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The first LHC-energy differential cross-sections of the single dissociative diffraction process \(_{pp}\) \(\rightarrow\) \(X_p\) are presented as a function of Mandelstam-\(t\), fractional proton energy loss \(\xi\) and rapidity gaps within the ATLAS inner detector with a coverage of |\(\eta\)|< 2.5. The measurement is performed using a data sample collected with the ATLAS detector during a dedicated low luminosity run in 2012 with an integrated luminosity of 1.67 nb\(^{-1}\) and a centre-of-mass energy of 8TeV. Events are triggered and selected using the ALFA forward detectors, in combination with the ATLAS central detector components, enabling the detection of scattered protons. The fiducial region is chosen to be 0.016 < |\(t\)| < 0.43 GeV\(^2\) and −4.0 < log\(_{10} \xi \) < -1.6. The cross-sections within this region are fitted within an interpretation based on Regge theory. The measured \(B\) slope within this region is \(B\) = 7.60\(\pm\)0.31 GeV\(^{-2}\). The \(\xi\) dependence of the cross-section is consistent with that expected from soft Pomeron exchange. The total measured cross-section within the fiducial region is 1.59\(\pm\)0.13mb. The Pythia8 A3 Monte Carlo tune provides a very good description of the shape of the cross-sections but overestimates the integrated cross-section by approximately 60%.

Chemically-induced protein association is involved in key regulatory pathways throughout the body. Many natural products exert their downstream effect by the stabilisation of naturally occurring interactions, either by an allosteric effect or by the direct binding of two distinct protein partners. The targeting of these interactions by small-molecules is a relatively under developed field, with the inhibition of existing protein-protein interactions (PPIs) a more investigated target. One such method to investigate PPI inhibition is a bacterial reverse two-hybrid system (RTHS), which has been successfully coupled to a split-intein based library of cyclic peptides to identify novel inhibitors (split-intein circular ligation of peptides and proteins, SICLOPPS). Here, the existing RTHS technology was rebuilt to enable the screening of cyclic peptides for their ability to induce dimerisation of two target proteins. The well-studied mTOR-FKBP12 interaction, with heterodimerisation induced by the natural product rapamycin, was used to build and validate a novel two-hybrid system. This utilises the tetracycline repressor to reverse the transcriptional control from the RTHS, leading to a selectable phenotype upon dimerisation. Rapamycin addition successfully results in the association of these target proteins, leading to the downstream expression of two essential reporter genes and a fluorescent protein. This rapamycin-dependent interaction can be identified both by an agarbased growth assay, and a liquid media-based fluorescent assay. A large number of SICLOPPS libraries were screened with little success at replicating the action of brapamycin. The SICLOPPS technology was optimised and expanded, enabling an improved screening platform for the future.

This thesis presents the results of research on sandwich panel construction, with the aims of developing tools for modelling sandwich panel fire performance and hence to use the tools to aid the development of sandwich panel construction with improved fire resistance. The research focuses on sandwich panels made of thin steel sheeting and a polyisocyanurate (PIR) foam core. For non-loadbearing sandwich panel construction, fire resistance is measured in terms of thermal insulation and integrity only. However, these two parameters are affected by mechanical performance of sandwich panel construction due to the high distortion and large deformation nature of sandwich panel construction under fire attack. Therefore, it is necessary to consider both thermal and mechanical performances of sandwich panels under fire conditions. The work in this thesis includes development of a thermal conductivity model for PIR foam as this thermal property is one of the key values in determining heat transfer through sandwich panels; this thermal conductivity model is based on the effective thermal conductivity of porous foams proposed by Glicksman (1994) and includes the effects of polymer decomposition and increases in foam cell size. It is validated against fire tests carried out on PIR sandwich panels 80mm and 100mm thick with steel facings of thickness 0.5mm. A large 3D sequentially coupled thermal-stress model of a full scale fire test has been developed in the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software ABAQUS to provide insight into the way sandwich panels behave in a fire resistance test and also to assess different modelling techniques. Aspects and stages of the simulation that agree well with test data are explained. Limitations of the ABAQUS software for simulating sandwich panel fire tests are highlighted; namely, it is not possible to simulate the correct radiation heat transfer through panel joints, as cavity radiation cannot be specified in a fully coupled thermal-stress analysis. Joints are key components of sandwich panel construction. In order to obtain temperature development data for modelling joints, a number of fire tests have been carried out. These fire tests were conducted with different joint configurations and panel thicknesses under realistic fire conditions using timber cribs. The joint fire tests revealed significant ablation of the foam core within the joints of sandwich panels at high temperatures. At the beginning of fire exposure, the joint temperature on the unexposed surface was lower than that on the panel due to the better insulation property of air compared to the foam. However, as the joint gap increased due to ablation of the foam, the joint temperatures became higher than in the panel. A numerical simulation model has been created to investigate this behaviour. Using the aforementioned thermal model, numerical simulations have been carried out to examine the influences of possible changes to sandwich panel design on sandwich panel construction fire performance. It was suggested that if the maximum gap in the joints can be limited to 5mm, for example, by applying intumescent coating strips within the sandwich panel joints to counter the increasing gap formed due to core ablation, then the joint temperature on the unexposed surface would not exceed that of the panel surface, hence the joint would cease to be the weak link. To increase the panel fire resistance, the use of graphite particles in the PIR foam formulation may be considered to lower the contribution of radiative heat transfer within the foam cells by reducing the transmissivity of the cell walls. Graphite particles may offer considerable increases in the thermal resistance of PIR foam at high temperatures by limiting the radiation contribution which dominates heat transfer above 300oC.

Many of the principal concepts that underpin current metallic structural steel design codes, notably Eurocode 3, were developed on the basis of elastic, perfectly plastic material behaviour, essentially ignoring strain-hardening; such material behaviour lends itself to the concept of discrete cross-section classification. A newly proposed, deformation based approach to structural steel design represents an alternative treatment to cross-section classification that is based upon a continuous relationship between cross-section slenderness and deformation capacity, as well as a rational exploitation of strain- hardening. This method is referred to herein as the Continuous Strength Method. The aim of this research is to develop preliminary guidance for the use of the Continuous Strength Method at the member level, focusing on the behaviour of simply supported and continuous beams. Particular attention will be given to determining the maximum laterally unsupported lengths prior to which the full capacity predictions of the Continuous Strength Method can be achieved, as well as the performance of lateral bracing elements in various structural configurations. Through a programme of experiments, numerical modelling and parametric studies, the implications of allowing for strain-hardening in the design of laterally restrained steel beams is investigated with particular emphasis on the performance of the bracing elements. A total of fourteen tests on simply supported beams and six tests on continuous beams were performed considering two basic scenarios: discrete rigid restraints and discrete elastic restraints of varying stiffness. In all tests, bending resistances in excess of the plastic moment capacity were observed, but generally it was concluded that closer restraint spacing than specified in current design codes to achieve the cross-section capacity may be required to harness significant benefit from strain-hardening and to develop the full CSM bending resistance. The forces generated in the restraints were within current code requirements although some modifications were suggested. Furthermore, the spacings of the restraints were also considered and a new limiting slenderness and transition curve for the CSM was proposed. The results from the experiments were supplemented by parametric studies conducted using analytical and numerical models developed as part of this thesis, as well as through the use of proprietary software packages. A parallel experimental investigation into the material modelling assumptions of the Continuous Strength Method was also conducted, employing an innovative full cross-section tensile test to capture average cross-section material properties. The results from the investigation validated the modelling assumptions of the Continuous Strength Method and improved the accuracy of the predictive capacity equations.

The product of Synechocystis PCC 6803 open reading frame slr0176, InrS (Internal nickel responsive Sensor) a member of the CsoR-RcnR metalloregulatory family, has been characterised in the course of this work and found to regulate the expression of nrsD, encoding a nickel export protein, in a nickel dependent manner. InrS occludes a previously unidentified cryptic promoter in a nickel resistance operon. In addition to Ni(II) InrS is also competent to bind and respond to Zn(II), Co(II) Cu(II) and Cu(I) in vitro as determined by metal binding studies & fluorescence anisotropy. The factors that favour a response to nickel but disfavour responses to zinc and copper in vivo have been explored including determining allosteric coupling free energies of Ni(II) and Cu(I) binding. The cognate and non-cognate metal binding affinities of InrS, ZiaR (zinc-sensing SmtB family member), Zur (zinc-sensing Fur family member) and CoaR (cobalt-sensing MerR family) have been determined through competition with a range of metal chelators and infer that selective sensing of zinc and nickel can be dictated by the relative affinities of the metalloregulators but selective cobalt sensing cannot. The primary metal coordination sphere of InrS has been investigated through a combination of site directed mutagenesis and metal binding studies. Three of four Ni(II) ligands constituting the square planar Ni(II) site have been identified and mutant variants with weakened Ni(II) affinities produced. InrS displays metal binding properties characteristic of the copper sensing sub-branch of this protein family thought to be a consequence of the primary coordination sphere. Results of this work have been used to refine predictions as to the metal(s) sensed by uncharacterised members of this protein family based on the predicted secondary rather than primary coordination sphere. An alternative allosteric network involving a secondary coordination sphere hydrogen bond in nickel sensing CsoR-RcnRs is proposed.

This thesis concerns a theoretical and experimental investigation of two applications of semiconductor nanowires and nanowire heterostructures. First, the development of nanowire-planar tandem solar cells is considered from a theoretical standpoint. The maximum efficiency of the solar cell is determined in the radiative limit as a function both of the material bandgaps and the absorption efficiency of the nanowire array. This work provides design guidelines for the experimental realisation of such a solar cell. The catalyst-free growth of GaAs nanowires is then developed, with potential for future use within a nanowire solar cell. Control over radial and axial nanowire growth is demonstrated. GaAs nanowires are employed as the host for single photon emitters in the form of InGaAs nanowire quantum dots. This leverages the position control inherent in the growth technique, and represents the first realisation of individually addressable nanowire quantum dots grown by this technique. This provides a promising route for future scale up for quantum information applications. The limits of the catalyst-free growth technique are investigated, leading to the first demonstration of morphology control of a catalyst-free nanowire. Nanowires are grown with elongated cross-section, resulting in the emission of linearly polarized light from the top facet of the nanowire. Finally, the growth of InAsP nanowire quantum dots within InP nanowires is developed. Photoluminescence emission is detected at lower energy than expected for polytypic InP, demonstrating successful growth of an InAsP nanowire heterostructure.

This thesis presents four related empirical essays which investigate the role of information in crude oil futures markets. The first line of investigation examines the impact of futures trading on spot price volatility and finds that the nature of spot price volatility is affected by derivative trading and the improvements in information discovery which such trading brings. Second, the efficiency of futures markets is examined with respect to their ability to provide unbiased estimates of future spot prices. Here it is concluded that while unbiased estimates are generally provided in the long-term, they tend to be largely biased over the short-term. The third area of investigation looks at the relative ability of contemporaneous spot and futures prices to discover information, where it is found that futures generally exhibit price discovery over spot markets but that the relationship can vary considerably over time and in relation to market conditions. In addition, the investigation suggests that previous studies into such relationships have failed to account for all routes through which information passes between spot and futures markets. Finally the thesis probes the question of the relationship within futures markets between volume, volatility and information. The finding is' that futures markets' prices and trading volume exhibit a positive relation and are jointly driven by the rate of information arrival. The results further suggest that the widely held expectation that volume statistics can improve forecasts of future price change does not hold in the case of oil futures. The overall finding of the thesis is that oil futures markets are well-functioning and in general are of benefit to the underlying spot market.

The aims of this thesis were to investigate the effects of the main abiotic and biotic factors on growth and protein turnover in fish. The first experiments were concerned with the effects of seasonal acclimatisation and temperature acclimatisation on tissue-somatic indices, nucleic acid concentrations/ratios and protein synthesis rates in cod. It was concluded that low water temperature resulted in an increase in tissue RNA concentration and reduced RNA (translational) activities. At the same time, protein synthesis rates were similar between cold and warm acclimated fish. Increased tissue RNA concentration at low water temperatures therefore appeared to be a thermal compensatory mechanism on protein synthesis rates in cod. The next experiment investigated the effects of ovine growth hormone administration on protein turnover and RNA concentration/activity in rainbow trout. Growth hormone administration generally stimulated protein synthesis rates resulting in larger fish; little effects on rates of protein degradation were observed. Stimulated protein synthesis rates were the result of both increased RNA/protein ratio and/or RNA activity. The final experiment investigated the effects of long-term nutritional regime and short-term alterations in nutrition on indices of growth rate in cod, with the aim of identifying the most sensitive indicator(s) of growth rate (nutritional status). Of all the indices examined, liver-somatic index, stomach and intestine nucleic acid concentrations/ratios and ventricle stomach and intestine cytochrome c oxidase activities were generally the best correlates of long-term growth rate as well as being sensitive to alterations in nutritional level. Whilst these data gave credence to the use of various correlates of growth rate under constant laboratory conditions, the use of these measurements as correlates of growth rate of wild fish may be limited under seasonally fluctuating environmental conditions.

This thesis provides a biography of a man whose importance in Church and State in the first half of the seventeenth century has never been fully appreciated. It is divided into eight sections, the first of which considers Neile's humble origins, education at Westminster and Cambridge, and patronage at the hands of the Cecil family and Archbishop Bancroft. It was as Dean of Westminster that Neile's exceptional talents as an administrator first became generally apparent. It was also at this time that he won the affection of King James I - the decisive factor in Neile's elevation to the episcopate and rapid advancement through the dioceses of Rochester, Lichfield and Coventry, Lincoln and Durham. Attention is focused on Neile's role as a bishop and on factors behind his administrative success, such as his ability to select and train able subordinates - clergymen and civil lawyers alike. Other chapters highlight more unusual facets of his career, such as his role as Lord Lieutenant of Durham County Palatine. Even his work in the House of Lords reveals wider interests than those normally expected of a bishop. Discussion of Neile's religious beliefs contributes to our knowledge of English Arminianism. Neile emerges as the great patron of this party and the practical effects of his views can be seen in his work as a Privy Councillor and as a judge in the courts of Star Chamber and High Commission. The implementation of Arminian policies at Winchester and after his final appointment as Archbishop of York was one of the major causes of the English Civil War.

Anthropologists have long examined the ways people wield technologies, institutions, and environments to shape and transform their bodies according to culturally specific notions of health and wellness. Yet half a century after Mauss argued that techniques of the body are assembled for the individual not by themselves alone but by all their education, we know little about how people communicatively harness their environments to assemble embodied actions. In this dissertation, I examine athletic recruitment and training among Indigenous endurance runners and their coaches in Cusco, Peru, and challenge contemporary notions of embodied potential by re-positioning the body as a semiotic entanglement that comes to life dialogically. I argue that we can only understand the manner in which humans learn to move through their environments by attending to the communicative acts that structure and scaffold their embodied learning. For both the Quechua youth and expatriate talent scouts in the Peruvian Institute of Sport with whom I work, the “gift” of athletic excellence is envisioned and cultivated with talk. In the Andes Mountains, Quechua communities revere the storied peregrinations of their barefoot ancestors, who once shuttled swiftly across the Inca Empire. Roaming talent scouts scouring these mountainous crevices now attribute this endurance to the thin air of high-altitude ecologies, which is purported to endow peripatetic inhabitants with aerobic excellence. Drawing on twenty-five months of ethnographic fieldwork conducted during a national recruitment campaign to mobilize competitors for Peru at the 2019 Pan-American Games, I track migrating Quechua athletes and circulating expatriate coaches as they navigate the transition from rural Andean life rhythms to the vexing challenges of professional sports training. At the nexus of their training is the perceived need to overcome “cosmovision,” a fatalistic reticence stereotypically attributed to Indigenous Andean peoples. Quechua trainees are consequently tasked with training the entirety of their bodies, including the verbal skill of articulating their gift to themselves and others, as if their eloquence might incrementally catalyze a desire to triumph. 3,400 meters above sea level at the Elite Performance Center in Cusco, they willingly weather cascades of blistering shouts designed to “open” their bodies to the pains and passions of athletic self-transformation. My close attention to the communicative practices of coaching, talent scouting, and sports habitualization in a state-sponsored residential training facility shows how the body is voiced into being by a heterogeneous network of social actors vested in channeling its productive capacities. While anthropologists in the throes of a post-structural hangover have turned away from language towards materiality, my dissertation foregrounds the relation between language and the body to show how human-environment interactions are communicatively envisioned and cultivated. By positioning the Indigenous body specifically as the instrument and outcome of this cultivation, I reveal emergent modes of Indigenous citizenship, making original contributions to studies of embodiment, Indigeneity, and decoloniality.

Throughout history, mankind has made music. While music is artistic, it is also scientific and informed by natural occurrences within the physical world. Mathematical relationships between frequencies, the harmonic series, the materials necessary to build musical instruments, and naturally measured time provide bases for the musical elements of pitch, timbre, and rhythm. Though scientific discovery can inform the practice of music, the origin of music cannot be explained through scientific or evolutionary means because music is not a necessity for survival. The fact that music does exist and has natural bases suggests that music is designed, and its elements were placed in the physical world by a Creator who is beyond that which is physical.

The idea of an inclusive setting is far from being a new theory in education. Various provisos with a great deal of narrations include integration, least restrictive environment, mainstreaming, deinstitutionalization, regular education initiative and normalization. These ideas are synonymously used to categorize the educational setting of students with special needs. Terminology commonly used to express important differences in the placement of student with special needs differ in meaning. Some of the common terms such as inclusion, mainstreaming and integration have perplexed the issues involving providing access to the general education curriculum. Inclusion implies that students with disabilities will receive academic instruction in a classroom setting with non-disabled peers (Danforth & Rhodes, 1997). In Alabama’s Black Belt and other areas of the State of Alabama student have been too long segregated based on their specific disability. Research has shown that students regardless of the severity of the disability receive both social and education benefit from the general education setting. According to IDEA, the goal of inclusion is to ensure that students with disabilities are educated in the appropriate least restrictive environment (2001). According the Alabama State Department of Education Director of Student Assessment Dr. Gloria Turner stated in a speech to the Alabama Association of Federal Program Education Program Administrators that, “As a result of inclusion and No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 special education student are significantly closing the achievement gaps.” (Ivey & Sanders, 2004) In many of the counties across the State of Alabama schools have been placed on the list of schools in need of school improvement. In most cases this is a result of lack of students meeting the standards set by No Child Left Behind and student with special needs are usually the cause of new schools being added to the list of school in school improvement (Ivey & Sanders, 2004). The results are far less in counties where inclusion has become a practice. One example of this is Central High School in Lowndes County, Alabama. The students in this school not only met the standard but 100% of students in last year’s senior class passed the graduation exam and received a high school diploma. During the 2003-2004 school year Central High School met ten of the thirteen goals set by No Child Left Behind the three goals not met was a result of participation. This was a direct result of lack of participation of special need students participating in the Alabama High School Graduation Exam administration. The next year the school realized that more students must be included in the administration and fully included all students in the general education setting. During the 2004-2005 school year, all academic and participation goals were met along with a 100% graduation rate for all special education children. The only goal not met by the school was anticipated dropout rate. The dropout numbers did not include any special education students. Although the schools in Alabama’s Black Belt are still falling behind many schools in the state there are some who can be shining examples for the others. Inclusive environments are painstaking in the beginning; however, the final result for the school and the individual student is tremendous. When students are exposed to the general education curriculum the end result is a win-win for all parties involved.

This study investigates the re-introduction and consolidation of Protestantism within the diocese of Canterbury following the accession of Elizabeth in 1558 until the death of James I in 1625: that is, after the reforms of the first half of the sixteenth century, but before the changes brought in by Archbishop Laud and the events leading to the outbreak of the English Civil War. While the actions of the state and the political motivations of key figures are touched upon, the main focus is the development of religion at parish level and how attitudes and customs changed over time as the demands of the Elizabethan Settlement of religion took root within the parishes. The historiography of the Reformation has revealed wide variation in how religious change has been viewed at the local level. This thesis challenges the revisionist view, which has described the progress of the later Reformation in England as protracted and contested at every step by the majority of people. It argues instead that some revisionist writing has been too pessimistic when applied to the diocese of Canterbury, and demonstrates that, in east Kent, resistance and division were not the default response following the 1559 Settlement. Communities were able to negotiate a path which stayed within the bounds of the law but which reflected their individual parish context. In this respect, this thesis proposes a less antagonistic view of religious change than has appeared from the historiography. By using a small number of carefully chosen case studies, this thesis offers a refined sense of place concerning the growth of Protestantism in both urban and rural communities in Kent. The case studies focus on the city of Canterbury, on the towns of Sandwich and New Romney and on the surrounding parishes which formed the rural hinterlands to these three urban communities. They reveal the complexities of religious change, and suggest that a homogenous response to state-imposed reforms cannot be assumed, even in parishes which were geographically close. Extending the research to 1625 has enabled an examination of the consolidation of Protestantism into the Jacobean period. This indicates how parish religion continued to develop after the death of Elizabeth, by which time people had clearer expectations and were prepared to demand more of their clergy. At James's death, parish religion in the diocese of Canterbury was strong.

This thesis discusses relations between the stranger churches in England and their Protestant compatriots on the Continent with specific reference to the Netherlands between 1547 and 1585. It exposes the complex situation in which they found themselves as émigrés in England, first under Edward VI and, after a period of further exile, under Elizabeth I. They were a dispersed group of congregations of several different nationalities, all commonly referred to as 'stranger churches' in their English host communities. While the congregations of London were initially most important and certainly the wealthiest, this diaspora eventually came to spread to parts of Sussex, Kent, and East Anglia, not to mention outposts in the north and the west. The thesis employs sources relating to both London's foreign churches and these provincial congregations and also highlights documents other than the customary consistory records used in previous studies. Hence, there is discussion of the writings of Utenhove, Micronius, and van Haemstede which emphasised the importance of conversion while recognising the need for obedience to secular authorities. The thesis demonstrates the close degree of contact between the stranger churches and the Low Countries throughout this period and also points out how the relationship was placed under strain by the years leading up to the Dutch Revolt. Main findings challenge the assumption that the stranger churches automatically supported resistance in the Low Countries, reveal a number of practical and theological constraints in their thinking, and show how the dilemmas became more acute as open war approached. This thesis offers a refreshed narrative of relations between the stranger churches and the Low Countries, and emphasises the importance of religious thinking throughout rather than politics, and in so doing suggests different important turning points in the chronology.

This thesis examines the institutional reforms to the church in England and Wales during the Protectorates of Oliver and Richard Cromwell. It exposes a previously unrecognised collapse in ecclesiastical administration under the Republic (1649-53) and argues that the Cromwellian reforms were both a response to this collapse and a pragmatic development of the principles of congregationalism into a system that could operate as a national church. It offers the first complete and detailed examination of the archives of the 'Triers', who vetted all ministers entering the church and it re-examines their relationship with the work of their sister agencies, the 'Ejectors' and the 'Trustees for the Preaching Ministry'. It argues that existing assumptions about the relative importance of the Triers and Ejectors are incorrect and, in light of this, it offers a revised interpretation of the scope, efficacy and significance of the Cromwellian reforms during the Interregnum and also within the longer-term development of the post-reformation church.

The importance of late eighteenth century Rational Dissent has been rightly recognised by many contemporaries and subsequent historians. Yet the character of Rational Dissent has been less than fully understood, partly because of the overconcentration on Richard Price and Joseph Priestley, and on the politics, rather than the all-important theological ideas which underpinned the political ideas of Rational Dissenters. This dissertation adopts a new and prosopographical method of analysis. The Biographical Register of authors of published and unpublished material, and of prominent local figures demonstrates the highly varied range of the individuals, congregations and other groups amongst its adherents and reveals valuable insights into the wide areas of opinions within Rational Dissent, and key periods and forms of activity. This research, through its prosopographical approach, covers new ground in demonstrating that significant differences between Rational and Orthodox Dissenting theology led to the emergence of a Rational Dissenting identity which became sharply and increasingly divergent from that of Orthodox Dissenters. Through extensive analysis of the identity of Rational Dissent as a whole, it demonstrates considerably greater nuances in belief than have previously been recognised. It establishes that it was the specific theological ideas of Rational Dissenters which underpinned and drove their political concepts and notions as to the nature of society. Based on investigation of 19 lists of subscribers to Rational Dissenting published works and organisations, this study identifies a core of 444 multiple subscribers, the overwhelming majority committed adherents of Rational Dissent. These are substantial lists totalling 6,047 subscriptions. The 444 individuals as a group provide an essential basis for analysis of the social, geographical and intellectual appeal of Rational Dissent amongst its less visible adherents, notably women, laymen and ministers who sustained it at local level. Analysis of previously largely over-looked Unitarian Library records allows identification of the social and intellectual span of their readers and their particular areas of theological interest. This range of sources enables statistical analysis of the identity and appeal of the broad base of Rational Dissent in the late eighteenth century. This dissertation argues that Rational Dissent in England between c. 1770 and c. 1800, characterised by its own distinctive doctrinal identity, merits further investigation, and constitutes a primary motivation for this study. From this research emerges a fuller understanding of the place of Rational Dissent within society, its complex and evolving nature, and finally analysis of the legacy of Rational Dissent in the early nineteenth century.