USEMP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a state-of-the-art review of the Living Lab research development. 535 Living Lab publications were probed with a bibliometric approach. Despite its dispersed development, Living Lab research has emerged into a few rising and collaborative clusters. We detected the convergence towards fields like the aging problem of the society, smart city, Urban Living Lab, and sustainability. The Urban Living Lab clusters have been growing rapidly and potentially forming their own research domain. Subsequently, a systematic review of 42 empirical papers explored the methods and tools adopted by Living Labs for user involvement during the innovation process. We categorized these methods into the following eight thematic groups: 1). Structured interaction; 2). Flexible interaction; 3). Extended network; 4). Using special actors; 5). Learning & engaging; 6). Design & approaches; 7). Techniques; 8). Operational guidelines. The study contributes to theoretical and practice-oriented Living Lab research, and potential support to practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand innovation dynamics in urban living labs. The study investigates 23 urban living lab cases from six cities in a Nordic country. Upon constructing a conceptual framework to analyse "anchors" and their dynamics in urban living lab networks, the study suggests several theoretical contributions to the literature on living labs. Among them, the study identified four anchors: (i) concept, (ii) location, (iii) citizen/resident, and (iv) data. These anchors follow innovation dynamics of "in situ" versus "ex situ". Second, the innovation dynamics reveal how to identify a living lab's "DNA" which offers basis for effective management of collaborative innovation processes. Beside them, the study suggests managerial contributions and suggests for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Circular Economy (CE) emphasis minimizing resources and waste generation by transforming traditional take-make-dispose value chain into various circular value chains. Living lab approach has been suggested as a promising innovation approach for developing and testing CE solutions. However, in-depth analysis of what kind of co-creation and testing methods CE related living lab projects are applying is somewhat uncharted. By applying qualitative document analysis and in-depth interviews approaches, this multiple-case study is mapping living lab methods across the different CE value chain and innovation process phases among five companies participating in European Commission H2020 funded CIRC4Life-project. Visual matrix tool including eight CE value chain phases and six innovation process phases is generated to illustrate the evolution of living lab activities during the various innovation process phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to environmental, economic, and social challenges, the living labs approach to innovation is receiving increasing attention within the agricultural sector. In this paper, we propose a set of defining characteristics for a particular type of living lab intended to increase the sustainability and resilience of agri-food systems: the "agroecosystem living lab". Drawing on lessons from the efforts of urban living labs researchers, we propose a new typology of "place-based living labs" to highlight the similar challenges faced by living labs aimed at sustainability and embedded within a particular territory or space-bound place (e.g., urban, rural, and agroecosystem living labs). Based on case studies from Canada and France, and supported by insights from the literature, we identify the defining characteristics of place-based living labs generally and agroecosystem living labs specifically. By highlighting what makes these types of living labs unique and how they are similar to other types, we hope to encourage their further study by researchers and help practitioners facing implementation or operational challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea for transnational living lab collaboration network has been proposed well over decade ago. Despite of a few random studies, theoretical models describing such a network does not yet exist. The aim of this study is to conceptualize a multi-factor maturity model for describing and defining the degree of collaboration maturity among two or more living labs from different countries. The drivers and obstacles for transnational collaboration were identified and Transnational Living Lab Collaboration Maturity Model (TLLCMM) was co-created by living labs from seven different countries including following four-stages: Network, Coordinated network, Cooperation and Collaboration. The suggested TLLCMMconsists the following main factors: "Environment", "Membership", "Structure-Process", "Communication", "Purpose: Goal-Vision", and "Resources". For each factor and sub factor, corresponding maturity levels description were define. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability is an increasingly interesting topic among living labs where diverse actor roles and their dynamic are rooted into new urban living labs. Therefore, this study examines the actor roles and their dynamics in the design, implementation and evaluation phases of the four living lab projects in the Hiedanranta district in Tampere in Finland. The projects focus on nutrient recycling and material circulation, and their outcomes contribute to the circular economy and sustainability of the region to a large extent. We apply a qualitative research design including semi-structured interviews reinforced with the secondary data from the project reports and websites. The findings of the study indicate that the driving actors may change in the project phases in urban living labs depending on the required tasks and the competence level of the actors. The roles may be shared by different actor types and change depending on the project requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Due globalization there are increasing opportunities for SMEs to pursue international markets. Transnational Living Lab (LL) approach has been suggested as a promising way to help SMEs to pursue in international markets. However, what kind of services SMEs are expecting from transnational LLs is less clear. By conducing 82 semi-structured open-ended interviews among health and wellbeing SMEs from eight different Baltic Sea region countries, a typology for transnational LL-service needs is defined. As a result of a conventional content analysis, twelve main needs were identified. By far the most popular LL need was testing service. The second most popular need group was formed by eight equally important services, which origin can be linked to the commonly known internal barriers of SME internationalization. Suggestions for key characteristics of transnational LL concept are proposed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides new knowledge on the long-term use and value of a digital user involvement tool as a part of a living lab particularly in ICT, health and public service development contexts. Research has been carried out within the authentic living lab environment in 2011–2018. Empirical evidence is gathered from case living lab digital user involvement platform and activities conducted in multiple contexts. The primary source of information are the 70 in-depth interviews with the customer companies, public organizations and other stakeholders. The digital user community and user involvement tool specific value for the development of products and services are a fast, easy and efficient user involvement regardless of time and location, tailored online methods based on the need of the customer, and the richness and quality of the end-user feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses innovation mechanism(s) in third-generation living labs in the urban city context. Whereas there is a growing need for an indepth understanding of the emerging third-generation living labs, the study constructs a conceptual framework for examining innovation mechanism(s) in third-generation living labs and applies the framework on a multiple case study of 48 collaborative innovation network cases in the urban city context. So doing, the paper explores the essence of innovation in open and collaborative innovation networks, epitomizes the characteristics of innovation mechanism(s) in third-generation living labs, and concludes that the diverse types of open and collaborative innovation networks in the urban city context uniformly assume the principle of modularity and, thus, may be seen as incarnations of each other. Finally, the study provides relevant directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Labs (LLs) are among the user-centred open innovation approaches. LL approach is highlighting RDI operations in the real-life environments together with end-users and other relevant stakeholders while utilizing various research and development methods across the different innovation process stages. The main aim of this study is to empirically identify and compare health and wellbeing LL current and future business models by utilizing empirical Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach. In total BMC survey instrument included 101 variables ranging from nine to fifteen variables depending on the BMC item. In all, fourteen LL from eight different countries send their self-evaluation response. The paper compares the similarities and differences at LL level as well as BMC item level. The results suggest that there is not a universal business model among the sample selection LL organisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of officially certified Living Labs have been steadily growing since the launch of European Network Living Labs (ENoLL) over a decade ago. By far the most popular thematic focus area among ENoLL members is the health and wellbeing, which covers nearly a half of all certified Living Labs. However, the studies evaluating Living Lab business models in general and especially those focusing on health and wellbeing Living Labs are rare. By applying industry standard Business Model Canvas (BMC) approach, this study identifies what kind of attributes Health and Wellbeing Living Labs are including within nine business model canvas elements. The data grounded on 16 Baltic Sea region Health and Wellbeing Living Labs identified a great attribute variety, which are ranked based on popularity. Our findings clearly support previous suggestions which argue that Living Labs have common elements, but multiple different implementations. The need to develop Living Lab specific business modelling tools was recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, we have been witnessing the manifestation of new initiatives that promote innovation through collaboration, iteration, openness, learning and community formation. Different forms are emerging, such as physically permanent coworking places (e.g. innovation hubs, coworking spaces), and purpose-built initiatives for collaboration (e.g. innovation labs, living labs). While the differences between these innovation intermediaries are not always obvious, typical features can be identified. What they all have in common is the physical space that provides a working environment and supports interdisciplinary actors by providing methods and technological means to translate knowledge and ideas into solutions or concepts while crossing organisational, sectoral and geographical boundaries. The paper aims to contribute to the innovation management practice by illustrating with real world examples how the upcoming innovation intermediaries (coworking spaces, innovation hubs, living labs, and innovation labs) suit different innovation contexts and needs. As such, it will support better decision-making when it comes to selecting the most appropriate model to promote innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of officially certified Living Labs as well as Living Lab research publications have been steadily growing since the launch of European Network Living Labs (ENoLL) over decade ago. So far there has been only few studies which have made an effort to systematically evaluate the Living Lab research domain. As typically in scientific literature, there is no universally accepted definition for Living Lab term and plenty of other rivalling terms have emerged. By using Scopus, Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar (GS) as data sources, a popularity-based scientometrics analysis is applied to evaluate Living Lab and rivalling terms popularity and interlinkages. As a result relying only on single database will lead to significant data collection bias and therefore data source triangulation further studies is highlighted. Living Lab research is somewhat isolated research domain and there are only weak links between the competing research streams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines third-generation living labs in the urban city context. Besides the growing scholarly interest toward living labs, there is a need for research that would map and analyse diverse collaborative innovation networks and their relations in this context. The paper employs a multi-case study to analyse 48 collaborative innovation network cases in the city context. Such innovation, e.g. hackathons, innovation labs, open labs/spaces, participatory budgeting, makerspaces, fab labs, and co-working places occur in the city context. So doing, it develops a conceptual framework for analysing third-generation living labs and related collaborative innovation networks by their stakeholders and environments. As a result, the paper concludes by suggesting four archetypes of collaborative innovation networks and explaining implications to theory and practice, as well as proposing directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involving individual users in the process of information systems development is a key dimension of open innovation. Living Labs are socio-technical systems that facilitate information systems development by integrating technical, social and organizational structures and focusing on individuals, tasks, technologies and the interactions between different stakeholders. Testing digital innovations in real-life use context is one of the key components of Living Labs. The users' motivations to participate in Living Lab field tests at the beginning of the project are usually higher than once the field tests are underway. However, there is a dearth of research on other issues related to participants' drop-out in Living Lab field tests. This study contributes to the existing literature by investigating the consequences of drop-out in Living Lab field tests and providing recommendations that would facilitate prolonged user engagement. The paper also discusses some ethical considerations regarding involvement of participants within Living Lab field tests. In doing so, we interviewed fourteen Living Lab experts in two Living Labs in Sweden and Belgium. Based on these interviews, we propose a first set of consequences, recommendations and ethical considerations to take into account when setting up Living Lab field tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, many countries face the challenge of aging population. To overcome the social issue, Living Lab has introduced the effective way of welfare for the elderly. This study was conducted to suggest the direction of Senior Living Lab based on case analysis. This paper researched on investigation the Living Lab and senior welfare by reviewing the literature and gave a brief overview of 3 Living Labs selected at home and abroad. The analysis of Living Lab was conducted based on its 5 principles of senior welfare such as principle of self-reliance, principle of participation, principle of protection, principle of self-realization and principle of dignity. In order to build a Living Lab that cares about the elderly, specific and detailed direction for development with an effective application of 5 policy factors above based on the understanding of senior welfare is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grand challenges -- like urbanisation -- lead to the need for systemic innovation. Consequently, innovation processes are increasingly hosted by socalled living labs, where companies can produce together with other stakeholders systemic innovations. Aspern Urban Lakeside in Vienna is one of the largest living labs in Europe, investigating different types and interactions of technologies in the energy, ICT and mobility domain. Qualitative interviews with stakeholders gave fruitful insights into the design and operation of living labs and showed how cooperation and community building are supported. Additionally, by comparing Aspern Urban Lakeside to two other Austrian living labs (Smart City Graz and VIsion Step I in Villach) individual features were analysed in the dimensions of institutionalisation, user involvement and participation, range of activities and strategic embeddedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines diverse service innovations with service robots in living labs. Living labs is an under researched and growing area of scholarly research. In particular, there is a need for research that connects robotics with welfare and health care living labs. This study focuses on the nexus between the types of robots and services in living labs. It contributes to the literatures of open innovation and living labs by developing a conceptual framework for analysing service innovations enabled by robotics in eight living labs cases. The framework distinguishes four archetypes of service innovations in health and welfare living labs: (i) socializing, (ii) aiding, (iii) entertaining, and (iv) personal assisting. The paper concludes with implications to theory and practice, and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Involvement of (end) users is essential in Living Labs. Testing assumptions by exhibiting these to users leads to new insights and often also to innovation. In this study, we show these phenomena by use of a Living Lab in a health care organization. We examine user involvement by researching their needs and desires related to residential accommodation for volunteers on the site of a health care organization. The multi-method approach included questionnaires and interviewing but also Design Thinking. Hence, a wider range of insights, from tacit to explicit needs, is captured. This study elaborates on the Needsfinding and the Design Phase and shows that structuring a Living Lab into preparatory phases, reduces the cost of the iterative process of changing the prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current lack of open manufacturing data limits the capability of data scientists to increase their knowledge for delivering data-driven innovations in manufacturing. To cope with this challenge the paper suggests a lightweight approach already implemented at Virtual Vehicle. Since 2015, a 3D printer has been equipped with sensors, enhanced with additional hard- and software, and thereby transformed into a smart micro-factory to generate vast amounts of non-confidential manufacturing data. The paper outlines the taken approach, the results, and their implications to the innovation community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines innovation tools and subsequent tooling in living labs. Besides offering a new mode of open innovation for practitioners, living labs is an under researched and emerging scholarly research area. In particular, there is a substantial need to examine innovation tools in living labs. This study focuses on the link between different innovation processes and the usage of tools in living labs. So doing, it develops a framework based on the living lab literature and analyzes 40 living labs in different countries. The study contributes to the literatures of living labs and open innovation by introducing four new types of living labs: linearizer, iterizer, mass customizer, and tailor. Moreover, the study proposes three ways to organize innovation activities in living labs. The paper concludes with theoretical and managerial implications and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines public procuring, aiming to increase understanding on how living lab approach and end-user involvement create innovativeness and enhance public procurement results, providing effectiveness and better solutions. Empirical findings are based on a real-life unique public procurement in the healthcare field where living lab approach was used through product testing phase which was included in the procurement procedure. Perceived quality of the product formed on the basis of product testing was in significant role for the first time in public healthcare related procurement of City X; the winning solution was not the most affordable but the one obtaining highest quality scores by users. Findings of the study suggest that product testing as part of public procurement should be more widely taken into use, however, carefully considering the right balance of price-quality ratio to ensure innovativeness. Based on the study, we propose a framework for product testing as a part of public procurement through open procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Lab is a user-driven open innovation ecosystem where users themselves partake in the R&D and innovation process. With its mature ICT environment, South Korea has great advantages in effective deployment of Living Lab. Despite having this key prerequisite for Living Lab, however, its deployment remains slow and few in Korea. Existing studies are insufficient to explain this phenomenon, as they cover only the general motivation of participants in pre-existing Living Lab that are already well developed. This study seeks to identify in finer detail the key influential factors that drive the activation of Living Lab. Socio-technical, internal and external factors from various existing theoretical frameworks are assessed and integrated into our model, which is then validated via structural equation modelling with data collected 100 professional respondents. This study provides a deeper insight into Living Lab's development process, as well as managerial strategies for effective new deployment of Living Labs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household consumption is the ultimate driver for all production in our economies, and a significant part is direct consumption that takes place within physical boundaries of the household, which we call the home. Important consumption categories include utilities like water, electricity, heating and cooling, but also the food we eat and the clothes we wear. To facilitate sustainable innovation in the built environment, reducing innovation cost and product time to market a co-creation open innovation approach is proposed, which is expected to lower thresholds for new innovation project for all actors, and in particular small to medium enterprises (SME's). In the Habitation Lab academia, public bodies, industry and users come together to form a quadruple helix of innovation. The open innovation process involves multiple stakeholders, and end users take on the role not only as test subjects, but also as active contributors and co-creators of new products and services. A newly built Habitation Lab in Gothenburg, Sweden, containing 29 apartments, a co-creation studio and 2,000 sensors is presented as a case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the tensions, and paradoxes related to open innovation taking place in living labs. Although the open innovation model is spreading rapidly and living labs are an increasingly popular way to accelerate innovation processes, they are under researched. There is a substantial need for more research on innovation mechanism in living labs. This study focuses on three main classes of tensions that characterize open innovation in living labs: management, users, and the way of working. The suggested categorization of tensions into paradoxes is based on a theory review and an empirical analysis of 26 living labs in four countries. This paper proposes that living labs foster emergence of paradoxical tensions and act as a mechanism to reorganize paradoxical tensions. The paper concludes with theoretical and managerial implications and suggests directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business Modelling and Living Lab research both have similar objectives - to maximize the probability of successful market introduction of innovative solutions - be it through different means. Rather then being competing approaches, business modelling and living lab research methodologies are very complementary, where the combined approach turns out to be more powerful compared to the individual approaches. Yet there are still only very few studies or reports that discuss this topic, with those studies that do touch the subject staying high level. iMinds Living Lab has gained a lot of experience in combined Living Lab - Business Modelling innovation tracks. This paper discusses the benefits of such combined innovation tracks and shares the lessons learned at the iMinds Living Lab to provide clear guidelines and to serve as a basis for further study on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living Lab is an unity that organically connects the innovation subject, development activities and the use of results. To facilitate the participation from diverse relevant stakeholders, we need to establish the system infrastructure and examine the intention to participate from perspective of individual and organization. Korea has an excellent ICT environment, which is the most important factor to facilitate Living Lab previous research pointed. However, Korea is at its beginning stage at Living Lab activation. Therefore, this research is to identify what are the influential factors in activating the Living Lab in Korea which provides superior ICT infrastructure to conduct Living Lab. We also studied the pilot area to execute Living Lab in Korea and suggests new assessing model of influential factors in activating the Living Lab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the feasibility and suitability of an online serendipity service allowing academic and industrial research organisations as well as individuals to quickly identify collaboration opportunities in the goal of replying to call-for-proposals. This work was carried out in the context of a Matchmaking workshop organised during the 4th Living Labs Summer School held in Manchester by the end of August 2013. It was intended to identify collaboration opportunities among participating Living Labs for collectively answering to the EU Horizon2020 first call-for-proposals. The software prototype used for simulating a serendipity service was developed within previous EU research project. This work addresses the problem of the systematisation of quickly identifying collaboration opportunities with relevant connections among Living Labs and Horizon2020 research themes in order to efficiently form Open Innovation ecosystems as recommended in the OI2 paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In innovation management the Living Lab method has become a widely accepted and applied innovation instrument. However the method is currently used in many different ways. Due to this high variety in use it has become difficult to understand and adopt as a uniform method. Within this study we aim to gain insight in the different kinds of Living Labs. For this, we have analysed the Living Lab method based on two aspects. First, we looked at the realism of the Living Lab environment. Second, we looked at the kind of stakeholders involved in the Living Lab. These two factors were explored among six Living Labs to provide insight in their approaches and goals. Based on this we propose a preliminary framework to identify the differences between Living Labs. With this we aim to support future Living Lab managers in selecting the best-suited Living Lab setup for their goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid evolving markets and limited time spans create challenges for small and medium sized companies resulting in a growing interest for Living Labs. The latter strengthen the SME's innovations by allowing an open, multi-disciplinary and -stakeholder approach, where potential end-users are confronted with the innovation in real life settings. Even though the majority of Living Labs face similar objectives, the implementation differs strongly. Therefore this paper will emphasize the organisation process of an SME Living Lab by using a hypothesis driven tool, the 'Validation Board.' The study will show how researchers can use the Validation Board as a way to organise their Living Lab by changing the focus towards the entrepreneur instead of the research purposes. The added value of the Validation Board as a tool to organise and as such structure a Living Lab is evaluated by means of 7 case studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a central concept in both the industrial as in the academic world. In this context, Living Lab research has been shown as an effective means for the design, implementation, development, testing and validation of Internet of Things system's pervasiveness. However, IoT products are not yet designed based on the needs of a larger, non-technical group of end-users. Therefore, in this paper we describe the All Things Talk Living Lab research track in which tangible end-user products are defined to be implemented on an online IoT platform. More specifically, by using both qualitative and quantitative methodologies (i.e., desk research, online survey, probe research and co-creation) and by selecting different types of users (i.e., based on Rogers' adoption profiles) for these interaction moments, we were able to combine the input of these users to define tangible products that meet the needs of a heterogeneous group of end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, involving citizens in Local Environmental Governance (LEG) is becoming increasingly important. In order to empower the role of citizen in this context, we propose an approach that relies on the establishment of a physical and intellectual space for shared understanding and collaboration between all stakeholders impacted by an environmental problem (in our case odour emission). Based on the development of an Information Technology (IT) system allowing odour emission measurement as well as the collection of citizen feedback, a Living Lab (LL) approach is being implemented that involves citizens, public authorities, industry and environmental non-governmental organisations (NGOs). According to the definition of the European commission, Living Labs are "open innovation environments in real-life settings, in which userdriven innovation is fully integrated within the co-creation process of new services, products and societal infrastructures". Based on this definition and considering, in our case, citizens as one of the end-users of the IT system, we argue that such an approach will empower their role in local environmental governance. This article presents the method and techniques that will be used in order to set up such a Living Lab. More precisely, we focus here on the first step of this method: defining the components that will support the management of a Living Lab relying on an IT system. This step consists in the identification of the Living Lab stakeholders (citizen, industry, public authorities, NGOs, etc.), including their characteristics, fears, expectations, involvement and engagement regarding the Living Lab. To do this, 2 main approaches are being combined: A Living Lab approach that aims to involve citizens in local Environmental Governance (LEG) design. Use of Human-Centred Design (HCD), to combine IT developments and LL needs, for example Personas methodology and usability test. A Living Lab relies mainly on stakeholders' involvement in order to build trust and establish a common goal. In this sense, sociologists' approaches ((Akrich et al. 2006);) bring valuable information on how to mobilise different actors in order to innovate (Actor Network Theory). However, in the innovation process, these approaches are only considering human actors and do not take into account any technological aspects. However, if Living Labs are relying on human actors' interactions it should also take into account their interactions with the IT system it is based on. In this case, Human- Centred Design (HCD) being an approach that aims to make IT systems usable and useful by focusing on the users, their needs and requirements, is to be considered as complementary to the sociologists approaches. This article, based on the work performed in the FP7 European project OMNISCIENTIS, presents the theoretical context in which this study takes place as well as the overall methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of cities based on the technology progress is providing a huge potential to enhance activities, services and economic development towards a better life quality. But cities have to deal with managing the growing diversity of data, applications and devices needed to develop services, and to tailor these services to each citizen's requirements. The establishment of human-centered computing methodologies for developing services leads cities towards the Open Innovation, meant as the key to develop innovative ecosystems characterized by real-life experiments that result in new services. PEOPLE project represents a step towards this evolution by putting in practice the concept of human-centred computing in real scenarios (Livings Labs), where citizens participate continuously and actively in the creation and validation of new tailored services. The outcomes of implementing the methodology proposed by PEOPLE develop, implement and deploy innovative services based on ICT infrastructures with guidelines set by citizens, covering users' real needs sustained by collaborative basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper addresses the efficacy of a Living Lab approach to improving the quality of the teaching and learning of mathematics and science at secondary school level as well as student outcomes. A nation-wide initiative is underway in Lesotho, with the objective of promoting interaction amongst learners and teachers of mathematics and science in secondary schools. This creates an open platform upon which learners, educators, researchers, policy makers, and the private sector cocreate value by enhancing the quality of science and maths education, and helping the youth to choose careers. The project was motivated by the need to promote a learner-centred approach and exploit the cultural practice whereby a learner is charged with responsibility to help others. The project uses 3G technologies together with the Internet, social networks and educational software. A supporting case study is described. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The researchers tried to address the issue of Economic Sustainability and Business Model research in the collaborative configuration of African Living Labs. The authors evaluated 29 scientific articles. The results suggests: a lack of research on Living Lab sustainability; recommendations were mainly drawn from Sekhukhune Living Lab and only partial recommendations for Sustainability were available. The development factors of the initial Business Model were drawn from diverse Living Lab applications and implementation; lessons learnt from reviewed articles; and usage of Business Model concepts. The initial Business Model concept has three categories: People, Living Lab and Things. It can be useful to interested parties wanting to pursue Sustainable Living Labs or Collaborative projects. Finally, due to the multi-stakeholder nature and Societies role in a Living Lab, we recommend that Economic Sustainability might be achieved by positioning Living Labs as a collaborative organization, Social Innovation agent and a Social Business. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]