Search

Lead (Pb), as one of the main pollution elements, has resulted in large-scale soil pollution around the world. Even if phytoremediation can solve this problem, the selection of restoration potential plants has always been a scientific problem. As a multifunctional repair plant, Neyraudia reynaudiana can rehabilitate both polluted soils and slopes. N. reynaudiana has been widely used in terrain restoration in southern China before. This study was the first to study the growth and Pb absorption and enrichment capacity of N. reynaudiana in Xuzhou, north of the Yangtze River. In this study, N. reynaudiana was planted in soils with different lead concentrations, and the change of lead content in roots, shoots, and soils, as well as the redox enzyme, was tested and analyzed during each growth stage. The results showed that the roots could absorb Pb and transfer 79.45% to the shoots at most. With the growth of the plant, the ability to accumulate and transfer gradually increased. Moreover, when the soil Pb concentration was above 800 mg kg−1, the ability to accumulate by N. reynaudiana was significantly restrained. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and peroxidase (POD) first acted on the redox response in the initial phase, while increasing the pollutant concentration or the growth of N. reynaudiana in the later stage, and the glutathione reductase (GR) redox system continued to feed back on the lead stress. This study proved that N. reynaudiana is a kind remediation plant for lead pollution soil and could repair soil with a lead pollution concentration lower than 800 mg kg−1. The results provide a theoretical reference for clarifying the action mechanism and threshold value of N. reynaudiana in rehabilitating soil lead pollution and provide practical guidance for the planting proportion of N. reynaudiana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C48H46Cu2N4Na2O14S2, triclinic, P 1 ‾ (no. 2), a = 11.2259(11) Å, b = 11.6492(11) Å, c = 11.7594(12) Å, α = 11.2259(11)°, β = 11.6492(11)°, γ = 11.7594(12)°, V = 1248.5(2) Å3, Z = 1, Rgt(F) = 0.0554, wRref(F2) = 0.1605, T = 173 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C25H27CoN2NaO9S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 12.8169(11) Å, b = 7.9965(7) Å, c = 25.597(2) Å, β = 91.530(2)°, V = 2622.5(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0611, wRref(F2) = 0.1596, T = 298 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• MSI was used for the 1st time to predict the DF content of Chinese cabbage leaves. • RF model was obtained by comparing with BP neural network, RBF, and MLR models. • The RF model is suitable for predicting DF content throughout the plant growth period. Multispectral imaging, combined with stoichiometric values, was used to construct a prediction model to measure changes in dietary fiber (DF) content in Chinese cabbage leaves across different growth periods. Based on all the spectral bands (365–970 nm) and characteristic spectral bands (430, 880, 590, 490, 690 nm), eight quantitative prediction models were established using four machine learning algorithms, namely random forest (RF), backpropagation neural network, radial basis function, and multiple linear regression. Finally, a quantitative prediction model of RF learning algorithm is constructed based on all spectral bands, which has good prediction accuracy and model robustness, prediction performance with R2 of 0.9023, root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.7182 g/100 g, residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 3.1220 > 3.0. In summary, this model efficiently detects changes in DF content across different growth periods of Chinese cabbage, which offers technical support for vegetable sorting and grading in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an adaptive neural network finite-time recursive sliding mode control method to address the moving path following (MPF) problem when designing an automatic carrier landing system for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). To improve the automaticity and safety of landing on a moving carrier for a UAV, a non-singular three-dimensional MPF method that considers only the vertical and lateral errors relative to the moving sliding path is proposed to establish moving path guidance. Moreover, a tracking model for quaternion-based attitude errors was developed for attitude control. Then, an adaptive neural network observer was adopted to approximate the disturbance from dynamic uncertainty and air-wake turbulence, and an anti-saturation system was used to address actuator saturation for the UAV. Based on the Lyapunov global stability theorem, a controller based on finite-time sliding mode back-stepping can be developed, in which virtual control laws and virtual regulation laws are adopted to improve the dynamic maneuverability and convergence performance of the controller. Finally, numerical comparison simulations were performed to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method in terms of tracking accuracy and convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite phase change materials (CPCM) containing photo absorbers are regarded as promising conversion and thermal energy storage materials for solar energy. Understanding the impact of irradiation intensity on the photo-thermal conversion process is of crucial significance for improving the photo-thermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) of CPCM. However, previous studies have overlooked the evolution of temperature patterns and the solid-liquid phase interface in CPCM, posing challenges in revealing photo-thermal conversion characteristics. In response to these challenges, the present study introduces an improved test method that integrates monitoring plane and infrared thermography. Paraffin/graphite nanoparticles CPCM are used as conversion and thermal storage material. The results show that the dominated heat transfer mode in different stages is different, and the natural convection within the liquid CPCM has enhanced the melting process. When the irradiation intensity is increased from 450 W/m2 to 1250 W/m2, the average temperature and average charging rate increase by 33.75% and 197.27%, respectively. At an irradiation intensity of 1050 W/m2, the CPCM achieves the highest overall PTCE of 42.40%, which is an 8.85% increase in contrast to the irradiation intensity of 450 W/m2. The results provide guidance for improving the PTCE of CPCM in the application of direct absorption solar collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In northern China, promoting low-carbon heating technologies is pivotal in improving air quality and reducing carbon emissions. Solar-assisted air source heat pump systems have attracted extensive attention for the advantages of high energy efficiency and low carbon emissions. However, the existing reviews on solar-assisted air source heat pump systems mostly focus on technique development. This study comprehensively investigates the challenges and opportunities faced by solar-assisted air source heat pump systems in the combined aspects of technology, economy, and policy in China. Technical obstacles under diverse climate conditions, inefficient thermal energy storage, long payback periods, and a lack of subsidy policies pose significant challenges to solar-assisted air source heat pump systems. The main concerns of the solar-assisted air source heat pump system for the user, government, and manufacturer are costs, the financial burden of subsidy, and investment risk, respectively. Advances in new technologies, energy storage materials, defrosting, and optimization methods are promising to improve the performance of solar-assisted air source heat pump systems. Favourable renewable energy policies, energy performance contracting mode, and integrated energy systems give solar-assisted air source heat pump systems a bright future in China. Based on these identified factors, a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis is conducted to propose strategies for the advancement of solar-assisted air source heat pump systems. This work is expected to give valuable insights to researchers, users, manufacturers, and policy makers for the promotion of solar-assisted air source heat pump systems towards low-carbon space heating. [Display omitted] • Identifying challenges and opportunities of solar-assisted air source heat pump. • Critical review of the combined aspects of technology, economy, and policy. • Investigating the concerns of the user, government, and manufacturer. • SWOT analysis and promotion strategies for solar-assisted air source heat pump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prepare a material with superior solar absorption and thermal storage capability. • Propose a direct absorption/storage solar collector with less heat transfer process. • Boost photo-thermal conversion by light transmission and thermal conduction. • Light transmission enhancing method increases conversion efficiency by up to 8.29%. • Thermal conduction enhancing method boosts conversion efficiency by up to 9.57%. Direct absorption/storage solar collectors (DASSC) using composite phase change materials (CPCM) have attracted great attention in the solar energy field for the advantages of less heat exchange processes and high heat storage density. However, the low thermal conductivity of the CPCM has greatly restricted the thermal performance of the DASSC. This study aims to improve the photo-thermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) of DASSC using light transmission and thermal conduction enhancing methods within a new developed CPCM. Firstly, paraffin/expanded graphite CPCM is developed for direct solar absorption, conversion and storage. Secondly, both light transmission and thermal conduction enhancing methods have been investigated to improve the charging rate and PTCE of the solar collector. The paraffin/expanded graphite CPCM exhibits high absorbance in the visible light region with higher radiation energy, which is 3.03 times that of pure paraffin. At low irradiation intensity (400 W/m2), thermal conduction enhancing method performs better than light transmission enhancing method, in which the charging rate are increased by 15.64 % and 13.24 % compared to the non-enhanced collector, respectively. However, with irradiation intensity increase, such as 1000 W/m2, the light transmission enhancing method has a slightly better effect than the thermal conduction enhancing method, which increase the PTCE by 8.29 % and 8.25 %, respectively. This research introduces a new view to think about the method for improving the efficiency of DASSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C26H21NO3S, triclinic, P 1 ‾ (no. 2), a = 11.7598(11) Å, b = 12.7434(12) Å, c = 17.0020(16) Å, α = 104.146(3)°, β = 103.926(3)°, γ = 102.322(3)°, V = 2295.5(4) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0453, wRref(F2) = 0.1320, T = 293 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C26H22O3Sn, triclinic, P 1 ‾ (no. 2), a = 10.8480(9) Å, b = 11.3511(11) Å, c = 11.4109(12) Å, α = 114.431(3)°, β = 96.994(2)°, γ = 108.207(3)°, V = 1162.94(19) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0357, wRref(F2) = 0.0667, T = 298 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Microplastics (MP) (<5 mm) are crucial pollution which are widely distributes in the environment. Recently, the studies of MP have increased rapidly due to increasing awareness of the potential and growing risks of biological effects during storage and disposal. However, due to limitations in analytical methods and the methods of environmental risk assessment, the distribution and biological effects of MP are still debatable issues. To clarify the potentially environmental and biological impacts of MP in the consecutive environment, (1) analytical methods to assess MP, (2) environmental transportation and distribution of MP and (3) the effects of MP on biota, including the additives and sorption-desorption of MP in both terrestrial ecosystem and aquatic ecosystems were summarized. Based on the reviewed publications, we propose considerations for addressing the insufficiencies of analytical methods, distribution and biological effects of MP in ecosystems so we can adequately safeguard global ecosystems. Highlights • Convenient analytical method and equipment of MP should be developed. • Transportation and distribution of MP remains large gap in environment. • Effects of MP on biota need more new evidences. • Biological effects of MP at molecule and gene level should be focused on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was: (i) to group basketball players into similar clusters based on a combination of anthropometric characteristics and playing experience; and (ii) explore the distribution of players (included starters and non-starters) from different levels of teams within the obtained clusters. The game-related statistics from 699 regular season balanced games were analyzed using a two-step cluster model and a discriminant analysis. The clustering process allowed identifying five different player profiles: Top height and weight (HW) with low experience, TopHW-LowE; Middle HW with middle experience, MiddleHW-MiddleE; Middle HW with top experience, MiddleHW-TopE; Low HW with low experience, LowHW-LowE; Low HW with middle experience, LowHW-MiddleE. Discriminant analysis showed that TopHW-LowE group was highlighted by two-point field goals made and missed, offensive and defensive rebounds, blocks, and personal fouls; whereas the LowHW-LowE group made fewest passes and touches. The players from weaker teams were mostly distributed in LowHW-LowE group, whereas players from stronger teams were mainly grouped in LowHW-MiddleE group; and players that participated in the finals were allocated in the MiddleHW-MiddleE group. These results provide alternative references for basketball staff concerning the process of evaluating performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastics production has been increasing over years, while their recycling rate is lower, resulting in huge amounts of microplastics (MP) accumulating in the environment. Although the environmental behaviors of MPs have been focused on in recent years, the migration, distribution and adverse effects of MPs in terrestrial and aquatic environments are still not systematically understood. In this review, based on the newest publications from the core database of the Web of Science, both the migration and distribution of MPs were summarized, as well as MPs transfer in biota and their biological effects were also focused on. Generally, the complicated and numerous pathways of MPs migration lead to their distribution throughout or nearly all environments on a global scale. However, the migration mechanisms of MPs with various sizes, shapes, and colors by physicochemical and biological processes, and the prediction models of MP migration and distribution, are deficient, despite these properties being highly related to MPs migration and bio-safety. Although MPs have already invaded microorganisms, plants, animals, and even human beings, the biological effects still need more study, so far as their sizes and shapes and also their composition and adsorption are concerned. Moreover, based on the highlights and deficiencies of current studies, further studies have also been proposed. This review aims to help people re-evaluate the uncertain behaviors of MPs in various environments, and could be helpful to fully understand their biological effects in different environmental conditions. • Complicated pathways of MP migration lead to their distribution at global scale. • Migration mechanisms of MP with various sizes, shapes, colors are deficient. • Sizes and shapes of MPs on biological effects still need more study. • Composition and adsorption of MPs on biological effects need to be concerned. • Based on the deficiencies of current studies, further studies have been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a simple and cost-saving method developed to extract, distinguish and quantify light density microplastics of polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) in soil. A floatation method using distilled water was used to extract the light density microplastics from soil samples. Microplastics and impurities were identified using a heating method (3–5 s at 130 °C). The number and size of particles were determined using a camera (Leica DFC 425) connected to a microscope (Leica wild M3C, Type S, simple light, 6.4 ×). Quantification of the microplastics was conducted using a developed model. Results showed that the floatation method was effective in extracting microplastics from soils, with recovery rates of approximately 90%. After being exposed to heat, the microplastics in the soil samples melted and were transformed into circular transparent particles while other impurities, such as organic matter and silicates were not changed by the heat. Regression analysis of microplastics weight and particle volume (a calculation based on image J software analysis) after heating showed the best fit (y = 1.14x + 0.46, R 2 = 99%, p < 0.001). Recovery rates based on the empirical model method were > 80%. Results from field samples collected from North-western China prove that our method of repetitive floatation and heating can be used to extract, distinguish and quantify light density polyethylene microplastics in soils. Microplastics mass can be evaluated using the empirical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A systematic study, including theory, simulation and experiments, is carried out to review the generalized pairwise optimization algorithm for designing optimized constellation. In order to verify its effectiveness, the algorithm is applied in three testing cases: 2-dimensional 8 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 4-dimensional set-partitioning QAM, and probabilistic-shaped (PS) 32QAM. The results suggest that geometric shaping can work together with PS to further bridge the gap toward the Shannon limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gullies with the semi-natural habitat (SNH) are widely distributed in the arable land of the watershed. However, the ecological functions of these gullies, especially for the dynamics and distribution of beneficial insects (BI) are still not clear. In this study, the spatiotemporal dynamic of BI influenced by herbicides application, plant diversity, soil moisture (SM) and climatic factors was investigated in thirteen gullies and adjacent farmlands from a watershed during the crop growth stages. The main results showed that both the abundance and richness of BI were highest in the gullies and adjacent areas compared with the forest belt, grassland and farmland in the watershed. The gathering phenomenon was strengthened after herbicide application and crop harvest. The abundance and richness of BI were relatively higher in farmland during stages of no herbicide application and no crop harvest compared to after herbicide application and harvest. The abundance and richness of BI were typically highest in the gully middle than the head and tail of both stable and developing gullies in most seasons. However, after herbicide application, the abundance and richness of BI were highest in the gully head in stable gullies and the mean values were 3.1 and 3.6 times that of farmland, while in developing gullies were still highest in the gully middle and the mean values were 2.8 and 3.5 times that of farmland. BI dynamics were mainly determined by the abundance and richness of plants in gullies, while SM less influenced the BI. Interspecific associations of BI were significantly positive in the watershed but were not significantly positive in the single gullies. Generally, gullies are the most important source and sink of BI compared with the forest belt and grassland, which can significantly mediate the spatiotemporal pattern of BI in the agricultural watershed. [Display omitted] • Gullies were key source-sink of beneficial insects (BI) in agricultural watershed. • Ecological functions of gullies were greater than in forest belt and grassland. • Abundance and richness of BI were highest in the middle of the gullies. • BI dynamics was mainly determined by the plant abundance and richness in gullies. • Interspecific associations of BI were significantly positive in the watershed scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to generate scientifically-based comparative information to improve fertilization efficiency and reduce nutrient loss, 610 samples of 122 soil profiles were collected at the 0-60 cm depth to compare soil nutrient contents including soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) among different slope positions in a Mollisol farmland area of Northeast China. The contents of SOM and TN typically decreased with increased soil depth at back and bottom slope. Soil loss and deposition tended to decrease SOM and TN at the 0-20 cm soil depth on both the back slope and the slope bottom. The TP firstly decreased from 0-20 cm to 30-40 cm, and then not constantly increased at the back slope and the bottom slope. Due to the characteristics of soil nutrients and crop absorption, the contents of both AP and AK were typically the highest at the summit, followed by the slope bottom and the back slope in the 0-20 cm layer. Generally, in order to sustain the high soil productivity and protect the environment, attention should be paid to soil conservation on back slope; in addition, additional N and P fertilizer is necessary on the back slope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoplastic (MaP) and macroplastic (MeP) coming from plastic mulching tend to cause negative effects on biota in ecosystems. However, it is still not clear how field management influences the distribution of MeP/MaP in soils. In this study, MeP/MaP was investigated in 0–20 and 20–30 cm soil layers of three vegetable fields (3.4–6.5 ha) after 13 years plastic-mulching in Mollisols of Northeast China under different management methods (MM) of fertilization and tillage frequency. The tillage frequency was MM2 > MM1 > MM3, while the fertilization was MM1 > MM2 > MM3. The results showed that polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyamide, melamine-formaldehyde resin and polyether urethane were found in soil, and PE (>83.76%, from plastic mulching) was the predominant type of MeP/MaP. MeP abundance was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in MM1 and MM2 than that in MM3 in the 0–20 cm soil layer. MM1 and MM2 had the highest abundance of MeP/MaP of size <4 cm2 and 4–16 cm2, while MM3 had the highest abundance at the size >16 cm2. The broken index of MeP/MaP was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in MM2 compared with MM1 and MM3 in the 20–30 cm soil layer. Both tillage frequency and fertilization accelerate the breaking of plastics, especially since the influence was stronger from fertilization. Compared with original plastics, the PE, PP and PET's carbonyl index was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the three MMs. Generally, fertilization and frequent tillage can reduce the physical effects of large-sized plastic debris on crop growth and increases the negative effects of small-sized plastic and new pollutants formed on biota in the agroecosystems. MeP/MaP recycling should be strengthened, and the irrigation and rotation of farmland should be carried out when the wind speed is weak to avoid plastic invasion. [Display omitted] • Plastics of PE (>83%), PP, PS, PVC, PET, PA, MF and PEUR were found in farmland. • Fertilization and tillage increased the abundance of mesoplastics. • Fertilization can reduce the physical effect of large-sized plastics on crop growth. • CI of plastic positively correlated with tillage frequency and fertilization dose. • Oxidation of plastics by fertilization was greater than the tillage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) in enhancing nitrogen-removal from ammonium-nitrogen-rich wastewater using aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology were analyzed. AGS enabled ammonium oxidation and denitrification to occur simultaneously. Air stripping and simultaneous nitrification–denitrification contributed to total-nitrogen removal. Clone-library analysis revealed that close relatives of Nitrosomonas eutropha and heterotrophic denitrifiers were dominant in the AGS, whereas anammox bacteria were not detected. EPSs adsorption of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate nitrogen results in improved removal of nitrogen in batch experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a significant application of CO2geological storage technology, CO2-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) considers impacts on ecosystems due to the risk of CO2leakage from oil-producing wells. It is critical to clarify the relationship between CO2leakage and vegetation growth, because large numbers of wells are situated in the midst of cropland. In this study, we calculated the net primary productivity (NPP) of crops to examine the correlation between oil-producing wells and crop growth using Pleiades’ high-spatial resolution remote-sensing imaging in a CO2-EOR experimental area in Shandong Province, China, basing our methods on the improved Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach (CASA) model. Atmospheric CO2concentrations at varying distances from one of the producing wells were collected by wireless sensors and hand-held equipment, and analysis was conducted in regard to the impact of CO2leakage from producing wells on crop growth according to a simple sampling method. The results indicated that increased CO2concentration resulting from leakage from producing wells has a slightly positive influence on crop productivity, with the influence ranges correlated with wind direction and velocity. The variance of NPP resulting from increased CO2concentration and wind direction ranged from 5.0 to 33.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Spatial local outlier factor (SLOF) algorithm was adopted in this study for spatial outlier detection because of the limitations of the traditional static threshold detection. Based on the spatial characteristics of CO2 monitoring data obtained in the carbon capture and storage (CCS) project, the K-Nearest Neighbour (KNN) graph was constructed using the latitude and longitude information of the monitoring points to identify the spatial neighbourhood of the monitoring points. Then SLOF was adopted to calculate the outlier degrees of the monitoring points and the 3s rule was employed to identify the spatial outlier. Finally, the selection of K value was analysed and the optimal one was selected. The results show that, compared with the static threshold method, the proposed algorithm has a higher detection precision. It can overcome the shortcomings of the static threshold method and improve the accuracy and diversity of local outlier detection, which provides a reliable reference for the safety assessment and warning of CCS monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional anomaly detection algorithms cannot effectively identify spatial-temporal anomalies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), so we take the CO2 concentration obtained by WSNs as an example and propose a spatial-temporal anomaly detection algorithm for WSNs. First, we detected outliers through the adaptive threshold. Then, we extracted the eigenvalue (average) of the sliding window to be detected, constructed the spatial-temporal matrix for the relationship between neighboring nodes in the specified interval, used the fuzzy clustering method to analyze the eigenvalue of adjacent nodes in spatial-temporal correlation and classify them, and identified the abnormal leakage probability according to the results of the classification. Finally, we used real datasets to verify this algorithm and analyze the parameters selected. The results show that the algorithm has a high detection rate and a low false positive rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A flash photolysis-resonance fluorescence technique was used to investigate the kinetics of the OH(X²Π) radical and O(³P) atom-initiated reactions with CHI3 and the kinetics of the O(³P) atom-initiated reaction with C2H5I. The reactions of the O(³P) atom with CHI3 and C2H5I were studied over the temperature range of 296 to 373 K in 14 Torr of helium, and the reaction of the OH (X2Π) radical with CHI3 was studied at T = 298 K in 186 Torr of helium. The experiments involved time-resolved resonance fluorescence detection of OH (A²Σ+ → X²Π transition at λ = 308 nm) and of O(³P) (λ = 130.2, 130.5, and 130.6 nm) following flash photolysis of the H2O/He, H2O/CHI3/He, O3/He, and O3/C2H5I/He mixtures. Axenon vacuum UV (VUV) flash lamp (λ > 120 nm) served as a photolysis light source. TheOH radicals were produced by the VUV flash photolysis of water, and the O(³P) atoms wereproduced by the VUV flash photolysis of ozone. Decays of OH radicals and O(³P) atoms in thepresence of CHI3 and C2H5I were observed to be exponential, and the decay rates were foundto be linearly dependent on the CHI3 and C2H5I concentrations. Measured rate coefficients for the reaction of O(³P) atoms with CHI3 and C2H5I are described by the following Arrheniusexpressions (units are cm³ s-1): kO+C2H5I(T) = (17.2 ± 7.4) × 10-12 exp[-(190 ± 140)K/T] and kO+CHI3(T) = (1.80 ± 2.70) × 10-12 exp[-(440 ± 500)K/T]; the 298 K rate coefficient for thereaction of the OH radical with CHI3 is kOH+CHI3(298 K) = (1.65 ± 0.06) × 10-11 cm³ s-1. Thelisted uncertainty values of the Arrhenius parameters are 2σ-standard errors of the calculatedslopes by linear regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

C16H12F3NO, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 6.9928(6) Å, b = 8.9764(8) Å, c = 21.216(2) Å, V = 1331.7(2) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0583, wRref(F2) = 0.1552, T = 298 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The travel cost method is the main technique used to evaluate the monetary value of recreational cultural ecosystem services of wetlands. While questionnaires still provide an important way to obtain tourist travel distances, salary rate coefficients, and travel rate data, but they are restricted by the data scale and the need for long-term monitoring. Therefore, the present study introduces mobile phone signal data into the travel cost method and establishes an evaluation model for recreational ecosystem services. By mining mobile phone signal data, the visitors' duration of stay, starting and ending coordinates, age, and gender data were collected in order to estimate the potential costs. Data from 25,087 recreationists were sampled at Pan'an Lake Wetland Park, Xuzhou, China, in 2018. Data mining found that (1) mobile phone signal data have unique advantages in determining the travel distance and cost of overnight accommodations; (2) recreationists were distributed among 229 cities, although 87.2% came from cities located within 500 km of Pan'an Lake Wetland Park, while 72.04% of all recreationists were Xuzhou locals; (3) the consumer surplus associated with visiting Pan'an Lake Wetland Park was 129.79 Chinese Yuan (CNY) per person and the average recreational value was 448.11 CNY. The evaluation results showed that the recreational value of Pan'an Lake Wetland Park was about 836 million CNY in 2018. This suggests that mobile phone signal data can be used as a new data source when assessing the recreational value of wetlands via the travel cost method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural vegetation restoration (NVR) highly relates to the development of gully erosion, and is mainly determined by both the soil properties and species competition in the gullies. However, it is still not clear what are the key factors influencing on the vegetation restoration in the gullies with the poor soil properties (e.g. low soil organic matter and nutrients) under the special hydrological process (e.g. high runoff intensity and long flow duration). In this study, soil total organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), available nitrogen (AN), ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 +-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 −-N), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), pH, soil moisture (SM) were investigated, and both regression and structural equation model analysis were used for detecting how soil properties and species competition influence the herbaceous plants restoration in the poor quality of Mollisols in gullies of Northeast China. The results show that, (1) influence of NH 4 +-N, AN, TN, pH on biomass was stronger in 0–10 cm than that in 10–20 cm soil depth, opposite was stronger in 10–20 cm than that in 0–10 cm soil depth for NO 3 −-N, SOC and SM (P < 0.05). (2) NH 4 +-N, NO 3 −-N, AN, TN, SOC, pH, C:N were all negative, while SM was positive to plant biodiversity in soil layers (P < 0.05). (3) SOM mainly mediates the TN and NH 4 +-N and then directly or indirectly influences on biodiversity and biomass, and P changed the species richness when AP >20 mg kg−1 in 10–20 cm soil depth. (4) Vegetation restoration was mainly determined by the dynamics of Elymus dahuricus Turcz. firstly, and then by Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. at the early of vegetation restoration. Generally, the heterogeneity of SOC and SM in soil layers and AP in deep soil layer was the key factors determining NVR in the gullies of Mollisols watershed. At the end of paper, the NVR process in Moillosols in gullies was classified as four stages, and each stage was depicted in detail. [Display omitted] • Influence of N, SOC and SM on plant biomass differed from plant biodiversity. • SOM mediates the N form and content and then influences on biomass and biodiversity. • SOC and SM in 0–20 cm soil layers mainly determine natural vegetation restoration. • P changed the species richness when AP >20 mg kg−1 in 10–20 cm soil depth. • Increasing Poaceae could be optimal method to accelerate early vegetation restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Six new triorganotin(IV) complexes, {(R3Sn)2[C7H14(COO)2]}n (R = Me: 1), (R3Sn)2[C7H14(COO)2] (R = Bu: 2; Ph: 3), {(R3Sn)2[C11H9NO2(COO)2]} n ·Y (R = Me, Y = CH2Cl2: 4, R = Bu, Y = 0: 5) and (R3Sn)2[C11H9NO2(COO)2] (R = Ph: 6) have been prepared by treatment of 2,4-diethylglutaric acid, phthalyl-glutamic acid and the corresponding R3SnCl (R = Me, Bu, Ph) with sodium ethoxide in methanol. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn) spectroscopy, and TGA. Except for 3 and 6, all of the complexes were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structural analyses reveal that complexes 1 and 4 have 2D network structures in which 2,4-diethylglutaric acid and phthalyl-glutamic acid act as tetradentate ligands coordinated to trimethyltin(IV) ions. Complex 2 has a dinuclear structure, and complex 5 has a 1D zigzag chain structure and forms a 2D supramolecular framework through intermolecular C–H⋯O interactions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Four new organotin (IV) complexes of two types [(RSn)(CHO)(μ-O)] (R = Me: 1; nBu: 2; and {(RSn)[CH(COO)]} (R = Me: 3; nBu: 4) have been synthesized by the reaction of 3-methyladipic acid with the corresponding RSnCl (R = Me, nBu) under two different experimental conditions. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and NMR (H, C, Sn) spectroscopy. Except for 2, all of the complexes were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structural analyzes show that complex 1 is a 1D infinite chain polymer and forms a 2D organotin framework through intermolecular C-H···O interactions and weak Sn···O interactions. Complexes 3 and 4 are 2D network polymers in which 3-methyladipic acid acts as a tetra dentate ligand coordinated to the trialkyltin (IV) ion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Soil erosion is of great concern in every agricultural region of the world due to its long-term negative effects on soil productivity. Agricultural management strongly affects soil erosion, and thus agricultural sustainability. The control of soil erosion is the top environmental issue, and has been proposed as a bottleneck to the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. This region is the bread basket of China where the fertile and productive Mollisol soil is primarily distributed. The advances in agronomic, biological and engineering practices including several tillage managements, terraces and strip cultivation, and soil amendments are summarized and discussed. Proposed strategies for erosion control in particular urgent government policies to maintain or restore the productivity of severely eroded farmland are emphasized in the context of agricultural sustainability for Northeast China and similar Mollisol regions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A flash photolysis resonance fluorescence technique has been employed to investigate the kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of OH(X2Π) radicals with CH3I over the temperature and pressure ranges 295-390 K and 82-303 Torr of He, respectively. The experiments involved time-resolved RF detection of the OH (A2Σ+ → X2Π transition at λ = 308 nm) following FP of H2O/CH3I/He mixtures. The OH(X2Π) radicals were produced by FP of H2O in the vacuum-UV at wavelengths λ > 115 nm using a commercial Perkin-Elmer Xe flash lamp. Decays of OH in the presence of CH3I are observed to be exponential, and the decay rates are found to be linearly dependent on the CH3I concentration. The measured rate coefficients for the reaction of OH with CH3I are described by the Arrhenius expression kOH+CH3I = (4.1 ± 2.2) × 10−12 exp [(−1240 ± 200)K/T] cm3 molecule−1s−1. The implications of the reported kinetic results for understanding the CH3I chemistry of both atmospheric and nuclear industry interests are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 547-556, 2011 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mollisols (called black soil in China) are fertile and productive soils covering an area of 5,900,000 ha in northeastern China, but food production in the area is threatened by soil erosion. The objective of this study was to generate scientifically-based comparative information that can be used to help farmers improve their field management practices in order to reduce soil loss while at the same time decreasing input costs and increasing crop yields. Plot experiments to compare runoff, soil loss, crop growth, crop yield and economic margins for soybeans and corn under conventional management (CVM), deep-till management (DTM) and conservation management (CSM) were carried out in northeastern China in 2007, 2008, and 2009. Dry matter (measured aboveground) accumulation in DTM deep-till management was consistently higher than in CVM or CSM before early September, while the highest aboveground dry matter (DM) over all was obtained in CSM at maturity, which was 11.1% more than DTM or CVM. Compared to the conventional management, runoff in soybean in 2007 and 2008 was 71% and 98% less, respectively, under conservation management, and 12% less and 1% greater under deep tillage treatment. Similarly, sediment loss was 89%, 99%, and 97% less, respectively, under conservation management than under conventional management and 75% less, 72% greater, and 13% greater under deep tillage management than under conventional management. There was no significant difference in yield between deep-till management and conventional management in any year, but it was 19% (soybean, 2007) and 12.6% (soybean, 2008) higher under conservation management than under either of the other two treatments. Economic margin was 34%, and 27% higher under CSM than under CVM in 2007 and 2008 when the plots were cropped to soybean, respectively, but showed no significant difference between CVM and DTM in 2007 and 2008, or no significant difference between all treatments when corn was planted in 2009. It is apparent that conservation management can reduce soil loss, increase soybean yield and improve its profit margin on sloping fields in the black soil landscape of northeastern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-biodegradable microplastics (MPs) pollution long-termly existed in soils, and was only concerned in recent years. In order to better understand MP behavior in soils, the sources, migration, distribution, biological effects, degradation and analytical methodology of non-biodegradable MPs in soils were quantificationally summarized from 170 publications based on Web of Science in 1950–2020. From the publications, we found these studies were mainly carried out in the Asia (60.0%) and Europe (23.3%), and most were on agricultural soils (68.5%). Polyethylene-MP (78.8% of the studies), Polypropylene-MP (78.8%), and Polystyrene-MP (45.5%) were the MPs most frequently found in the soils, with a MP size of 20–5000 µm being most common. Of the soil samples 64.3% contained MP 1000–4000 items kg-1, and the colour frequency ranking is blue (66.7%) > white (61.1%) ≈ red ≈ black. MPs changed the soil microenvironment and microorganism activity, and caused the negative effects on both soil animals (100%) and plants (57.9%). MP degradation was influenced by the photooxidation reactions, microorganism activities, enzymatic effects, environmental conditions, and by the composition, size and morphology of the MPs. An optional analytical method was suggested in this study. At the end of paper, the urgent and important research work in the future was prospected. ga1 • PE-MP, PP-MP, PS-MP with blue, white, red, black were most frequently found in soils. • MPs of 1000–4000 items kg−1 at size of 20–5000 µm took of 50% of soil samples. • MPs caused the negative effects on both soil animals (100%) and plants (57.9%). • An optional analytical method of soil MPs was suggested in this study. • Future prospects and challenging for follow up research have been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interactions between carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P), the vital indicators of ecological restoration, play an important role in signaling the health of ecosystems. Rapidly and accurately mapping foliar C, N, and P is essential for interpreting community structure, nutrient limitation, and primary production during ecosystem recovery. However, research on how to rapidly map C, N, and P in restored areas with mixed plant communities is limited. This study employed laser imaging, detection, and ranging (LiDAR) and hyperspectral data to extract spectral, textural, and height features of vegetation as well as vegetation indices and structural parameters. Causal band, multiple linear regression, and random forest models were developed and tested in a restored area in northern China. Important parameters were identified including (1), for C, red-edge bands, canopy height, and vegetation structure; for N, textural features, height percentile of 40–95%, and vegetation structure; for P, spectral features, height percentile of 80%, and 1 m foliage height diversity. (2) R2 was used to compare the accuracy of the three models as follows: R2 values for C were 0.07, 0.42, and 0.56, for N they were 0.20, 0.48, and 0.53, and for P they were 0.32, 0.39, and 0.44; the random forest model demonstrated the highest accuracy. (3) The accuracy of the concentration estimates could be ranked as C > N > P. (4) The inclusion of LiDAR features significantly improved the accuracy of the C concentration estimation, with increases of 22.20% and 47.30% in the multiple linear regression and random forest models, respectively, although the inclusion of LiDAR features did not notably enhance the accuracy of the N and P concentration estimates. Therefore, LiDAR and hyperspectral data can be used to effectively map C, N, and P concentrations in a mixed plant community in a restored area, revealing their heterogeneity in terms of species and spatial distribution. Future efforts should involve the use of hyperspectral data with additional bands and a more detailed classification of plant communities. The application of this information will be useful for analyzing C, N, and P limitations, and for planning for the maintenance of restored plant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing high-grade and rapid thermal storage for solar energy utilization is of paramount importance in reducing building energy consumption. Therefore, this study combines the Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) and Pulsating Heat Pipe (PHP) to propose an integrated CPC-PHP solar wall (CPC-PHP-SW) that can enhance solar energy grade and rapid thermal storage. The mixed working fluid for CPC-PHP-SW is developed to reduce the dependence on solar radiation intensity and facilitate PHP startup. Furthermore, the operating characteristics and heat transfer performances of the CPC-PHP-SW are studied experimentally under various factors, including solar radiation intensity, working fluid, and cooling temperature. Sensitivity analyses of these three factors on heat transfer performances are conducted using Multi-factor analysis of variance. Results highlight that solar radiation intensity is the most influential factor on heat transfer performance, followed by cooling temperature, and working fluid. Moreover, employing a CPC with a concentration ratio of 2 reduces thermal resistance by up to 56.46 %, while the maximum effective thermal conductivity increases by up to 129.65 %. A recommended methanol to water ratio is 1:3, which effectively copes with a wide range of solar radiation intensity. These findings provide valuable references for the design and application of CPC-PHP-SW in building envelopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural films composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) have been widely used in farmland, and LDPE microplastics (LDPE-MPs) produced from LDPE degradation can pollute soils and can exert negative effects on biota. Both nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) can alter the activity of soil microorganisms and may alter the LDPE-MP degradation process in soils. In this study, LDPE-MP surface morphology, particle size, abundance and mass in a mollisol were evaluated after the application of a gradient of N and P fertilizer in a laboratory incubation experiment. The results showed the following: (1) LDPE-MP particles became fragmented into smaller debris with a coarse surface after 40 days of incubation, and the effect was more obvious with increased P or N application; (2) high N and P fertilization significantly reduced the abundance of LDPE-MP particles >100 μm by 38.5–50.0% and increased the abundance of LDPE-MP particles <20 μm by 43.2–59.5% after 40 days of incubation; (3) high N and P fertilization significantly increased the mass of LDPE-MP particles <75 μm by 25.5–60.1% and decreased the mass of LDPE-MP particles >150 μm by 32.4–37.5%; (4) the mass of LDPE-MPs decreased with increasing incubation time after N and P fertilization, which could be simulated by exponential models (p < 0.05), LDPE degradation was rapid in the first 20 days after N or P fertilization, and both N and P caused a "priming effect" of LDPE degradation; and (5) N and P fertilization increased both the biodiversity and abundance of several predominant genera of soil microorganisms that degrade LDPE. Therefore, N and P fertilization can accelerate LDPE-MP degradation, and the relatively large amounts of fine debris from degraded LDPE-MPs can be problematic for the environment and soil biota. LDPE-MP pollution should be strictly controlled in mollisols, and the degradation mechanisms of LDPE-MPs warrant further study. Unlabelled Image • N and P fertilization changed the mass fraction of LDPE-MP particles size in soils. • N and P fertilization changed the abundance fraction of LDPE-MP particles size. • LDPE-MP decreased with incubation days can be simulated by exponential models. • LDPE degradation was rapid in the first 20 days after N or P fertilization. • N and P application could cause a "priming effect" on LDPE degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Polyethylene (PE) of light density microplastic (LDMP) was found in farmland. • LDMPs positively correlated to MAP at large scale, while not obvious at small scale. • Low BD tends to increase LDMPs loss by interflow. • LDMPs were mainly moved by surface soil-water loss (96%). Plastic pollution, especially microplastic (MP), which is small in size (<5 mm) is one of the main environmental problems in global ecosystems and can cause harm to organisms. Low-density plastic has been widely used in farmlands, but the factors that influence Low-density microplastic (LDMP) distribution are still not clear. In this study, both field investigations at small and large scales and laboratory simulations, and both geostatistics and classical statistics were used to examine LDMP distributions and the main driving factors in farmland soils. The results showed the following. (1) Only polyethylene (PE) of LDMP was found in farmland. (2) The means of LDMP weight content (LDMP-W), LDMP abundance (LDMP-AB) and LDMP area content (LDMP-A) were 0.27 mg kg−1, 107 N kg−1 and 12.6 mm2 kg−1 in mollisol farmlands, respectively. (3) LDMPs were positively correlated with macroplastics (MAP) at the large scale, while any correlations were not obvious at small scales. (4) LDMPs were not only transported by surface soil–water loss (>96%) but were also transported by infiltration through soil pores (<4%). (5). LDMP loss increased with soil bulk density (BD) increasing, and low BD tends to increase LDMP loss by interflow. (6) LDMP distribution was not only influenced by water movement but also maybe influenced by microorganisms and crops. For LDMP pollution control, the focus on both surface soil–water loss and the infiltration processes is necessary, and a combination of the functions of microorganisms and crops probably accelerate LDMP decomposition in soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gully erosion has been widely studied during the rainy season due to soil loss that seriously reduces arable area and decreases soil quality. However, very few publications have focused on gully slope erosion (GSE) during freeze thaw cycle (FTC). In this study, GSE on both active and stable gullies in Mollisol fields was investigated by 3D-photogrammetry. Soil bulk density (BD), soil moisture (SM), soil temperature (ST), daily maximum difference in soil temperature (MDT), saturated water (SW), field capacity (FC), soil organic carbon (SOC), soil total nitrogen (TN), water-stable soil aggregate (WA), vegetation cover rate (VC), root dry weight (RW), root length (RL), slope length (SL) and slope steepness (SS) were compared before- and after FTCs. The main results are as follows: (1) combined with both front and profile views, 3D photogrammetry can be used to monitor GSE; (2) GSE mainly occurred at the early stage of FTCs (approximately 80%) and was mainly determined by snowmelt of both the gully slope and farmland and was driven by the solar radiation in activity gully; (3) the high ST in surface soil layers (0–5 cm) of active gullies accelerated the GSE; (4) GSE on the active gully slope was 7.3–9.8 times greater than that on the stable gully slopes; (5) the plough pan as the important layer can effectively reduce GSE at upper slope positions in an active gully; (6) low values of VC, BD, SOC, RW, RL and macro-WA and high values of SL, SW and MDT in the middle of the gully slope typically accelerate the GSE; (7) the index SS*SL/VC can be used to predict GSE on Mollisol gully slopes. Generally, GSE was greatest after FTCs compare to the soil loss tolerance in the Mollisol region, especially in the middle slope position of the active gully, and should urgently be controlled. Unlabelled Image • 3D photogrammetry method can be used to monitor gully slope erosion (GSE) during FTCs. • GSE was mainly determined by snowmelt and occurred at early FTCs. • Soil properties were easily changed to accelerate GSE on slope with high temperature. • GSE mainly occurred at the middle slope and influenced by plough pan in active gully. • Parameter of SS*SL/VC can be used to predict soil loss on Mollisol gully slopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have attracted attention due to their important role in inflammation. Several studies have investigated the involvement of MDSCs in chronic liver disease. However, due to the difference of MDSC phenotypes, patient types, and sample sources among the studies, the results are inconsistent and controversial. We took advantage of a large well-defined cohort of 98 (24 patients with CHB, 18 with NAFLD, 13 with HCC, 16 with PBC, and 27 with AIH) patients with liver inflammation and 12 healthy controls to investigate the expression of MDSCs, and the relationships between the expression of hepatic MDSCs and the clinical characteristics were analyzed. We found that the expression of CD11b+CD33+ MDSCs is closely related to chronic liver disease and positively correlated with clinical parameters such as ALT, AST, and globulin. Ultimately, the present study suggests that hepatic CD11b+CD33+ MDSCs are increased in HCC and AIH and positively correlate with the liver stages of hepatitis activity and liver fibrosis stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The competency of CaS in reducing SO 2 into pure sulphur was well-validated in past research. However, all pertinent past works monotonically derived CaS from CaSO 4 or CaSO 4 -based materials while overlooking the potential of other Ca-materials in reducing SO 2. Current study closes such research gap by assessing the theoretical feasibilities of converting CaCO 3 , Ca(OH) 2 and CaO into CaS via minimization of Gibbs energy. Significantly, two different synthesis paths, namely solid-solid and gas-solid reaction, were conceptualized and assessed herein. In solid-solid synthesis, the formation of CaS is accomplishable in S 8 -sulphidization of Ca(OH) 2 and CaO, with the former one attained lower CaS yield due to low equilibrium conversion. Whereas, in gas-solid operation, H 2 S appeared to be the strongest sulphidizing agent, with the potential of attaining 100% CaS yield from all three Ca-based precursors, followed by S 2 (75 % CaS yield) and SO 2 (25 %) under appropriate condition. Auspicious CaS formations are commonly attained at low temperature operation, typically < 1218.15 K for all Ca-precursors. As temperature surpasses 1218.15 K, CaS formation was pronouncedly suppressed, bestowed to the unfavourable thermodynamic restriction. Significantly, the findings in current study revealed the thermodynamic hurdles in synthesizing CaS from different Ca-species, concurrently propagating CaS-mediated SO 2 reduction in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvested wood/bamboo products (HWP/HBP) constitute a large global carbon stock. However, the contribution of HBP to carbon stocks has been neglected in mixed wood and bamboo data, especially in China. Therefore, the production approach and the first-order decay method were used to estimate the spatiotemporal carbon stock change in HWP/HBP based on provincial production data from the China Forestry Statistical Yearbooks for 1987–2020. The results showed that China's total carbon stocks of HWP and HBP were 328.7 teragram carbon (TgC) and 129.7 TgC between 1987 and 2020. Of this, the HWP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three provinces across the north and south: Guangxi (60.8 TgC), Heilongjiang (37.2 TgC), and Fujian (24.2 TgC), and HBP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three southern provinces: Fujian (33.4 TgC), Guangxi (20.3 TgC), and Zhejiang (13.7 TgC). The proportion of the HBP carbon stock in the total carbon stock increased from 20% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, indicating that bamboo products play an important role in the accumulation of carbon stocks in China. The differences in contributions to spatiotemporal trends between the provinces provide more specific information to make precise decisions about forest management and carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Identify the vegetation patterns of a landslide after 5 years natural restoration in the Loess Plateau mining area. • Analyze differences in plant diversity and similarity between the bottom, middle and top of the landslide. • Design an experiment to test the vitality of soil seed bank in the landslide. • Discuss the effect of changes in topography on revegetation. Landslides represent the most intense type of geological disaster in the gully region of the Loess Plateau and have caused great damage to surface vegetation. Natural restoration is considered as an effective method for revegetation, however, vegetation patterns on landslides after natural restoration and its related factors remain poorly understood. The present study investigated vegetation patterns on a landslide after 5 years of natural restoration, which located in Hezhai coal mining area, Shanxi Province, China, to understand the natural restoration of vegetation after landslides. The species composition on the bottom, middle and top of the landslide, as well as the species importance value, plant diversity and similarity were ascertained and compared with the that on undisturbed site. Furthermore, the soil seed bank in another landslide which just experienced 0.5-year natural restoration was also investigated, and a seed bank germination experiment was performed based on the collected seed samples from the landslide to test their vitalities. Results showed that 20 species of vegetation were found on all three parts of the landslide, which all belonged to herbaceous plants and shrubs. Eleusine indica was dominant in both the bottom and middle of the landslide, while the top was dominated by Potentilla sischanensis. From the bottom to the top of landslide, the Margalef Index was 3.26, 3.91, and 2.17 respectively; the Shannon–Wiener Index was 2.56, 2.60, and 2.13 respectively; the Pielou Index was 0.55, 0.56, and 0.46, respectively. Species similarity revealed a close relationship between species compositions on restored landslide and undisturbed area. A total of 13 species of seeds were found in the soil seed bank, which were also similar to the aboveground plants on disturbed site and the landslide after 5-year natural restoration, and the seed was also proved vital in the seed bank experiment. These results indicated that vegetation on landslides could recovery naturally, and natural restoration was more effective on the bottom and middle of the landslide, which revealed that changes in topography could affect revegetation. The seed bank in the soil was considered as a main factor affecting natural restoration. This research provides useful insight into the natural restoration of vegetation after landslides, and provides a reference for the selection of ecological restoration strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a simple, cost-saving and high efficient for the extraction and separation of microplastics (MPs) from soil with a high organic matter (SOM) content. In this study, MP with particle sizes of 154–600 μm of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were artificially added into the five Mollisols with the high SOM. Three flotation solutions were used to extract these MPs from soils, and four digestion solutions were used to digest the SOM. As well, their destruction effects on MPs were also examined. The results showed that the flotation recovery rates of PE, PP, PS, PVC and PET were 96.1%–99.0% by ZnCl 2 solution, while were 102.0%–107.2% by rapeseed oil, were 100.0%–104.7% by soybean oil. The digestion rate of SOM was 89.3% by H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 (1:40, v:v) at 70 °C for 48 h, and this was higher than by H 2 O 2 (30%), NaOH and Fenton's reagent. However, the digestion rate of PE, PP, PS, PVC and PET were 0.0%–0.54% by H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 (1:40, v:v), and this was lower than by H 2 O 2 (30%), NaOH and Fenton's reagent. As well, the factors influencing on MP extraction was also discussed. Generally, the best flotation solution was ZnCl 2 (ρ > 1.6 g cm−3) and the best digestion method was H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 (1:40, v:v) at 70 °C for 48 h. The optimal extraction and digestion method were verified by the known concentrations of MPs (recovery rate of MPs was 95.7–101.7%), and this method was also used to extract MPs from long-term mulching vegetable fields in Mollisols of Northeast China. [Display omitted] • Best solution for MPs flotation from soil was ZnCl 2 with a ratio of 10:1 (ZnCl 2 :soil). • Best digestion solution for SOM decontamination was H 2 SO 4 :H 2 O 2 (1:40, v:v). • Optimal conditions for SOM decontamination are 70 °C for 48 h. • Oil could be only suitable for flotation of MPs in low SOM content soils. • Alkaline solutions are not suitable for the digestion of MPs containing lipid bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lethality and chemotherapy resistance of pancreatic cancer necessitates the urgent development of innovative strategies to improve patient outcomes. To address this issue, we designed a novel drug delivery system named GDMCN2,which uses iron‐based metal organic framework (Fe‐MOF) nanocages encased in a covalent organic framework (COF) and modified with the pancreatic cancer‐specific antibody, NRP2. After being targeted into tumor cells, GDMCN2 gradually release the sonosensitizer sinoporphyrin sodium (DVDMS) and chemotherapeutic gemcitabine (GEM) and simultaneously generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasound (US) irradiation. This system can overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer and reduce its toxicity to non‐targeted cells and tissues. In a mechanistic cascade, the release of ROS activates the mitochondrial transition pore (MPTP), leading to the release of Ca2+ and induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, microtubule‐associated protein 1A/1B‐light chain 3 (LC3) is activated, promoting lysosomal autophagy. This process also induces autophagy‐dependent ferroptosis, aided by the upregulation of Nuclear Receptor Coactivator 4 (NCOA4). This mechanism increases the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and increases mitochondrial and DNA damage. The findings demonstrate the potential of GDMCN2 nanocages as a new avenue for the development of cancer therapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harvested wood/bamboo products (HWP/HBP) constitute a large global carbon stock. However, the contribution of HBP to carbon stocks has been neglected in mixed wood and bamboo data, especially in China. Therefore, the production approach and the first-order decay method were used to estimate the spatiotemporal carbon stock change in HWP/HBP based on provincial production data from the China Forestry Statistical Yearbooks for 1987–2020. The results showed that China's total carbon stocks of HWP and HBP were 328.7 teragram carbon (TgC) and 129.7 TgC between 1987 and 2020. Of this, the HWP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three provinces across the north and south: Guangxi (60.8 TgC), Heilongjiang (37.2 TgC), and Fujian (24.2 TgC), and HBP carbon stock was mainly sourced from three southern provinces: Fujian (33.4 TgC), Guangxi (20.3 TgC), and Zhejiang (13.7 TgC). The proportion of the HBP carbon stock in the total carbon stock increased from 20% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, indicating that bamboo products play an important role in the accumulation of carbon stocks in China. The differences in contributions to spatiotemporal trends between the provinces provide more specific information to make precise decisions about forest management and carbon sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]