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Using three stratigraphic sections, this paper compares the sedimentologic and stratigraphic characteristics of the Point Lookout (early Campanian, 84-81 Ma) and Gallup (early Coniacian, 90-89.5 Ma) sandstone tongues near Cabezon, New Mexico. Each of these tongues represents a major regression event along the southwestern shoreline of the Western Interior Seaway, exhibiting progressive upward coarsening and shallowing trends. Two differences are noted. First, lenticular and channel-shaped, >20-cm-thick sandstone beds with basal scour features (e.g., toolmarks, gutter casts) are common in the lower Point Lookout Sandstone and its lower transition with the Mancos Shale, but they are very sparse in the Gallup Sandstone. In the Point Lookout Sandstone, the orientation of channel fills and toolmarks in these and overlying, tabular beds range from 340° to 020° (mostly north-northeast), which is orthogonal (and to a lesser extent, left-oblique) to the northwestern-trending coastline and likely reflects periodic storm-related, offshore-directed currents. Second, 5th-order parasequences are more obvious in the Point Lookout Sandstone, where laterally continuous mudstones (up to 3 m thick) transition upwards into sandstones, resulting in mudstone-sandstone couplets that indicate deepening (transgression) followed by shallowing (regression). These mudstone-sandstone couplets are absent in the Gallup Sandstone, and except for the transitional base and lower part of this unit, individual parasequences are more obscure. There is also a lack of upward coarsening in the middle to upper part of the Gallup Sandstone. Differences in shoreline morphology controlled by contrasting sea-level stages that relate to systems tracts, as modeled by sequence stratigraphy, may explain the observed differences. The Point Lookout Sandstone has an aggradation-progradation accommodation (stacking) succession and previously was interpreted as deposited in a highstand systems tract. During transgressions, sand was captured by lagoons and estuaries that resulted in sand-starved, muddy deposition on the shoreface ramp. Organic detritus in marine shales and along sandstone bedding planes is consistent with nearby delta distributary channels, which likely facilitated storm-flood currents and related deposition. In contrast, the middle-upper Gallup at Guadalupe Ruin has a progradation-aggradation stacking succession; its middle-upper part is inferred to have aggraded in a late stage of a lowstand system tract with slowly rising sea level. A corresponding coastline with incised river valleys on the coastal plain, increased shore-parallel transport of sand, and a lack of lagoons and estuaries resulted in a high volume of sand input to the nearshore environment. The high sand flux may have inhibited development of thick, transgressive mudstones during high-frequency (5th-order) transgressive events. Relatively long distances to deltaic distributary channels, not necessarily related to low sea levels but perhaps happenstance, may explain the paucity of paleochannel, gutter casts, and toolmark features in the Gallup Sandstone at Guadalupe Ruin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practice of construction of oil and gas wells shows that the drilling process is almost always accompanied by complications in the form of scree and collapses of the walls of wells in the intervals of unstable rocks. The deposits of fractured mudstones are of the greatest interest, since they have not been studied enough, which makes it difficult to choose a way to preserve their integrity. One of the priority tasks is the development of highly inhibiting systems of flushing fluids for well wiring in complicated conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is be to found the engineering characteristics of the formation rocks of the Shiranch marl stone at the southeastern end of the Bekhir convex fold / Duhok. And an evaluation of it after comparing it with the ASTM in the end finding water absorption where the results ranged between 5.505% -7.122%, Density where the results ranged between 2294.22 Kg/m3 -2601.45 Kg/m3, Moisture content where the results ranged between 1.202g – 1.543g, Apparent dry specific gravity where the results ranged between 2.141 -2.437 and Total porosity where the results ranged between 11.615% - 15.253%, The physical properties indicate that the marl stone is weak, checking the compressive resistance in the field with the hummer stone became the powder. Marl is a carbonate clay stone that is crumbled from lime and silicate fragments in addition to clay stony, mudstone and siltstones. As rocks form, these residues are transformed into carbonate. Marl stone is rich in lime and silicate fragments. Weathered rocks, flat-grained marl with fossils, there are no thin layers as in sludge, but the clay layers show greater stratification, cracks due to exposure to the sun and the effects of rain printed and others are common. Marl stone preset in a variety colors, such as brown, white or gray, and it may also include red in presence quartz, feldspar and mica, from deposits of clay, settled off the coast, on lakes. Iron or green content, equal mixture of carbonates (mainly calcite) from organic sources and quartz feldspar and mica from clay and clay deposits that settled of the coast, on rising lakes and on the flood plains of rivers. Knowing the geology of the study area is of particular and great importance in understanding the general stratigraphic and sedimentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the Permian stratigraphic section in the Joyita Hills--Cerros de Amado--Carthage area east of Socorro. Here, the Permian section is ~900 m thick and is assigned to the (ascending) Bursum Formation, Abo Formation (Scholle and Cañon de Espinoso members), Yeso Group (Arroyo de Alamillo Formation and overlying Los Vallos Formation divided into Torres, Cañas, and Joyita members), Glorieta Sandstone, San Andres Formation, and Artesia Formation. The Bursum Formation is as much as 120 m thick and consists of interbedded red-bed siliciclastics (mudstone, sandstone, and conglomerate) and marine limestones. The Abo Formation is as much as 210 m thick and consists of siliciclastic red beds divided into the Scholle Member (mudstone with channelized beds of crossbedded sandstone and conglomerate) overlain by the Cañon de Espinoso Member (mudstone, siltstone, and many thin beds of sandstone that display climbing ripple lamination). The lower formation of the Yeso Group, the Arroyo de Alamillo Formation, consists of ~107 m of red-bed siltstone, sandstone (mostly ripple laminated and horizontally laminated with some gypsiferous beds), and a few beds of dolomite. The overlying Torres Member of the Los Vallos Formation is ~156 m thick and mostly consists of gypsiferous siltstone, claystone, gypsum, and a few prominent beds of dolomite and gypsiferous sandstone. The overlying Cañas Member is 66 m thick, consists mostly of gypsum, and includes a few beds of gypsiferous siltstone and dolomite. The Joyita Member is ~12 m thick and consists of siltstone and red-bed sandstone that is crossbedded and ripple laminated. The Glorieta Sandstone is up to 85 m thick and consists of crossbedded, laminar, and ripple-laminated quartzose sandstone. The San Andres Formation encompasses as much as 125 m of mostly limestone (lime mudstone) or mostly gypsum. The Artesia Formation is up to 12 m thick and consists of red-bed siltstone and fine sandstone, with minor beds of gypsum and dolomite. It is overlain by Middle Triassic strata of the Moenkopi Formation. Local paleontological data coupled with regional correlations indicate that the Bursum Formation is early Wolfcampian, the Abo Formation is middle Wolfcampian--early Leonardian, the Yeso Group is Leonardian, the Glorieta and San Andres formations are late Leonardian, and the Artesia Formation is Guadalupian (Roadian-Wordian) in age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the mechanical properties of mudstone with temperatures below 800℃ by uniaxial compression apparatus under real-time temperature. The results show that the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of mudstone increases slowly with temperature, while the secant modulus fluctuates from 25℃ to 600℃ and decreases significantly from 600℃ to 800℃. The tangential modulus increases from 25℃ to 400℃, decreases slightly from 400℃ to 500℃, slowly rises from 500℃ to 600℃, and slowly decreases to 800℃. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mudrock is a type of sedimentary rock whose original constituents are clays and muds. Mudrocks are fine grained siliciclastic which include mudstone and claystone depending on the grain size. The colour of mudstone is a function of its minerology content and geochemistry processes. One common sedimentary structure of mudrocks is lamination due to variations in grain size and composition changes. The importance of mudrocks is as a mixture for cement and to produce brick used for building structure. This research emphasizes on the resistivity value of mudrocks; claystone and mudstone which exist in northwestern of Peninsula Malaysia. Mudstone of Kubang Pasu Formation, red mudstone and grey mudstone of Chepor Member and claystone of Semanggol Formation were chose as the study area as each of the mudrock was formed in a different environmental condition. Electrical resistivity survey was conducted on top of the outcrops using Wenner -- Schlumberger array with 1.5 m and 1 m electrode spacing with respect to localities. The data was processed using Res2Dinv software to get the inversion model resistivity and the results were imported to Surfer10 software for labelling purposes. The mudstone resistivity value of Kubang Pasu Formation formed by depositional of calm water gives resistivity value from 20 - 120 Ωm. The red mudstone of Chepor Member formed at high oxidation environment gives resistivity value of 15 - 100 Ωm contrast to grey mudstone which formed under low oxidizing condition gives 120 - 500 Ωm resistivity value. The claystone of Semanggol Formation formed from shallow depositional environment gives resistivity value from 400 - 1000 Ωm. As a conclusion, electrical resistivity survey was successfully applied in differentiating the type of mudrocks. Also, mudrocks formed from different depositional environment gives different values of resistivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transgressive and widespread sediments of the Jurassic Period and various geological units from north Ankara provide paleontological and sedimentologic data to interpret the past geological history. In the study, we made a proper stratigraphical revision for the Jura sediments from the Kosrelik and Kosrelikkizigi areas in northern Ankara. For the revised stratigraphy, the obtained field and laboratory work results and the literature information were used. A Total of 47 samples were collected from the Jurassic-aged units. Two stratigraphical sections were measured. In the area, the Bayirkoy Formation, more than 600 meters in thickness and early Jurassic in age comprise the following members from the bottom to top: Corakliktepe, Kosrelik, Hacikavagi, Beytepe and Turnacesme members. It starts with transgressive basal conglomerates and continues with arkosic quartzitic sandstones, rhythmic marl and mudstone sediments and ends with sandstones. Foraminiferal findings support the Jurassic age. Lithological and faunal contents of the Jurassic sediments show open marine deeper paleoenvironment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In southwestern Colorado (south of the Uncompahgre Plateau), Triassic and Jurassic strata are locally exposed and most have been assigned parochial lithostratigraphic names that should be abandoned and replaced with the names of regional lithostratigraphic units. The Lower-Middle Triassic Moenkopi Group is divided into the (in ascending order) Tenderfoot, Ali Baba and Sewemup formations. These are mostly red-bed siliciclastic rocks typically about 107-137 m thick, but locally they are up to 400 m thick or more. Upper Triassic strata of the Chinle Group rest unconformably on the Moenkopi strata and belong to three formations (in ascending order): (1) Moss Back Formation, up to 49 m of sandstone and conglomerate; (2) Petrified Forest Formation, up to 90 m thick, mostly mudrock and some sandstone and conglomerate; and (3) Rock Point Formation, as much as 213 m of repetitively bedded siltstone and fine-grained sandstone. Sparse age data from southwestern Colorado and correlation to outcrops and age data in adjacent states indicate the Moenkopi Group in southwestern Colorado is Dienerian-Anisian in age, and the Chinle Group is Norian-Rhaetian in age. In southwestern Colorado, Middle-Upper Jurassic strata of the San Rafael Group (Entrada, Todilto, Summerville and Bluff formations) are ~ 300 m thick and consist of eolian sandstone, salina limestone and siltstone/sandstone deposited on an arid coastal plain. The Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation (sandstone-dominated Salt Wash and overlying, mudstone-dominated Brushy Basin members) is as much as 244 m thick and consists of sandstone and mudstone deposited in fluvial environments. Important regional unconformities in the Triassic-Jurassic section of southwestern Colorado are Tr-1 (base of Moenkopi Group), Tr-3/Tr-4 (base of Chinle Group), J-2 (base of Entrada Sandstone), J-3 (base of Todilto Formation), J-5 (base of Salt Wash Member of Morrison Formation) and K (base of Cretaceous strata above Morrison Formation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pore space characterization is an essential element of reservoir characterization, often based on combination of different laboratory techniques. The study concerns mercury injection capillary pressure, low field nuclear magnetic resonance, gas permeability measurements and X-ray diffraction analysis on Miocene sandstones and mudstones. Core samples were taken from several boreholes from the Siedleczka area, which is located in an important gas province of Poland - the Miocene Carpathian Foredeep Basin (southeastern Poland). In the studied area, fields produce biogenic gas from almost impermeable mudstone intervals of thickness exceeding 100 meters, which are interbedded with scarce and thin sandstone layers. Results of the applied laboratory methods allowed detailed analysis of the pore space and estimation of the crucial petrophysical parameters - porosity, permeability and water saturation. The analyzed sandstone samples reveal the porous type of the reservoir space, characterized by the high proportion of meso- (0,5 - 2,5 μm) and macropores (> 2,5 μm), high values of effective porosity (16 - 22%), low values of the irreducible water saturation index (below 0,1), and moderate values of permeability (several mD). The pore space of mudstone samples is dominated by nanopores (< 0,1 μm), which results in moderate values of effective porosity (12 - 14%), high values of the irreducible water saturation index (0,3 - 0,4), and very low values of permeability (typically below 0,1 mD). The presented results suggest that the analyzed Miocene mudstones and sandstones may represent a hybrid type of reservoir rocks, with features typical of both conventional and unconventional reservoir deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold deposits in black shale type have huge reserves of hard-gold. The prevailing part of reserves of native gold is in carbonaceous terrigenous deposits in Russia. These deposits are represented by objects of various scales - from small to unique (In Russia - Olimpiada, Nezhdanin, Natalkin, May; in Uzbekistan - Muruntau, Kokpatas, Zarmitan, Daugyztau, Amantaitau; in Kazakhstan - Bakyrchik; in Tajikistan - Chore; in Kyrgyzstan - Kumtor; in the United States - Mather Lod; in Australia - Bendigo, Olympic Dam). The Bakyrchik deposit is located in the Kyzyl zone, cutting the basic structure of Kalba region. Ore-bearing carbonaceous shales, mudstones, siltstones and sandstones are interbedded in the Bukon suite Middle Carboniferous age. The rocks were shale intensively, contain of carbonaceous matter and sulfides (till 5-10%). Siltstones are saturated most with gold-bearing sulfides (pyrite and arsenic pyrite) containing carbonaceous matter of 0.2-0.4% in the presence of carbonate material. The ore bodies are presented system en echelon mineralized zones of considerable power (till 20 m). The composition of the ore: pyrite, arsenic pyrite, antimony, gold, marcasite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, gray ores (tennantite and tetrahedrite), galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, native silver, quartz, carbonates. Auriferous are pyrite II of pyritohedron habit and acicular arsenic pyrite. The gold in both sulfides is presented in the microscopic and submicroscopic forms. Direct contact with the carbon is installed in the interval of 0.2-1.5% content only. There is a positive relationship of gold with boron, strontium and phosphorus. Ore deposits have a wide range of elements: gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, arsenic, phosphorus, boron, strontium. The arsenic content in the ores of is 0.3-1.5%. Mineralization complex polygenic nature with multiple conversion of syngenetic sedimentogene auriferous material in the fault zone of dislocation-thermal metamorphism refers to the type mineralized zones of gold-sulphide type. In terms of reserves refers to the unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns the geochemical trends (loss and accumulation) of trace elements studied in the lateritic weathering profile of Futa Jallon-Mandingo Province and related to weathering of silty mudstones and dolerites. Whatever their composition, structure, texture, strike, and dip the bauxite-bearing weathering mantles usually show a zoned profile consisting of two generic horizons. The lower horizon mainly consists of clays grading in the mineralogical composition from polymineralic, with fragments of slightly weathered parent rocks, in the lower part (the saprolite) to essentially kaolinitic, with increasing iron, in the upper part (the lithomarge). The upper horizon is mainly composed of iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides and includes the laterites of transition zone, the bauxite horizon, and the cuirass. This horizon can be considered as the properly lateritic mantle. The zoning of lateritic weathering profile has originated from the infiltration metasomatism and the physicochemical environment varying over the profile. Therefore, each subjacent horizon should be considered as the protolith of each superjacent horizon. Samples of each horizon have been analyzed for trace elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The analyses were made by a device ELEMENT 2 produced by Thermo Finnigan, at laboratories of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. Comparison between the weathering profile zones in the trace element composition calculated on isovolumetric base (as absolute abundances) allows better understanding the behavior of trace elements, their loss and accumulation from zone to zone. Such a comparative analysis was made with each of the 55 trace elements measured, using its concentration ratio (Rc) calculated as its absolute abundance ratio of superjacent to subjacent horizon. Rc > 1 is a case of the element absolute accumulation, whereas Rc < 1 is a case of the element loss. Absolute value of Rc is a function of loss/accumulation intensity in the horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Permian stratigraphic section at Abo Pass at the southern tip of the Manzano Mountains (Torrance, Valencia and Socorro Counties, New Mexico) is ~800 m thick and is assigned to the (ascending order): Bursum Formation (Red Tanks Member), Abo Formation (Scholle and Cañon de Espinoso members), Yeso Group (Arroyo del Alamillo Formation and overlying Los Vallos Formation divided into Torres, Cañas and Joyita members), Glorieta Sandstone and San Andres Formation. The Bursum Formation is ~35-40 m thick and consists of interbedded red-bed siliciclastics (mudstone, sandstone and conglomerate) and marine limestones. The Abo Formation is ~310 m thick and consists of siliciclastic red beds divided into the Scholle Member (~140 m of mudstone with channelized beds of crossbedded sandstone and conglomerate) overlain by the Cañon de Espinoso Member (~170 m of mudstone, siltstone and many thin beds of sandstone that display climbing ripple lamination). The lower formation of the Yeso Group, the Arroyo de Alamillo Formation, consisting of ~80 m of red-bed sandstone (mostly ripple and laminar with some gypsiferous beds) and very minor dolomite. The overlying Torres Member of the Los Vallos Formation is ~180 m thick and consists of mostly gypsiferous siltstone, claystone, gypsum and a few prominent beds of dolomite and gypsiferous sandstone. The overlying Cañas Member is 16-52 m thick, consisting mostly of gypsum and includes a few beds of gypsiferous siltstone and dolomite. The Joyita Member is ~21 m thick and consists of red-bed sandstone that is crossbedded, ripple laminated and, in some beds, gypsiferous. The Glorieta Sandstone is ~78 m thick and consists of crossbedded, laminar and ripple laminar quartzose sandstone. In the Abo Pass area, the upper part of the San Andres Formation has been eroded, leaving up to 91 m of mostly limestone (lime mudstone). It is overlain by Triassic strata east of the Abo Pass area. Bursuni deposition took place in a mixture of nonmarine fluvial and shallow marine depositional environments in a tectonically active, mostly coastal setting. Rivers that deposited the Abo Formation formed extensive muddy floodplains traversed by incised rivers early in Abo deposition that later gave way to extensive sheetflooding. Yeso sedimentation began with dominant ly eolian deposition on an arid coastal plain (Arroyo de Alamillo Formation) followed by deposits of coastal sabkhas, dunes and restricted marine embayments (Torres and Cañas members of Los Vallos Formation). Yeso sedimentation ended with the Joyita Member of the Los Vallos Formation, which formed by eolian and fluvial processes during lowered sea level. The Glorieta Sandstone is mostly of eolian origin, and the San Andres Formation represents shallow marine deposits. Fusulinids from the Bursum Formation at Abo Pass indicate it is early Wolfcampian in age. The Abo Formation at Abo Pass yields fossil plants, tetrapod tracks and other trace fossils, as well as vertebrate fossils of Coyotean age. Microfossils from the Yeso Group, Glorieta Sandstone and San Andres Formation encompass two new species named here, Velebitella americana and Calcitornella interpsammica. Local paleontological data coupled with regional correlations indicate that the Abo Formation is middle Wolfcampian to early Leonardian and the Glorieta and San Andres formations are late Leonardian in age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At Carrizo Arroyo southwest of Albuquerque, New Mexico, an approximately 105-m-thick section of upper Paleozoic clastic and carbonate rocks yields extensive marine and nonmarine fossil assemblages. Most of the section at Carrizo Arroyo belongs to the Red Tanks Member of the Bursum Formation, ~100-m-thick, mostly variegated shale, mudstone and siltstone of nonmarine origin, intercalated with some beds of limestone and shale of marine origin forming six transgressive depositional sequences. Red Tanks Member fossils include palynomorphs, calcareous algae, charophytes, plant megafossils, non-fusulinid foraminifers, fusulinids, bryozoans, brachiopods, gastropods, bivalves, nautiloids, eurypterids, ostracods, syncarid crustaceans, conchostracans, insects and some other arthropods, echinoids, crinoids, conodonts, fish ichthyoliths, and bones of amphibians and reptiles. At stratigraphic levels 43 m and 68 m above the base of the section are Lagerstätten of plants, insects, crustaceans, eurypterids and other fossils that are unique late Paleozoic lacustrine assemblages. Most of the fossil groups from the Red Tanks Member have been used to support diverse placements of the Pennsylvanian-Permian boundary at Carrizo Arroyo. The insects indicate that the two Lagerstätten in the Red Tanks Member are of early Asselian age. Conodont data include the presence of Streptognathodus virgilicus in the uppermost part of the underlying Atrasado Formation, which constrains its age to the middle to upper part of the Virgilian. The only biostratigraphically-significant conodont assemblage in the Red Tanks Member comes from a marine horizon near the middle of the member, and the assemblage is probably equivalent in age to the Midcontinent Streptognathodus nevaensis Zone of early to middle Asselian age. A significant amount of latest Pennsylvanian to earliest Permian time apparently is not represented by rock record at the Carrizo Arroyo section, most likely because of a major disconformity at the top of the Atrasado Formation and because of smaller ones at the bases of depositional sequences in the lower part of the Red Tanks Member. The fact that the Bursum Formation section at Carrizo Arroyo has too few cycles to be matched to the succession of Midcontinent cyclothems is prima facie evidence that regional tectonic events of the Ancestral Rocky Mountains exerted a greater control over the creation and preservation of Bursum depositional sequences than did glacio-eustatic events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Rarău Syncline from the northern sector of the Crystalline Mesozoic Area of the Eastern Carpathians, the Triassic sedimentary deposits reveal two different facies: an autochthonouns facies belongind to the Bucovinian Nappe and an allochthonouns facies represented by the Transylvanian Nappes, the latter constituting the upper part of the Central East-Carpathian Nappe System (the Median Dacides) which form the Crystalline Mesozoic Area of the Eastern Carpathians. This position favored their fragmentation in the process of obduction and slow decollement. Under these circumstances, it is difficult to reconstitute the exclusively Mesozoic sedimentary series of the Transylvanian Nappes, because the majority of the lithostratigraphic members appear only as isolated olistholiths in the Hauterivian-Albian wildflysh of the Bucovinian Nappe. The faunistic diversity offered by the olistholiths from the Rarău Syncline facilitated the reconstruction of the Triassic lithologic column. The Middle Anisian - Ladinian interval is confirmed by the paleontological content of the limestones outcropping in Botu? klippe situated on the left side of the Moldova Valley, in the locality with the same name. The microscopic limestone study allowed us the differentiation of several carbonate microfacies: pelagic mudstone/wackstone, sparite, bioclastic wackstone, peloid-oncoidal packstone, microsparite, and grainstone. The micropaleontological assemblage is varied, consisting of: algae - Physoporella cf. minutula Pia, Physoporella pauciforata undulata Pia; foraminifers - Glomospirella aff. irregularis Moeller, Ophthalmidium cf. martanum Farinacci, Turritellella mesotriasica Koehn-Zaninetti, Involutina mesotriasica Oberhauser, Nodosaria ordinata Trifonova, Nodosaria elongata Kristan-Tollmann; microproblematica - Baccanella floriformis Pantić, Earlandia amplimuralis Pantić, Earlandia gracilis Elliott, Globochaete alpina Lombard, Tubiphytes sp. [12]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The engineering geology study of the Dagorda Formation outcropping in the core of the Parceiros-Leiria diapir, was based on field reconnaissance, on in situ and laboratory tests. The formation is constituted mainly by clay and silt, sometimes with sand, occasionally with gypsum or marls. The engineering geology properties of the fine materials showed large variability depending on their degree of consolidation and water content, ranging from very poor to fair. The presence of soluble minerals can develop dissolution voids. When exposed, for example in excavation surfaces, they tend to deteriorate because of decompression and exposure to the external environment, easily losing strength when wet, which facilitates the failure on slopes or foundations. The presence of soluble minerals (gypsum and rock salt at greater depth) can develop dissolution voids due to circulating water. In depth the variation of the mechanical properties may lead to difficulties in foundation ground, as well as difficulty of concreting piles, due to the escape of concrete between neighboring piles along fissures and dissolution voids. The occurrence of very low strength seams, may constrain the stability of cuttings. The unusual geotechnical behavior of these terrains due to the presence of both clay and soluble minerals must be taken into account. In all engineering works to be carried out on these materials it is recommended to develop a detailed engineering geology study prior to construction, in order to early identify the problems and to define the suitable solutions and construction techniques to be adapted to each case. The construction works must have geotechnical assistance in order to improve the construction operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A PCM (Phase Change Material) modified lime-pozzolan plaster for improvement of thermal energy storage of building envelopes is studied in the paper. The investigated plaster is composed of lime hydrate, pozzolan admixture based on metakaolin and mudstone, silica sand, water and paraffin wax encapsulated in polymer capsule. The reference plaster without PCM application is studied as well. The analyzed materials are characterized by bulk density, matrix density, total open porosity, compressive strength and pore size distribution. The temperature of phase change, heat of fusion and crystallization are studied using DSC (Difference Scanning Calorimetry) analysis performed in air atmosphere. In order to get information on materials hygrothermal performance, determination of thermal and hygric properties is done in laboratory conditions. Experimental data reveal a substantial improvement of heat storage capacity of PCM-modified plaster as compared to the reference material without PCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gravity data acquired from Cheshire basin located in the northwestern part of the United Kingdom were processed and analysed to determine the structural pattern within the entire sedimentary basin. A total of 753 gravity data were obtained from the British Geological Society and with the aid of Oasis Montaj software, maps of Bouguer anomaly, isostatic and total horizontal derivative were obtained for qualitative and quantitative interpretation in determining the fault trend and the tectonic system of the study area. The positive Bouguer anomaly region found in the northwest of the study area is associated with the high density sedimentary rocks while the negative region in the southern part corresponds to low density sediments. The regional and local isostatic maps with different cut-off wavelengths reflect changes in anomalies corresponding to different types of sedimentary rocks. The general trends of faults in the Chesire basin are shown in the total horizontal derivative map of the Bouguer gravity values. Most of the major faults found in the southern part of the study area are trending in NW-SE and NE-SW directions. The less dominant faults are found in the western and eastern parts with N-S trending faults while in the northern and southern part are trending E-W. The 2D modeling shows the estimated depth to limestone basement of about 3736 m below the sandstone and mudstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

40 Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) stations were established to investigate the subsurface geology and aquifer potentials in the area of Dent Group sedimentary rock. Dent Group sedimentary rock consists of Sebahat, Ganduman and Togopi Formation with the age of Late Miocene until Pleistocene. VES technique was performed by measuring the resistivity change with depth. The resistivity measurements were conducted using ABEM SAS 300C Terrameter by using Schlumberger electrode configuration with maximum current electrode separation of 500m. Interpreted VES data in the Sebahat Formation produces three to four geo-electrical resistivity layers. Most of the geo-electrical layers show low resistivity value (1-10 Ohm-m) that indicate the formation was mainly made of clay or shale materials. VES results in the Ganduman Formation indicates that the formation dominated by layers of sandstone and mudstone mixed with siltstone layer. Generally, the Ganduman Formation gives four to five geoelectrical resistivity layers. While Togopi Formation produced 3 to 4 geo-electrical layers interpreted as sandstone for the first layer, mudstone for the second layer and followed by layer containing several block of limestone. The geo-electrical resistivity results indicate that Ganduman and Togopi Formations have the potential to become aquifer. The VES method has successfully detected the soil material layers in Ganduman and Togopi formations which were supported by the existing borehole data. Combination of sandstone and mudstone layers indicate that the Ganduman Formation possibly become semi-confined aquifer. Furthermore, the Ganduman Formation also producing artesian wells in some areas that were found at a number of production wells in the study area. Similarly, the Togopi Formation is also having dominated sandy layer that can be a potential aquifer. In addition, the limestone blocks in the Togopi Formation could also become a potential aquifer, whilst for the Sebahat Formation which consist of mudstone is interpreted to be an aquitard layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gölbaşi locality is situated in the south-east of Turkey, about 70 km west of the city Adiyaman. Gölbaşi deposits are represented by silty clay, mudstones, lignite and conglomerates. Gölbaşi locality includes Middle Pleistocene fauna. Small mammal assemblages of Gölbaşi spanning a period from 781 to 126 KYA are described. The remains are referred to Mimomys sp., Arvicola sp., Microtus guentheri, Microtus sp., Apodemus mystacinus, Apodemus flavicollis, Mesocricetus sp., Cricetulus sp., Lagurini genet. sp. indet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most recent glacial period span in the interval 110,000 to 10,000 years ago. Recent geomorphologic studies in the Eastern Thracian plane have shown significant change in the sedimentation rates since the Younger Driass (between 10,800 and 9500 BC), which may provide a new inside on the climatic evolution of the region. It was found that all local rivers are in an aggradation phase, depositing up to 3 m thick mudstone deposits on top of a colder climate's well-washed, coarse sandstones. The aggradation resulted in sediments covering or eroding some human settlements dated 1 500 -- 1 200 BC, which originally were built above the flooded river terraces but now are found in the lowest flooded terrace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the process of water injection production in oilfield, when water cuts into the mudstone, as a result, large numbers of casings are damaged because of mudstone's creep characteristic. In order to analyze this phenomenon, the uniaxial compression experiments and creep experiments of mudstone from Daqing Oil Field under different saturation conditions were done, it was studied that how the mudstone's mechanical parameters and creep characteristic would change with the increment of water contents. The results indicate that the rock strength and elastic modulus are decreased rapidly with the increment of water contents, on the other hand, the creep strain and steady state creep strain rate are increased with the increment of water contents, and also the steady state creep strain rate is enhanced with the increment of deviatoric stress. Through the creep characteristic curves, a nonlinear creeping constitutive equation of mudstone considering the changes of water contents was established. In the deep stratum of the oilfield, the calculation model of casing-cement sheath-mudstone was built, based on the experiment results of mudstone and its creep constitutive equation, mudstone's creep pressure with time under different water contents was simulated. The simulation results show that the increasing water content accelerates the incremental rate of the creep pressure of mudstone, so the time of reaching yield state of casing will descend greatly, which means service time of casing becomes much shorter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]