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Trenggalek Regency is an area that often experiences natural disasters, namely floods and landslides. Based on this, research was carried out, namely mapping flood and landslide-prone areas in each sub-district in Trenggalek Regency using a Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS). The data used to process flood-prone map and landslides-prone map is secondary data obtained from DEM data, soil type maps, BMKG Shapefile Ina-Geoportal data, Google Earth imagery, and Trenggalek Regency BPS data. The secondary data will be processed using ArcGis 10.7 software and produced parameter data for making flood-prone map and landslides-prone in slope, soil type, rainfall, land use, and exposed population in Trenggalek Regency. The parameter data will be used for classification, scoring, and overlay to produce a flood-prone map and landslides-prone map. The flood-prone map shows six districts with a high level of flood vulnerability, namely Tugu, Karangan, Trenggalek, Pogalan, Gandusari, and a small part of Kampak. In contrast, other districts have a moderate level of vulnerability. On the landslide-prone map, it is known that there are three sub-districts with a high level of landslide vulnerability, namely Trenggalek, Watulimo, and Panggul. In contrast, other sub-districts have an average level of landslide vulnerability. From the processing results, it can be concluded that sub-districts with a high population will be more prone to floods or landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wungkal Mountain area is a Godean hill which is probably an ancient volcano. It is an open green space area in Sleman Regency for the development of mining, housing, tile and brick industries. Because it is growing rapidly, the impact of land movement risks needs to be monitored and this is done by mapping soil movement from lithology data, soil type, land use, rainfall, and slope. The data was processed with Arc GIS software to obtain five maps from the data collected by the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This method is capable of calculating the weight of the landslide risk level in the Wungkal Godean mountain area. From the results of the risk mapping of ground motions, this area was found to be prone to landslides, especially in the area to the right of Mount Wungkal which is being mined for raw materials for making roof tiles and red bricks as well as for housing development. The lithology was found in the form of andesitic igneous rock which is massively altered by lithosol and grumusol soil types. Meanwhile, residential areas are safe areas for living because there has been a lot of sedimentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in Mansourieh area within Diyala Governorate in central Iraq, between longitudes (44° 49' 04.404"E-44° 58' 53.700"E) and latitudes (34° 00' 55.525"N - 34° 08' 52.782"N) with an area of (254.325) km2. For the purpose of studying soil properties (Texture, organic matter, pH, EC, bulk density and porosity), we relied on field surveys and took (30) random samples with a depth of (0 - 30) cm for each sample using the GPS Test in order to determine the coordinates of the samples, We also used a satellite data for Landsat 8, captured on 10/08/2020 The results of the laboratory analysis of the soil samples showed that the soil texture was soft to medium soft in most of the study samples, and the pH values ranged between (16.7 - 8.51), which is considered neutral soils to moderately alkaline soils, and the EC values of the study area ranged between (2.36-64.12ds.m-1) and the values of the organic matter ranged between (14.7 % -32.9 %), the porosity ranged between (42.6 -50 %) and the bulk density ranged between (1.31-1.50) gcm-3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use change in the southern Sukabumi Regency can affect the dynamics of accessibility, food resources, tourism, and other resource management. This study analyses land-use changes and disaster exposure in 2000, 2010, and 2020 using the Storie index method. This study used multitemporal satellite imagery to process land-use maps, then calculate with precipitation data, digital elevation model, and regional soil map to process landslide potential. The result shows there was a decrease every ten years in un-similar forests (3-2%), similar forests (4-1%), and rice fields (1%). Meanwhile, the increase occurred in settlements (2%), moors (1%), and plantations (8-2%). The fluctuating area occurs in ponds and open ground with a difference of 1%. Mostly the built-up area has extended from the previous condition that coming from the agricultural area. Potential landslides occurred at the turn of the year due to the highest precipitation. Three-quarter of the study area has moderate potential for landslides, while the area with a high potential for landslides continues to increase (3-7%). Areas with a high and very high potential for landslides have steep or very steep with various land use, either moors, settlements, or open ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil reaction in studied pedons was slight to moderately alkaline and non-saline. Pedons have a high organic matter content in surface horizons exception for pedons (3) and (5) that fluctuated between increase and decrease. There is no stable pattern of carbonate distribution in study pedons, therefore in pedons (1, 2, and 5), the distribution path indicated a decrease in carbonate content with depth whilst, in pedons (3, 6, and 7) carbonate distribution fluctuated between increase and decrease, concerning the pedon (4) total carbonate was increased with depth in subsurface horizon. CEC ranged between (18.68- 42.27 Cmolc.kg-1), and there was an increase in CEC values in pedons (1, 2, 3, and 4) in locations that have high rainfall. Clay distribution along soil pedons showed different distribution paths and explained an increase in clay content with depth in pedons (2, 4, and 5) and clay content fluctuation among soil horizons in pedons (3, 6, and 7), whereas in pedon (1) was decreased with depth. Silt fraction has a different distribution pattern with depth and ranged between (190- 444 g.Kg-1). Sand particles increase with depth in pedons as in (1, 2, and 7), and decrease with depth as in pedons (4, and 6) whereas fluctuated with depth in pedons (3, and 5). Soil texture was ranged from clayey to sandy loam that means soil texture in studied pedons has a wide range and different from fine to coarse soil texture. The slopping increased from southwest to northeast direction, and slopping across the study area range from 2% and lower to 35% and reaches 50% in a mountainous area. Determining soil losses based on the pixel-by-pixel technique is not accurate for huge areas with many differences in slope, vegetation cover, and agriculture practice. The soil loss increasing from southwest to north and northeast. The lowest soil loss was found in pedon (7) (17.18 Tons Ha-1 Year-1), whereas the highest soil loss value found in pedon (1) (93.46 Tons Ha-1 Year-1). The generated soil mapping units (SMUs) comprised of seven different SMUs based on studied pedons locations include ChD6, SoC5, CmE5, ShB5, GzA4, KoB4, and MaB3 respectively. The SMUs show variable soil erosion classes range from (3-6). Moreover, slope classes varied from class A (0- 2%) to class E (18- 30%). Generating Fuzzy Logic Overlay map has many options; the best representative map will be produced when using MS Small (Mean = 1, Standard Deviation=2) for Fuzzy Logic membership type, Fuzzy Gamma (using 0.62) as a Fuzzy Logic Overlay type, and using of Geometrical interval as a map classification type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of biplot analysis is to demonstrate a matrix by overlapping the vectors representing the row vectors with the vectors representing the column vectors of the matrix. Biplot is performed by outlining singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD aims to describe the singular value of the Y matrix which is an X matrix of size n x p which has been corrected with the mean and followed by the generation of the G and H matrices. Biplot results. The results of the biplot analysis on 3 groups of soil samples based on the similarity of soil characteristics for the Rawa Jitu and Marga Tiga areas are as follows: group 1 consists of soil samples that have the same maximum dry density, California bearing ratio, and specific weight of solids; group 2 consists of soil samples that have the similar Atterberg Plastic Limit, Atterberg Liquid Limit, and Atterberg Plasticity Index; while group 3 consisted of soil samples which had similar moisture content and optimum moisture content, and % Lose No. 200. It is different with the Teluk Ratai area where there are 2 groups of soil samples including group 1 consisting of soil samples that have the same maximum dry density, and % passing filter No. 200; group 2 consists of soil samples that have similarities from test results using the CBR or California Bearing Ratio, Atterberg Plastic Limit, Atterberg Liquid Limit, moisture content, and optimum moisture content. The highest diversity so that it can be said as a relatively high soil characteristic in Margatiga and Rawa Jitu is % Lose No. 200, while in the Teluk Ratai area, the highest diversity is at the Atterberg Liquid Limit. If there is an increase in the water content in the soil sample, then the Atterberg Liquid Limit and Atterberg Liquid Limit values will also increase and vice versa if the % passes filter No. 200 is smaller, there will be an increase in the CBR value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have performed an evaluation of water and wind erosion of soils on the farm territory of Legostaevskoye ZAO situated in the Novoselovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. In case of using large-scale topographic soil maps, the slopes exposed to erosion processes from heavy rains were determined. There we have defined a possible soil loss on each hundred-meter segment, accounting for the shape of the slope, gradient, relief, and soil type. The use of erosion control measures is reviewed based on the calculation data of potential washout from storm water. An evaluation of the potential growth of ravines was performed; the maximum dimensions of the erosion forms, the intensity of linear erosion, and the stage of development of the ravine were defined. The evaluation of the potential soil deflation, its spread, the intensity on the territory of the farm, depending on the wind regime and the wind erodibility of the soil, has been conducted. According to the evaluation results, an erosion hazard map of the soils of Legostaevskoye ZAO, Novoselovsky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was compounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soils potential is the result of interdependence between the characteristics of the vegetation and the natural environment, also the level of production is the result of the influence of determining factors: natural environmental factors and technological factors. The influence of biotope relief factors on the above-ground vegetation is a direct consequence of the altitudinal differentiation of climatic conditions, a vegetation layer and implicitly a rather varied and complex area soil cover. It is unanimously appreciated that in order to have a rich and quality harvest must be ensured the quantities of fertilizers and the necessary amendments to improve the nutritional conditions of the crop species or grassland areas. In this study we use a qualitative-productive evaluation (QPE) of grasslands soils represents according to the degree of favorability (suitability) using as a comparison tool technical indices or rating notes. Based on this study a soil map and legend were developed depending on the specific properties for each soil and land unit following each group of soils limitations. The results showed in the studied area the reaction of the soil (pH) is generally weakly acidic, the weighted average pH value being 6.68, with phosphorus supply generally medium, the weighted average phosphorus content being 22.67 ppm. The supply of potassium to the soils is very good, the weighted average potassium content being 208 ppm K. Compared to those results, depending on the specific properties for each soil and land unit was identified the soils limitations and a specific fertilization to comply with the European Code of Good Agricultural Practice so as to ensure good future production potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study SURFEX land surface model is used coupled to RAPID river routing model in order to investigate the influence of alternative ground and rooting depth, soil texture and land cover maps on the ability of the coupled system to adequately simulate the river flow in Upper Arda River basin in Bulgaria. This was done by comparing the statistical scores of computed from the model data series against measured streamflow discharge series: that is scores of simulations using former soil texture maps from Harmonized World Soil Database v1.2 (HWSD) and land cover maps ECOCLIMAPII/Europe with scores of simulations using such maps from alternative sources available on-line: for rooting depth, derived from carbon cost-benefit model, from Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Data Access Portal (DAP); for soil texture and ground depth from European Soil Data Centre (ESDAC); for land cover maps from ECOCLIMAP-SG, developed by CNRM/Météo France. A modeling period of 13 months was used for the analysis of the sensitivity of the model to changes in used parameter maps. Coupled SURFEX-RAPID modeling system was fed with measured meteorological data interpolated in space on 4 km grid having 1 h step in time. Influence of new maps on simulated river flow was tested: for the depth of the root-inhabited layer in the soil; the ground depth for hydrology; sand and clay fractions in the soil; land use maps. The article describes the methods of testing the new maps in combination of model physical schemes, as well as the results of the sensitivity analysis. Considerable positive impact on statistical scores of the hydrological simulations is recorded when using alternative maps of ground depth for hydrology combined with rooting depth map. Positive impact of new maps with soil texture parameters was observed, but only in combination with new ground and rooting depth maps. Use of more detailed ECOCLIMAP-SG land cover maps, but also in combination with new depth maps and new soil texture maps, showed the best statistical scores for 4 out of 6 sub-basins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is investigating the influences and effects of the chaotic exploitation of mineral aggregates and its direct impact on the evolutionary forms of the Siret River. The study is important due to the decommissioning of agricultural land caused by river erosion in the area of Galați County.After the comparative analysis of the new topographic plan with the old soil map, weidentified how the area, exploited by private companies in order to extract mineral aggregates,i.e. sand and gravel mostly used in the road construction industry, looks today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative analysis of large-scale soil maps and cartographic materials of precision farming systems is carried out. Soil maps are created by traditional methods based on ground-based surveys, desk-based decryption of topographic maps and remote sensing materials. Cartographic materials of precision farming systems are represented by maps of stable intra-field heterogeneity of soil fertility. Maps of stable intra-field heterogeneity are based on the analysis of big satellite data for 35 years. Comparison showed that on traditional soil maps at least half of the soil contours were missing, where there is a decreased soil fertility. In areal terms, the values are similar. Since it is extremely important for precision farming systems to correctly display areas of reduced fertility, traditional soil maps need to be corrected. Correction of soil maps to the details of precision farming systems is possible based on the analysis of big satellite data. High informativeness for the correction of soil maps show maps of stable intra-field heterogeneity of soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, large-scale engineering construction activities, especially deep foundation pit dewatering, are important factors of land subsidence in Shanghai, which induces uneven land subsidence. To solve this problem, this paper puts forward a technical approach to prevention and control the land subsidence. Based on the practice of joint work by multiple administrative departments in Shanghai, this paper further combines the technology and management measures effectively, and summarizes the management system of land subsidence control for deep foundation pit dewatering. Meanwhile, this paper provides the key workflow, starting from the whole process control of construction project for feasibility demonstration, design, construction and completion. The practice shows that the whole process of deep foundation pit dewatering control and management provides a powerful guarantee for land subsidence prevention and control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The motivation for undertaking the research forming the basis of this article were the conditions for the design and construction of road investments on the example of the Warsaw Eastern Bypass. Particularly important in this multi-stage process of investment preparation is, at some stage, appropriate formulation of evaluation criteria and carrying out analyzes that allow to indicate the best variant of the route. Working out and accepting the final proposal often encounters difficulties in finding an agreement between investors, authorities and residents. Developing a solution that can ultimately gain acceptance from stakeholders is often a major challenge. It is particularly important that the work is carried out in a reliable and highly objective manner. It is helpful, as confirmed by the experience of recent years, to use appropriate GIS methods and technologies in this type of work. This is favored by ever better access to a wide spectrum of spatial data as well as GIS tools and technologies. The article presents the results of multi-criteria spatial analyzes aimed at identifying the optimal variant of the Warsaw Eastern Bypass. Based on properly selected multi-source input data, spatial analyzes were designed and carried out in several variants, using various methods (approaches) of multicriteria analyzes for comparison of road bypass variants. The data which was used to realize the primary objective of the work comes from soil and agricultural maps, topographic databases, geological and hydrogeological maps, altitude data, local spatial development plans, studies of conditions and directions of spatial development, as well as documentation included in the environmental impact reports. The conducted analysis includes a set of selected criteria that have a significant impact on road construction and are possible to develop from available data. The criteria relate to the 3 basic spheres that should be reconciled with each other - social, economic and environmental. The article discusses some specific methodological aspects, highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis methods used, as well as the usefulness of GIS technology in planning the location of this type of investment. Attention was also paid to the importance of proper selection of data in such analyzes, an adequate set of criteria, giving appropriate weights, as well as the potential dependence of the obtained result on subjective factors. The analyzes carried out and the results obtained indicate the high usefulness of the proposed methods in the field of applications in question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vertic Solonetz is a particular soil group with soil profile comprised diagnostic horizons and properties of both Solonetzes in the solum and Vertisols in the subsoil. The aim of project is to study genesis and geography of Vertic Solonetz on the basis of detail soil mapping for key plots from different regions at the East-European Plain: the Oka-Don Lowland, the Kalach Upland, the Northern Caspian Lowland, denudation plains at the Kerch Peninsular. Soil mapping is carried out by using GIS, field morphological description of many soil profiles, GPS determination of their geographical coordinates, remote sensing images. Combination of soil forming factors for Vertic Solonetz comprises shrink-swell clays as a parent material, concave forms of relief, contrast alteration of soil moistening and drying, soluble salts and high alkalinity. Vertic Solonetz occurs in soil cover patterns with different quantity and nature of components. Vertic Solonetz percent within studied key plots varies from 0 to 35% independent on existence or absence of other Vertic or Sodic soils or Vertisols. It is conditioned by diversity of soil forming factors at every key plot. Elementary soil area of Vertic Solonetz varies from several square meters to 5.5 ha. The most frequent size is from 0.1 to 0.8 ha. Form of elementary soil area depends on particular soil forming conditions. It may be homogeneous or perforated; isomorphous, elongated wavy or amoeboid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is the leading factor in the development of soil formation. As our studies have shown, not only long-term (for centuries), but also centennial (for decades) climate fluctuations can lead to the noticeable change in the areas and contours of soil ranges in the forest-steppe zone of the central part of Eastern Europe. In order to study the peculiarities of transformation of soil contours in time, the authors carried out the comparative analysis of large-scale (1:50000) soil maps conducted in different phases of the centennial helioclimatic cycle: heat-dry (1970s) and cool-wet (1990s). 4 administrative districts of the Belgorod oblast on the total area of 5770 km2 were chosen as model territories. The territories of agrolandscapes with the predominance of arable chernozems were studied. The analysis was conducted by the software package ArcGIS 10.2, using the tools of vector analysis (soil maps) and raster (grids of steepness and exposure of slopes) data. Comparison of soil maps showed that during this period 71.1% of the studied chernozems area did not change its status. On the remaining territory the changes of the soil contours were observed. It was revealed the transformation of Chernic Haplic Chernozems into Chernic Luvic Chernozems within typical forest-steppe, and Chernic Calcic Chernozems into Chernic Haplic Chernozems in southern forest-steppe - mainly on the flat interfluves. In the cool - wet phase of the centennial helioclimatic cycle the expected period of the chernozem sois leaching fell at frequent thaws in the cold half of the year. On slope lands during the observed period, the characteristic event was the increase of the Solonetzic Chernozems (Luvic Chernozems Sodic) areas. The reason of salinization - solonetzation of soils during the centennial phase of climatic moistening is seen in the increase of amplitude of seasonal soil wetting with the attaining by the front of seeping moisture the rock layers with the increased concentrations of salts and with their subsequent tightening in the top soil layers. The most probably periods of implementation of this process were the spring periods (moisture accumulation after snow melting and uplifting of soil solutions saturated with ions of easily soluble salts during soil warm-up). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cadastre basically reflects the boundaries of the land plots of various owners. Changes in land legislation in recent years require the consideration and assessment of land by types of use and soil varieties. This is significantly different from the accounting and assessment of land by land categories and owners. As a result, there is a dynamics of cadastral division in the form of a public cadastral map and an increase in the number of cadastral units - land plots. On the other hand, real monitoring of land uses has not been established, which leads to significant discrepancies in changes in cadastral division and real changes in land use that are identified in retrospective monitoring of soil and land cover. The real change in land use patterns is better correlated with the soil cover than the cadastral division. Resolution of contradictions between soil mapping, cadastral division and real land use can be resolved by introducing the concept of soil and land cover. Maps of soil and land cover are expected to be created using retrospective monitoring technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leuwigajah landfill as administrative is located between district of Bandung and Cimahi citythat has an environmental and social problem that caused aquifer contamination due to the big amount of waste from Bandung city, Cimahi and Bandung regency. It is occupied in abandoned andesite mine site with an area of about 25 hectare. The aim of this research is to map the geology structure and to study the leachate towards aquifer layer below Leuwigajah landfill. Here, we present the study of Leuwigajah landfill subsurface using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT). ERT is one of the most promising prospecting techniques mainly concerning its effective contribution to resolve several environmental problems, was applied for the geophysical modeling. ERT is a robust imaging method the theory and implementation of which are well documented in geophysical research literature. The geological setting comprises clayed weathered layer, fractured andesitic dike. Due to the above-mentioned geological singularity and in the light of the requirement for an environmentally safe construction of the landfill, an ERT survey was carried out with dipole-dipole array, 78 m of acquisition line and 6 m of electrode spacing. The model consists of 4 layers below the Leuwigajah landfill and andesitic fracture until depth of 18.7 m below the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reliable volcanic map and deep understanding of magmatic processes are very important in exploration of natural resources and mitigation of volcanic hazards. The conservative method in volcanic mapping still depends on qualitative approach thus it often failed to characterize volcanic products properly. Rock magnetic methods are quantitative approaches that classify rocks based on their magnetic properties. In this study, magmatic processes in basaltic lavas from Ijen volcanic complex in Banyuwangi, East Java were studied using combined rock magnetic and petrogenesis approaches. Samples of basaltic lavas from 13 localities, taken from three eruption sources were measuredfor their mass-specific magnetic susceptibility. The samples were then also subjected to petrographic and X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) analyses for their minerals composition and petrogenesis. Preliminary results show that the distinction in magnetic characters might be due to the quantity of magnetic minerals contained in rocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sungai Batu is Lembah Bujang subdistrict, located at northern region of Peninsular Malaysia, recognized as an international cultural and commercial crossroad for 2000 years ago, and recorded as the oldest archaeological site in southeast Asia. The discovering of iron smelting area (1st-4th century) shows the evidence of important iron industry in Malay Peninsular to others civilization. Nowadays, a lot of interdisciplinary research was conducted in this area including geophysical prospect to understand the subsurface profile for this locality. Geophysical approach such as 2-D resistivity was performed with the main objective is to identify sediment deposit for this area. Three 2-D resistivity survey lines were design across borehole and data acquired using ABEM SAS4000 system with Pole-dipole array using 2.5 m minimum electrode spacing. The data obtained was process using Res2Dinv software to produce inversion model and SurferlO software used for interpretation and correlation with respective borehole record. The 2-D resistivity inversion model shows that, the area dominated by clay soil with resistivity values of <50 Ωm while high resistivity values of >500 Dm interpreted as hard layer. The saturated zone (<100 Ωm) were identified at depth of >25 m which consider large volume of soil deposit during sedimentation process. The correlation with the borehole record shows that clay profile distributed at depth of >20 m. The present of shale in certain borehole record indicate that the environment deposit is clam/stagnant water condition during the formation process which suspected controlled by the deposition process from the land deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landslide is defined as a form of ground movement in which land mass suddenly fails downward on a slope as aresult of gravitational pull. One of the mitigative approaches into investigating landslide is to identify a potential slip zone usingresistivity method. In this study, the array chosen to acquire the resistivity data was Wenner array as it provides a robust resolution in mapping lateral resistivity variations. This method will generate a contour map portraying thedistribution of resistivity values of the subsurface. Beforehand, a 2-dimensional forward modeling was conducted to acquire anexpected ideal result of possible potential slip zone. Landslides itself are affiliated with a low resistivity zone that is locatedbetween two high resistivity zones. This study is conducted in a ground slump in Jalan Citra Green, Northern Bandung which is comprised of mostly unconsolidated soil. By applying a least-square inversion to the resistivity data obtained, resistivity values of 10-200 Ωm is attained. Based on the inversion result, a low resistivity zone of 10-20 Ωm is identified spanning from the surface to approximately 10 meters deep. In conclusion, furtherinvestigations are needed to determine whether the low resistivity zone is associated with potential slip zone as our datais limited to a single line [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lembang Fault is an active fault lies from West to East located 10 kilometers in north of Bandung. It is a normal fault that its foot wall raises 40-450 meters above the ground. Its location that is not so far from Bandung, which is densely populated and frequently visited by tourists, makes Lembang Fault a threat if it becomes suddenly active. Its movement can cause earthquakes that can result in fatalities. Therefore, act of mitigation is necessary, such as educating people about Lembang Fault and its potential to cause disaster. The objective of this study is to find Lembang Fault plane below the surface with geo electrical mapping method and vertical electrical sounding method around Ciwarega and The Peak, Lembang (west side of Lembang Fault). Both of these methods are using electricity current to measure rock resistivity. Currents are injected to the ground and potential differences are measured. According to Ohm's Law, resistivity can be calculated so that resistivity distribution can be obtained. In this study, high resistivity contrast is obtained; it is about 1400-5000 Ohm.m. This resistivity contrast can be caused by lateral lithology difference resulted by fault existence. This proves that there is actually a fault in Lembang that potentially cause disasters like earthquakes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic methods for soil research have been applied in the worldwide over the decades. In particular Electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques have been developed to provide more accurately soil maps. Present EMI methods can identify, characterize, and map spatially-varying soil types and properties offers better than traditional methods. In the future, the EMI techniques will be integrated with agricultural machinery and will be more effective to mapping of both lateral and vertical variations in soil properties. With that advantages, the systems should be utilized in precision agriculture more often in Indonesia. In addition, forward modelling also included in this research as a survey design tool before the outset of field campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geophysical methods have been increasingly popular for shallow and environmental studies worldwide. In particular an electrical geophysical method is helpful in soil investigation which focuses on an interval from the ground surface down to a depth of 2 meters. The instrument of electrical geophysics were developed and successfully applied to assist in precision agricultural practices worldwide, i.e. Europe, Russia, and US. Our group from Indonesia has modified a resistivity instrument that integrates with other components and could increase mobility in soil mapping. The instrument measures electrical resistivity, conductivity, and potential that can be used for agricultural applications. In addition, we created forward modelsto help us understand and detect limits of our target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The solving of the project of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic dedicated to sustainable agricultural management in the North Western Bohemia is under way from 2015 to 2018. The Brown Coal Research Institute is the main participant of the project. This article briefly summarises new results of the research of the Most Basin localities restoration problems. The main attention is devoted to the research of experimental areas founded in different dump localities with different dump rocks and different application of fertilisable rocks. The research is based on a comparison of long term survey of the areas with a different history of restoration and natural succession areas in the Most Basin. We prefer the localities with a long history of research. The result of pedological survey, biological survey and survey of pollutants is the recommendation of the restoration method for every dump location including expected succession areas according to its soil properties and restoration target after detail mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regarding to the situation in Romania, the country's total agricultural surface of 14.946 million ha, an area of 6.367 million ha (42.6%), with slopes greater than 5%, is prone to water erosion and other processes associated. Of these, over 900,000 ha are affected by very strong and excessive erosion. The study aims to quantify the soil loss by erosion process and to specify the main factor affecting the erosion development in the study area using geoprocessing techniques and the erosion predictive model Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), which is a useful tool for analyzing, establishing and managing soil erosion. The studied area was Prahova Subcarpathian Mountains which is situated in the southern part of Bucegi Mountains, Romania. The soil erosion parameters were collected and evaluated according to the model: the K factor map was obtained from the soil map, the R factor map was developed from the rainfall data, the C factor map was generated based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, and the LS factor was calculated from digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 30 m. P factor map was assumed as 1 for the watershed because only a very small area has conservation practices. By integrating the six factor maps in GIS through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss was obtained by the RUSLE model. As a result, it was demonstrated that GIS is an effective tool in generating spatial and quantitative information on soil erosion studies and risk assessment mapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil erosion is one of the crucial forms of land degradation; a menace caused by soil degradation and prevailing lithological feature in southern Nigeria. Several hectares of land area and properties worth about 2.5 million USD are lost annually due to soil erosion. Besides arable lands, the vegetation which serves as habitat to several species is rapidly disappearing leading to the extinction of the native plant species. The objective of the study was to evaluate the impacts of soil-gully erosion from 1986-2016 by mapping the susceptibility areas, classifying the land use, and analyzing the prevailing soil properties to proffer sustainable measures. It is hypothesized that the exacerbated soil erosion was attributed to low soil nutrients and weakened bed-rock which consequently had significant effect on the vegetation cover. The study data consisted satellite images, and topographical maps covering soil, geology, demography, DEM, and vegetation. In addition, field data were collected using a handheld GPS. ArcGIS 10.3, ENVI 4.7, RUSLE model and statistical software packages were applied for the data preprocessing and analyses. The image classification accuracy and kappa coefficient were 91.6%, 87.7%, 90.7%, and 0.84, 0.76, and 0.83 for 1986, 2001, and 2016 respectively. The results revealed that the vulnerability areas had soil with high percentage of sand from the false-bedded sandstone and Upper Coal Measures, and a low organic matter than universally recommended for agricultural soil. The area for vegetation cover decreased from 61.7% in 1986 to 29.8% in 2016. Rapid decline of at least 20% in area cover (km²) was recorded during the study period for all the major food crops. Integration of geoinformatics, statistics, and the RUSLE model recorded a spatio-temporally applicable and dependable result and should be used in the future appraisal of soil erosion in Nigeria and other developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tellus South West survey was flown during 2013-14 and incorporated two high-resolution airborne campaigns. The first collected radiometric and magnetic datasets and the second acquired LiDAR data. These data are considered high resolution due to the sample density of the remotely sensed measurements. Herein, this paper reviews the recent uses of the Tellus South West data during 2014-2016 for projects that are now completed and for those still in progress. The projects include geological mapping, archaeological surveying, soil mapping, geochemical soil sampling and geothermal energy exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of soil loss by water erosion becomes more eminent with the ongoing climate change, where more extreme precipitations in middle Europe are anticipated. The amount of soil transported from the field plot can substantially differ according to the intensity of rill erosion. The capability of mathematical models to predict appearance of extreme soil erosion spots on arable land (rills and gullies) are addressed in this paper. Three surface runoff\erosion models were tested by comparing their outcomes with rills identified from orthophoto maps. Empirical methods are represented by Universal soil loss eq. (USLE). The equation is a simple method of the long term modeling of the sediment yield. Limitations of this method are in estimating soil loss from rainfall episodes and application of this equation in areas with concentrated flow is debatable. Second tool used is physically based model SMODERP which is being developed on CTU Prague since 1990s. Soil characteristics are based on Czech soil taxonomy system. The model SMODERP is excellent tool for modeling of sheet and concentrated surface runoff. Hydrological part of the model includes the processes of infiltration (Phillips equation), sheet surface runoff (Kinematic wave based equation), rill runoff, surface retention. Third tested modeling approach is based on Erosion-3D simulation model, developed at TU Freiberg (Germany). Erosion-3D is physically based and fully distributed rainfall- runoff model allowing calculation of transported sediment. The model can be run for single event, repeated events or sequence of events and the outputs include characteristics of runoff and soil transported in three particle size fractions. The soil input parameters are based on German standard of soil classification KA4. The uncertainties in inputs strongly influence the absolute values of soil erosion, but spatial distribution of netto erosion can be useful in identification of rill erosion appearance. The paper describes validation and application of models at the experimental field plot near Benesov (Central Bohemia, Czech Republic) in 2010. Airborne photographs of the field plot with apparent consequences of a heavy rainstorm event were used to visually derive the pattern of erosion rills and ephemeral gullies which were used for the main comparison. Standardized plots (22.1 m in length, 9 % slope) for long term monitoring of erosion processes have been installed on this experimental field. Outflow from the plots and precipitation are automatically continuously measured during each natural rainfall event. The soil concentration in outflow and the volume of transported sediment is determined from samples in laboratory. Data from experimental plots can be used for validation of the model's input parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology approach for supervised classification of multi-band satellite images is used for analyses of soil degradation processes. It is based on the thematic soil mapping, based on automatic image interpretation and segmentation, which is utilizing the functionality of Remote sensing software system. Spatial resolutions of multiband images are increased by usage of "pan-sharpening" method and enhanced images are georeferenced and georectified. Training areas for supervised classification are created from terrain samples with examined soil types. Spectral signatures of classes generated in unsupervised and supervised modes are combined to obtain reliable classification by maximum likelihood method. An improvement of classification is achieved trough applying of estimation based on the chi-square method. The thematic raster images and vector layers from satellite images with medium and high resolution from Landsat 7 TM+, SPOT-5 and Kompsat-2 are compared and analysed. The distribution of land cover classes is evaluated and soil types discovered by image interpretation are compared with soil type properties. The obtained results prove the applicability of the suggested soil mapping technology. The produced digital soil maps are suitable for incorporation in GIS for the purposes of the sustainable land management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abundance, composition and spatial distribution of megafauna were assessed quantitatively from seafloor photographic transects carried out in July 2009 by the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM). Studied area is located in the eastern part of Clarion-Clipperton Zone, NE Pacific (10°05'-10°55'N and 119°25'-120°08'W) at depth varying from 4200 to 4600 m. Analysis of over 11000 bottom photographs revealed 8675 epibenthic animals, entering into 32 taxonomic groups. The most abundant megafaunal taxa were the sponges, sea urchins, ophiuroids, actinians and holothurians that counted about 90% from a total number of animals identified on photographs. The highest density, up to 222 ind/ha was recognized for the glass sponges (Hexactinellida) belonging to group of sessile suspension feeders; thus the mean densities of suspension and deposit trophic groups were approximately equal to 48%, and the carnivorous compound only 4% from all identified animals. The spatial distribution of megafaunal groups appears to vary with the nodule coverage, thus the polymetallic nodules clearly provide a habitat for fixed megafaunal assemblage like sponges, whereas without nodules the deposit feeders like holothurians dominated. The data review was carried out in support of the IOM as a contractor with the International Seabed Authority to provide adequate environmental baseline information necessary to assess the potential environmental impact before commercial exploitation of polymetallic nodule deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]