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Quantifying flow of information in a program involves calculating how much information (e.g. about secret inputs) can be leaked by observing the program's public outputs. Recently this field has attracted a lot of research interest, most of which makes use of Shannon's information theory, e.g. mutual information, conditional entropy, etc. Computability entails that any automated analysis of information is necessarily incomplete. Thus quantitative flow of analyses aim to compute upper bounds on the sizes of the flows in a program. Virtually all the current quantitative analyses treat program variables independently, which significantly limits the potential for deriving tight upper bounds. Our work is motivated by the intuition that knowledge of the dependencies between program variables should allow the derivation of more precise upper bounds on the size of flows, and that classical abstract interpretation provides an effective mechanism for determining such dependencies in the form of linear constraints. Our approach is then to view the problem as one of constrained optimization (maximum entropy), allowing us to apply the standard technique of Lagrange multiplier method. Application of this technique turns out to require development of some novel methods due to the essential use of non-linear (entropy) constraints, in conjunction with the linear dependency constraints. Using these methods we obtain more precise upper bounds on the size of information flows than is possible with existing analysis techniques.

To find out how adolescents' individual and environmental factors impact adulthood education and employment outcomes, this longitudinal study examined 10th graders' individual (such as math scores, intrinsic motivation, and school engagement) and environmental (i.e. parental involvement) factors through their education and employment outcomes in emerging adulthood. The current study examined the differentiated effect of parental involvement being autonomy-supportive or control on adolescents' academic achievement in high school and also young adulthood educational and occupational outcomes 10 years later. This research is based on an analysis of data drawn from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), which is a nationally representative longitudinal study that follows adolescents at four main timelines: the base year of students in 10th grade (Time 1), the first follow up at 12th grade(Time 2), the second follow up two years after the expected high school of high-school, and the third follow up when students who may have gone on to post-secondary education would complete their postsecondary education (Time 3). 5,439 students and their parent(s) were included in the study. Overall, the final model supported the majority of the hypotheses and revealed how differentiated parental involvements and students' previous academic performance influence their math scores at Time 2 (r = .80), and both educational (r = .32) and career (r = .27) outcomes at emerging adulthood.

Double selectivity was achieved during nucleophilic substitution of m-dichlorobenzene-FeCp cation with certain nucleophiles. While aminophenoxides react on oxygen to afford monosubstitution, aliphatic amino alcohols such as prolinol react exclusively on nitrogen to give monosubstitution. The latter was also observed with o-dichlorobenzene-FeCp cation (2.6), where reaction with a series of 2-substituted pyrrolidines in the presence of K2CO3 led to exclusively mono-N-substitution. Furthermore, a moderate diastereoselectivity (about 1.5:1) was observed during these reactions. Further treatment of the latter isomeric mixture with NaH allowed an intramolecular nucleophilic displacement of the second chloride with alkoxide, thus forming a tricyclic system. A number of attempts to effect similar reactions of 2.6 with two chiral C2-symmetric amines which we anticipated to improve the diastereoselectivity were unsuccessful. Addition of nucleophiles to arene-manganese complexes 3.45, 3.46 and 3.48 proceeds with diastereoselectivity of up to 92% d.e.. The best result was obtained with complex 3.46 that has a C2-symmetric amino substituent. The major isomer from reaction of 3.46 with PhMgBr was shown to be the sterically more favored product a by X-ray crystallography. An axial orientation of the two methyl substituents on complex 3.46 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography, which allows a rationalization for the observed 1,5-stereocontrol.(DIAGRAM, TABLE OR GRAPHIC OMITTED...PLEASE SEE DAI. In contrast to the results of LiAlH4 addition, reaction of NaBH4 with complex 3.46 lead to diastereoselectivity favoring isomer b which was presumed to be the disfavored isomer under steric approach control by X-ray crystal structural analysis. This selectivity reversal was also observed with MeLi addition, where isomer b is favored. Careful deuterium labeling experiments prove that hydride adds exclusively from the exo face regardless of the hydride source, thus confirming that the reversed selectivity was not caused by a switch of mechanism when a different hydride was employed. Electronic effects were also studied, and it was found that both charge and orbital control work in the same direction as steric approach control, leading to selectivity favoring isomer a. The reason for selectivity reversal was not fully established, however all the information we have strongly suggests a transition state effect. The position of transition state along the reaction coordinate depends on the reactivity of the nucleophile. An early transition state is most probable for reactive nucleophiles (such as LiAlH4) and steric approach control would dominate leading to the normal selectivity (favoring a); in the case of less reactive nucleophiles (such as NaBH4), a late transition state leads to selectivity favoring b, the more stable isomer according to MMX calculations using PC Model. Kinetic isotope effects of hydride addition reactions support the transition state effect on the diastereoselectivity. Modeling of the transition state should reveal more accurate information on the transition state effect and is worth further investigation. Attempts at conversion of aminocyclohexadienyl-Mn(CO)3 complexes to cyclohexenones were unsuccessfu l because aminocyclohexadiene-Mn(CO)2NO complexes are extremely unstable species and undergo rapid rearomatization under oxidative decomplexation condition.

Today, the workplace is undergoing dramatic changes, featuring increased team activities and informal interactions. The work place neighborhood is a design concept derived from a city planning theory that may solve the workplace design problems arising from these changes, and provided a focus for this project. The Educational Technology office area of the Advanced Communication and Information Technology Center (ACITC) possesses the features representing the general workplace tendency today. The purpose of this project was to develop a workplace neighborhood space prototype for this office area. This prototype will provide a work environment conducive to team efforts and informal interactions and a workplace neighborhood space model for future reference. The project had three design phases: design programming, design development, and design evaluation and revision. During the design programming, a survey questionnaire was distributed to all of the 12 Educational Technology employees and behavioral mapping observations were conducted. Then, a conceptual plan, a series of workplace space patterns and a floor plan were developed for the workplace neighborhood space prototype. Finally, computer models were prepared for three neighborhood units for design evaluation. The result of the design evaluation indicated that the concerns between individual and group work spaces were not solved. The space prototype was revised, and a computer model of the revised space prototype was prepared. The revised space prototype met the work patterns of the employees more closely and reflected the design concept of workplace neighborhood more clearly