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On the premise that there is a direct correlation between people's beliefs and their actions, a safety perception survey is based on this idea. In addition to providing a numerical representation of employee sentiment, a well-conducted survey will also highlight any discrepancies between staff and management viewpoints. Incorporating survey results into an action plan for suggested modifications, revising existing rules and procedures, enhancing present practices, and laying the groundwork for a future safety strategy are all possible outcomes. It is possible to combine the administration of surveys with in-person interviews with employees. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the last line of defence against injuries, yet it is essential for many dangerous jobs. Providing and utilising personal protective equipment (PPE) is mandated by law and is also an internal necessity for many firms. Only the PPE Perception Survey can reveal the many reasons why workers do not use PPE. Poor design, quality, discomfort, impeding movement, insufficient protection, and many more causes contribute to the non-use of personal protective equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body armor is protective clothing designed to absorb or deflect physical attacks. It is primarily associated with armor plates that are used with NIJ Level. All body armor types falls under the three selection categories; weight, threat level, and cost. There are a number of different materials used in the manufacture of armor plates. Among them are compressed laminates. This research presents an investigation on the effect of fiber and filler reinforcement materials on the tensile and flexural strength of armor composite plate. Using Kevlar and E-glass as the fibers, while silicon carbide and titanium carbide as filler. The experimental design was selected based on the Taguchi technique. The results show that the mechanical properties were mainly affected by the fiber and filler content of the composite, the tensile strength had the highest values with using the optimum combination parameters that (30% of Kevlar, 30% of E-glass, 2% silicon carbide and 2% titanium carbide). While the flexural strength with using (22.5% Kevlar, 30% E-glass, 2% silicon carbide and 2% titanium carbide). The flexural modulus optimum value had been introduced by using (22.5% Kevlar, 30% E-glass and 1% titanium carbide). The silicon carbide filler show more effect on the tensile strength and flexural modulus, while the E-glass fiber presents more effect on the tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted at a paving production site in Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan. Three postures must be examined with workers' overwork and repetitive tasks, which contribute to Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). These three postures are associated with paving lifting, pallet inserting, and sand dredging activities. The research aims to assess and improve worker working conditions, resulting in a better working environment. Muscle Fatigue Assessment (MFA) and Assessment of Repetitive Tasks (ART) Tool are used to analyze the postures. According to the MFA method, the most dangerous parts of the body are the back, neck, and arms. According to the ART Tool, paving lifting and pallet inserting activities have the highest risk factor score and require action. While sand dredging activity has the lowest risk factor score, it suggests that more research is needed. Proper implementation of PPE, educational sharing about occupational health and safety to workers in order to protect themselves, as well as improvements to work facilities in the form of providing adjustable table that can also function as trolley, as well as redesigning the height and length of the conveyor on paving production machines, are examples of improvement recommendations that can be given to improve the work condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on the methodology of clothing design of the Central Sewing Research Laboratory of Russia and the "M.Müller & Sohn" method of Germany, their application in the light industry, their differences and advantages. In order to check the suitability of clothing design methodologies to automated design systems, they were analyzed by constructing the construction of the main details of men's clothing in the Pattern Editor module of the Gemini Cad Systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermo protective underwear is an element of protective clothing for firefighters, personnel of special service or military, etc. By choosing raw materials, it is recommended to keep a balance between protection and comfort, and to follow not only individual characteristics of a particular fibre (or fabric), but to consider in a complex fire-resistant, heat- resistant, heat-insulating and hygienic properties. Knitted fabrics used for protective underwear have to guarantee not only required thermo-protection, but also ensure the thermo-physiological comfort. In this research, samples of bicomponent double-layered knitted structures were developed and manufactured on the circular double-needle-bar weft knitting machine. For the technical-face layer of the knitted samples, yarns based on flame-retardant meta-aramid fibres or in combination with non-combustible viscose were used. While for technical back side, yarns containing modified DEOKIL® polyester fibres with increased capillarity, antibacterial and deodorizing effect, and woollen yarns were used. Physical properties and mechanical behaviour of these sample were investigated. Flame retardancy was investigated according to ISO 15025:2016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public transportation is defined as transportation by a conveyance that provides continuing general or special transportation to the public. As public transport organizations grow older and matured, the quality of service dwindles down with public being left with no option but to accept what is offered with the current economic status. In conducting the study on how to effectively examine a certain type of public transport service is by using quality service metrics and identifying the various failure points within the whole service process. It is said that high-volume consumer is equal to a high degree of innovation. Transport service is always evolving and companies have always an idea on how to create a service that is efficient and well suited to the modern technology. The satisfaction people experience when using motorcycles as transport services is influenced by (a) Road Traffic, (b) Road Accidents and (c) Service Quality. Solving these matters will affect and decrease the potential risks that occur within the process of service delivery. The researchers used a conservative approach with a conscious effort to avoid any subjective tendencies when assigning value to both costs and benefits for the purpose of a cost-benefit analysis. The researchers may conclude that even if the costs incurred in the process of implementing the said plan of actions: (i) Motorcycle Taxi Booths, (ii) Personal Protective Standardization, (iii) C2X Software, (iv) Training Programs for Safety and Security as well as Training Programs for Health and Hygiene increases per year the benefit will increase as well. With the overall findings, the significance of patronizing motorcycle hailing applications with best service quality will be very viable among every citizen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the way of protecting human tissues from the electromagnetic waves by using portable textile protecting shield on garments. The shield consists of yarn of stainless steel and a dyed yarn of metallic aluminum particle. The Protective shield can be assembled with the garments easily and can be used as a portable shield to use it in different garments. Technical textiles are used instead of conventional textiles material because of its excellent performance. Human Comfort has been kept in mind. The efficiency of the protective Clothing is good and the cost is low for general people, which is less than 2 USD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean has a purpose to eliminate waste from a working system. The purpose of this study is to increase the efficiency of service time at the Fire Department. Fire Department has a big responsibility for fire hazard events. Therefore, Fire Department is needed and expected to respond quickly. The concept could be used to reduce waste is Lean Service and making improvements by 5S methods. By using of the value stream current state mapping, the processing time is 5159 seconds, but value of the future state mapping stream is 3436 seconds. Reduction in waste time of 1723 seconds is 33.39%. From the results, using fish bone diagram and FMEA (Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) were founded the highest causes of failure in the location of storage of personal protective equipment and fire fighters equipment to reach difficulty and irregularly., According to 5S method standard, way of the layout improvement plan would be done on the fire fighters break room to increase the efficiency of service time in Fire Department. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk Assessment is a process for identifying hazards and analyze the risk incurred, and then decide the appropriate steps to eliminate the danger. The specific objective of this study is to identify hazards and assess the risks that can occur at work in confined spaces, as well as identifying the hazard control has been done. Confined space a workplace that has a very high potential hazard, which could endanger the safety of someone who goes into it, so that the necessary precautions to avoid accidents. Workers should have the ability to understand and identify how to work in confined spaces and follow any procedures established by the company. Preparation of this report was conducted by observing how the implementation of working in confined spaces. Collecting data on the implementation of working in confined spaces is done through direct observation to the field, interviews with the workers, and is obtained from various sources such as books, journals, and other sources. Based on risk assessments that have been made available as a whole, there are seven hazards. Potential hazards are on the job confined space in PT Bandar Abadi Ship Builders and Dry-Docks is inhaled toxic gases, oxygen deficiency or excess, crushed material, fall or slip, trapped, pipeline leaks and explosions. The risk assessment consists of two high risks, medium risk, and one four low risks. Control conducted by PT Bandar Abadi Ship Builders And Dry-Docks Consists of four methods of control that is a substitution, engineering controls, administrative and personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment used is masks, safety shoes, safety gloves, face shield, and safety helmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the high temperature conditioning in fireground and in order to protect people with high temperature protective clothing, this paper has divided the structure of human body into four parts according to characteristics of human body structure and established the heat transmission model from interior side of human body-skin layer-gap layer-protective clothing layer-environment. The temperature distribution situation has been summarized with explicit difference method and C-N implicit difference method respectively. By comparing the actual situation in fireground, the protective clothing can protect people under both two different methods which illustrates that this model is suitable for solving the temperature change of special clothing for high temperature operation. Considering the human skin stratification and compared with the explicit difference, the deviation of implicit difference solution is smaller. The model solution method in this paper is more stable and the result is more suitable to actual situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this investigation is to reduce the hazards in the workplace, based on the worker’s operation using HIRA (Hazard Identification and Risk Analysis) and FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis). The number of work accidents in India at the end of 2017 was relatively high. Therefore, this investigation is conducted to identify hazards and determine risk control using hazard identification and risk assessment method (HIRA). There are three main stages, first to identify the hazard in the workplace and second is to analyze the hazard and the third one is to control the identified hazard using some control measures. The result shows that there are nine potential hazards in industries, 22% of it is categorized as high-risk level, i.e. hand slashed and fingers cut by machine. There are the three kinds of risk control for activities for determined to minimize the risk, i.e. elimination and engineering control and personal protective equipment. The problems are identified by the severity data using FMEA worksheet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction employees all over the world, are faced with series of dangers within a depth greater than 1.5 metres in an excavation work, due to the extent of collapse. The study assessed contractors' perception associated with hazards with excavation work. Forty-seven contractors within Central Region were involved in the face-to-face administration questionnaire. Findings from the study reveal that excavation depth, nature of the strata, presence of water, exposure to wet weather, any load close to the edge of the zoned of influence and the presence of chemical gases within the excavation area have major impact on excavation works. Excavation depth and nature of the strata were ranked as the highest among the thirteen hazardous variables within construction work area and the least was the time under which the excavation works will be carried out. Planning for hazard prevention should be in accordance with the OSHA guidelines. The identified hazards should be carefully analyzed for prompt measures to be taken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents numerical investigations of textile structures for the production of firemen protective clothing. These structures must ensure both user safety and comfort. The influence of various structure elements, such as the thickness of the air cushion or the Airlock layer construction) on the temperature distribution occurring during the heating of the surface layer up to 300°C was investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on thermal protective clothing aims to reveal the heat transfer law inside the thermal protective fabric, and provide scientific reference for the research and development of thermal protective clothing, which is of great significance for reducing the skin damage of workers in high temperature environment. In this paper, the heat transfer model of "thermal protective clothing-air layer-skin" system is established according to the thermal conduction mechanism of heat. The finite difference method is used to classify the heat conduction partial differential equations by time and space, discretize them into classical implicit format, and then iterate. The method obtains the numerical solution of the equation and obtains the obtained temperature distribution in the form of a matrix and a three-dimensional image. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When working in a high temperature environment, people need to wear special clothing to avoid burns. In the production of thermal protective clothing, we should not only consider its own safety, but also consider the economic benefits of the production of it. The mathematic model of temperature distribution of thermal protective clothing is analyzed and studied, and the optimal selection of this kind of special clothing design is realized. Based on the principle of unsteady heat transfer and steady heat transfer, the temperature distribution model in thermal protective clothing and the boundary temperature distribution model in each material layer are constructed. Finally, the evaluation function is used to optimize the thickness of each layer material. Therefore, the model and optimization method established in this paper have certain popularization value for the safety judgment and production economy of the actual thermal protective clothing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intervention and rescue activity in special conditions can be conducted under special requirements only by trained and authorized personnel using personal protective breathing equipment. The decisive factor for the success of an intervention and rescue operation in toxic or chemically aggressive environments lies, among others, in optimum and efficient design of rescue personnel’s training process, in connection with their testing in environments with high temperature and humidity. Heat is normally generated as a result of metabolic processes taking place in the body. A considerable amount of heat is released as a result of muscle activity, when work or training activities are performed. The amount of heat generated is proportional to intensity of work. Temperature and humidity are likely to increase because of fires and explosions. Therefore, rescue team members are facing environments with high temperatures during rescue operations. This paper presents a correlation between changes in physiological parameters of rescue personnel and variant values of temperature and humidity of the environment where they operate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the principles of construction of training complexes designed to practice the skills of using individual respiratory protection. Design, optimization and implementation of training complexes requires analysis and formalization of their structure, development of methodological and algorithmic support. In order to solve the problem of developing a virtual training complex, the article proposes a methodology for building software systems that model the structure of physical objects and algorithmically based on the principles of their functioning. Solutions for structural and functional schemes of the training complex are proposed. The virtual training complex developed on the basis of the declared methodology differs from the existing analogs by a high degree of approximation of the simulated situation to real conditions due to implementation of influences on internal organs of the person. From a practical point of view, this is provided by the use of a system of imitation of personal protective equipment, which allows to simulate real breathing processes. The obtained results allow to optimize the speed of information processing, which is an urgent task taking into account the constant increase in the amount of information and the density of its flows that need to be processed per unit of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of the exposition of people to the high temperature and radiative heat flux is common in many professions and motor sports. Usually these conditions are very rare and occur for a short period of time during the emergency situation. Usually, for the majority of time, normal or routine (elevated) conditions are prevailing. Therefore, the multilayer protective garments, which in case of emergency events are designed to guard people from thermal stresses and injuries (burns), have to ensure the wearing comfort during the regular activities. Important parameters used in the assessment of the protective clothing microclimate are the temperature and relative humidity close to the skin surface and in the air gap which is naturally present between the inner fabric surface and the skin. The paper presents a model for the coupled heat and water transport in the skin. The model accounts for bioheat transfer with blood perfusion and metabolic heat generation in a tissue. Moreover, the water transport (epidermal water loss, EWL) through the thin stratum corneum (SC) between the body interior and the surroundings as well as presence of a sweat at the skin surface are included. The skin model was subsequently combined with the previously developed heat and moisture transfer model in the air gap and layers of the protective garment. The whole model was then applied to study the multilayer protective clothing microclimate under normal and routine (elevated) thermal loads. The clothing heating resulted in increase of the air gap and skin surface temperature and decrease of the relative humidity in the air gap. This triggers the rise in the EWL flux. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research is experimental investigation of centrifugal fans for a personal protection equipment. The aim of the fan is to drive the contaminated air containing harmful or irritating particles through the filters and then into the mask of workers, such as a fireman, a labourer or a lab worker. The fan is measured on the test stand, the characteristics and performances are evaluated, i.e. the dependencies of the working pressure on the flow rate. The characteristics are measured for three constant speed settings. The characteristics of the wheels produced by the different 3D printing technology are compared. It is found that the production technology has only a minimal effect, the performance of the wheels is more influenced by the position of the impeller on the motor shaft and hence by the mutual position of the impeller and the diffuser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Body armor is a personal protective device used by military personnel. Various soft body armor materials have been tested. One of them is the combination of aramid and carbon. Aramid fibers have been listed as soft body armor material according to IMAS and European standards. The mechanical strength of aramid fibers is 5-10% greater than other synthetic fibers. Meanwhile, carbon fibers are strong, rigid, lightweight, and resistant to fatigue failure. The present research created soft body armor with materials made from carbon-aramid fibers based on the Taguchi method. The objective of this study was to obtain the optimal combination of soft body armor material based on the test results. The combination of factors consisted of seven factors in which each factor consisted of two levels. The results indicated that the optimal carbon-aramid fiber combination for soft body armor materials is generated by combinations of factor A level 1, factor B level 2, factor C level 1, factor D level 2, factor E level 2, factor F level 2, and factor G level 1. The average value of quasi-static impact strength on the optimum condition of the confirmation experimental result was 8025.762 N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helmet energy absorbing (EA) pad materials are needed to reliably attenuate contact-impact forces and reduce head injury risks to safer levels for a player during game or practice sessions that are likely to involve "repeated head impacts" and EA pad degradation from hot moisture effects (i.e. Hot-Wet), such as that generated by heat and moisture of player head sweating where pad temperatures can exceed 46 degrees Celsius. Prior testing has shown that helmet EA padding tended to soften during use in the Hot-Wet condition. EA pad softening during repeat loading may be beneficial if: 1. Sufficient helmet crush space is available to eliminate high head loading caused by EA pad "bottoming-out" against the stiff helmet shell; and, 2. EA pad mechanical properties are able to fully recover after initial impact so that safe EA levels are not deteriorated after first impact. Quasi-static (QS) testing of various EA pad types, coupled with dynamic impact testing of different helmet designs, were used to demonstrate how EA materials respond to combinations of Hot-Wet effects and repeat impact loadings at different impact energy levels. The EA materials tested included: resilient foams; Gel Foams; Styrofoam; TPU thermoplastic configurations. The QS Cyclic load testing showed that full recovery of EA levels tended to be diminished after the first compression. The degraded EA performance was also noted in increases of head impact response measures of head forms fitted to helmets that used various combinations of the EA materials and were tested at different impact energy levels and Hot-Wet conditions. Repeat impact test results showed that, with increasing impact energy, the repeat impact head injury risk Hot-Wet measures generally exceeded ambient and initial Hot-Wet results by increases as high as 40 percent in some helmet designs. The increased head injury risk measures indicate need for more research and understanding of EA pad response during Hot-Wet and repeat impact conditions so as to help develop uniformly safe and lower risk helmet designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years women have engaged actively in traditionally masculine occupations and roles, both domestically and internationally. Male and female body morphology and physiology differ, but workwear and specifically personal protective equipment designed for women is rare. We investigated the effects of differences in human body geometry on air gap volumes under male firefighters’ jackets and their thermophysiological comfort attributes using body scanning technology, male and female thermal instrumental manikin Newton, and subjective evaluation by a female volunteer. The results were used to underpin the design of a new prototype female firefighters’ jacket. The prototype female jacket was shown to have improved performance attributes. Total microclimate air volume was substantially smaller, giving a significantly better permeability index. Subjective evaluation demonstrated that the female jacket provided considerably greater comfort than the small-sized male jacket. Equipping a gender-diverse workforce with the best protective and performance-enabling clothing requires an innovative body-centric design approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We considered the problem of training personnel of mining enterprises in effective application of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs - regenerative selfcontained self-rescuers based on chemically bound oxygen. The engineering design task of constructing a reusable self-rescuer simulator with chemically bound oxygen supply in the absence of regenerative chemical agent was formulated. The paper describes a new design of a self-contained self-rescuer simulator, which is equipped with electric heaters to monitor the temperature of the respiratory mixture, as well as the system for reproducing the breathing conditions. The latter provides continuous recording and operational analysis of the trainee's breathing parameters. The Navier-Stokes equations were used to describe the flow of the respiratory mixture inside the simulator. The gas-dynamic and thermal calculations of the simulator elements were made in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation system. The results were verified using engineering methods. Using the results of the study, the simulator for the self-rescuer SHSS-TM manufactured by the Corporation Roskhimzashchita (Tambov, Russia) was developed and tested in the training center and mines of Siberian Coal Energy Company (Moscow, Russia). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The basic process in metal fabrication industry is welding which poses several risks and hazards to the workers. Welding process is the common method of metal joining and contributes to work related problems. The present study aims to identify the ergonomic risk factors and safety issues in welding units located in Karnataka State. Further it is proposed to investigate the awareness of workers to ergonomic risks, occupational safety and use of personnel protective gear (PPEs). The study comprises of about 60 workers from 10 different industries. The study is divided into three types of industries; general fabrication (06 units), furniture making (02 units) and heavy fabrication work like tractor trailers, pressure tanks (02 units). The welding methods include horizontal welding, vertical welding and overhead welding. Welding operators report high musculoskeletal complaints, back, neck and shoulder discomfort and pain in knees and ankles. The methodology includes observation and collection of demographic data, administering body part discomfort questionnaire, postural risk analysis by rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) and rapid entire body assessment (REBA), and measurement of environmental parameters like noise, illumination. Results indicate more than 70% workers reported discomfort in upper limbs and low back. Eye strain was the most common discomfort. Postural risk analysis by RULA shows 57% postures in high risk, mostly in overhead welding. REBA analysis shows 51% postures in high risk and 13% postures in very high risk, mostly in horizontal welding. It is found the use of safety devices and personnel protective gear is very low except the eye shield or goggles which reported 93% usage. Other safety devices like masks, gloves and apron have less than 12% usage. The use of ear plugs/muffs is about 16%. Apart from these observations, the workers often complain about general health like vision problems, accidents and injuries to body and job stress. The study has highlighted that the safety measures and awareness can be further strengthened and low-cost ergonomic interventions may be required to reduce the risks due to awkward postures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two bioheat transfer models i.e.: the classical Pennes model and a more realistic two-equation model which accounted for blood vessel structure in the skin as well as heat transfer in the tissue and arteria blood were coupled with heat and mass transfer model in the protective multilayer garment. The clothing model included conductive-radiative heat transfer with water vapor diffusion in pores and air gaps as well as sorption and desorption of water in fibers. Thermal radiation was modeled rigorously e.g.: both the tissue and fabrics were assumed non-gray, absorbing, emitting and anisotropically scattering. Additionally different refractive indices of fabrics, air and tissue and resulting optical phenomena at separating interfaces were accounted for. Both bioheat models were applied for predicting skin temperature distributions and possibility of burns for different exposition times and radiative heat fluxes incident on external surface of the protective garment. Performed analyses revealed that heat transfer in the skin subjected to high heat flux is independent of the blood vessel structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper the problem concerning the numerical modeling of thermal processes in domain of biological tissue secured by a layer of protective clothing being in the thermal contact with the environment is discussed. The cross-section of the forearm (2D problem) is treated as the non-homogeneous domain in which the sub-domains of skin tissue, fat, muscle, bone and blood vessels are distinguished. Between skin tissue and protective clothing the air gap is taken into account. This sub-domain is treated as a solid body which thermal conductivity is defined in the special way. The process of external heating is determined by the Neumann boundary condition and the sensitivity analysis with respect to the perturbations of the boundary heat flux is discussed. Both the basic boundary-initial problem and the sensitivity one are solved by means of the control volume method using the Voronoi polygons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to practically characterize the fabric materials of firefighters' protective clothing under the exposure of hot-water immersion and compression. The thermal protective performances of the compressed fabric materials possessing different physical properties were evaluated under the laboratory simulated hot-water immersion. To identify factors affecting the performance, thermal energy transmission through the compressed fabric material was investigated. It has been found that primarily conductive heat and mass (hot-water) transfer occurs through the compressed fabric material, and different properties of the fabric material affect the heat and mass transfer; in turn, the performance of fabric material. Here, the relationships between fabric materials' properties and performances are elaborately highlighted. This study will help engineering a high performance fabric material for the protective clothing that can provide better occupational safety and health to firefighters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]