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The current clinical pathway for localised prostate cancer firstly involves serum PSA testing, through screening programmes or ad hoc testing in highrisk or symptomatic men. If the PSA is raised, a transrectal-ultrasound guided biopsy is performed for histological diagnosis for suspected cancer. However, serum Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) levels are inaccurate in selecting an ‘at-risk’ group for malignancy, and transrectal-ultrasound guided biopsy is a morbid procedure in which approximately 30% of men are under-diagnosed (through missing the disease) or misdiagnosed (through underestimating the true disease burden), therefore misinforming on appropriate management. A proportion of men are ‘over-diagnosed’ with low risk cancers on biopsy that may have little to no metastatic potential. The current management options of low- to intermediate-risk disease includes active surveillance with regular repeat serum PSA and biopsy tests and their inherent limitations. The alternative, which is radical treatment, may cause significant morbidity and reduce quality of life, despite considerable technical advances. An imaging test that is able to detect, characterise and localise prostate cancer may allow better diagnosis through improved risk stratification to the current standard tests, and targeted sampling of any suspicious areas, with more effective grading of disease burden. Additionally, the morbidity associated with the current therapeutic options could be reduced through the identification and targeted treatment of cancer lesions (‘focal therapy’), rather than the whole prostate. This thesis addresses the adoption of multi-parametric (mp)MRI for these diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Whilst mpMRI has already demonstrated high accuracy rates for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer, the current lack of standardisation of conduct and reporting has reduced comparability between studies and resulted in poor external validity. I present the rationale for the use of a new prostate mpMRI scoring system and the consensus outputs from a European expert group on standardising conduct and reporting, and their applications to date. I also present studies that apply the information obtained from mpMRI on the location and burden of clinically significant disease, to plan, conduct and follow-up focal treatment.

This thesis considers as sources of topographical information the utility of the printed maps of Yorkshire produced by private individuals before the advent of the Ordnance Survey. The thesis is divided into two parts. In Part I, the aim is to consider the problem of the reliability of these printed maps and to divide them into two categories: maps which are demonstrably of no use as topographical sources; and maps which merit further investigation. The concern of Part II is to give to the maps in the second category the attention which they merit and to present an assessment of their utility as sources of topographical information. Part I contains four chapters. Chapter 1 places the research into the context of previous studies in historical cartography. Chapter 2 presents the problem of map reliability by discussing the nature of the printed maps before the creation of the Ordnance Survey. In the light of this discussion Chapter 3 presents a methodology and classificatory system devised for the assessment of the maps of Yorkshire. Chapter 4 records the results of the application of this classificatory system to all the maps of Yorkshire. This chapter identifies those maps which contribute genuinely to our knowledge of the topography and which will therefore need to be considered in Part II. A graph shows the number and type of every printed map of the county published each year. Assessment of the maps in Part II is undertaken in chronological periods based on five of the most important works, namely Saxton's map of 1577, Ogilby's strip maps of 1675, Warburton's map of 1720, Jefferys' map of 1771/2 and Greenwood's map of 1817/18. The exceptional survival of Warburton's field survey materials enables an analysis of the crucial relationship of the printed map to the actual survey. A final chapter considers the relationship of non-printed maps to the printed map. The concluding section of the thesis considers the relevance of the findings for the printed maps of other counties.