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Targeting cities in East Africa, where urbanisation and climate change are posing unprecedented threats to livelihoods and ecosystems, this thesis focuses on the combined effects of rapid urbanisation and climate change on Land Surface Temperature (LST), Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) effects and the role of Blue Green infrastructure (BGI) and vegetation dynamics. The aim of this thesis is to advance understanding of the urban thermal environment and the role of factors such as climate, vegetation and urbanisation patterns that add to its complexity. Through the use of satellite and remote sensing data (e.g., Google Earth Engine), spatial and statistical analyses, conducted in ArcGIS, Geoda and R, this thesis provides analyses of temporal trends between 2003 and 2017, and spatial differences in LST and SUHI in five East African cities (Khartoum, Addis Ababa, Kampala, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam). It advances understanding of how the configuration of urban areas affects the urban thermal environment, the amount of vegetation and surface water, and demonstrates the influence of urban density on the changes in SUHI intensity in both space and time. By linking the findings from the three results chapters and placing this in the context of the broader literature, corresponding policy implications and solutions are presented. The urgent need to provide a more detailed understanding of urban thermal environments, including macroclimate differences, seasonal variation and urban morphological characteristics, is highlighted. Recommendations emphasise the use of cloud-based analysis methods to overcome data scarcity, while the results point towards the utility of nature-based solutions for urban sustainable development. The methods and lessons emerging from this study can also be applied in other rapidly urbanising cities, where climate change is posing an unprecedented threat to livelihoods and ecosystems, and where resources are limited.