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The aim of this study is to gather comprehensive information on trampers and guided walkers, in order to understand the changing nature and diversity of their recreation needs. Specialisation theory is used to gather this information, and to focus on recreation behaviour. The basis of this theory is that recreationists may be categorised on the level of experience and commitment to their recreation activity from novice, generalist to specialist. My study uses specialisation theory to examine the characteristics and experiences of trampers and guided walkers in the Greenstone Valley (in the Queenstown/ Fiordland area). Information was collected by structured interviews with 320 trampers and guided walkers and in-depth interviews with 45 experienced trampers. Three important dimensions of specialisation are identified in analysis; source of information, commitment and experience. A comparison of specialisation is made of anglers and trampers, and major differences are highlighted between these user groups. While specialisation has relatively simple application for anglers, the theory is more complicated with trampers. Specialisation theory would benefit from a more precise overall definition. However, specialisation theory makes a useful contribution to the understanding of backcountry users. It complements other outdoor recreation planning systems. Specialisation theory identifies specific recreation needs which may aid management of future backcountry users.