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The purpose of this study was to examine differences in early intervention (EI) referral and service frequency for children with blindness or visual impairment (BVI) and gather information about the practices and experiences of vision professionals across the United States. The study focused on obtaining data from certified teachers of students with visual impairment (CTVI) and certified orientation and mobility specialists (COMS) in the United States. Information collected included descriptive statistics and professional information about EI for children with BVI, and information about the referral process and service frequency for children with BVI during EI. Thirty-three states were represented in the collected data. Of these states, 26 had responses from four or more professionals, the criteria for inclusion in the analyses. Participants provided information based on a researcher-developed survey requesting information related to the procedures used to provide EI services for children with BVI. Questions were adapted from established instruments where possible. Across states, there were some statistically significant differences in CTVIs and COMS reports of procedures regarding the role of professional collaboration, parent/caregiver participation in IFSP meetings, strengths/resources utilized by vision professionals, and challenges parents/families encountered when accessing EI services for their child with BVI. No statistically significant differences were identified across states for type of referral method, most commonly initiated by health care professionals, or method by which service frequency was determined. Results will be used to inform future research to further examine EI for children with BVI in the United States.

This paper aims to provide a position on the need for enhanced personnel preparation for special instruction in Early Intervention (EI). The need for specialized training is discussed, followed by the research, current issues, and needs. A framework for personnel preparation is provided: professional standards, competencies (knowledge, skills, and dispositions), six content areas, and program elements for instruction, which include coursework and field experiences. Specific emphasis is placed on structuring meaningful field experiences for learning, and a framework for the practicum is described. The practicum should be competency-based, provide multiple opportunities to practice skills, and supervision to support implementation and reflection. Recommendations for state EI systems and personnel preparation programs are provided. A case example illustrating one aspect of personnel preparation, in the form of an exploratory qualitative study, is presented. This study examined the process of how preservice professionals in an EI graduate personnel preparation program develop professional dispositions through their practicum experiences with families of infants and toddlers with developmental delays or disabilities. The author interviewed these practicum students to understand their views on the necessary dispositions for EI as well as to understand the experiences that influenced the formation of these dispositions within their practicum. Analysis of the interviews and participants’ self-ratings provided a deeper understanding of their values, attitudes, and beliefs about EI and themselves, and of the specific practicum experiences that led to the development of dispositions. Implications for personnel preparation programs and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Children with cerebral palsy that have severe motor impairments, and often co-occurring visual impairments, may often have an impaired ability in prelinguistic forms of communication. In order for children to establish intentional communication, research suggests that prelinguistic communicative competence must be in place. Access to alternative and augmentative communication (AAC) is not sufficient to enhance interaction if motivation to communicate intentionally does not exist. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the important aspects of early assessment and intervention for children with cerebral palsy who have severe motor impairment. There is a wealth of information about the development, assessment, and intervention of prelinguistic communication in typically developing children and children with developmental delays; however, limited empirical research focuses on children with severe physical impairments. The aim of this project will be to draw conclusions from the available research in order to formulate a protocol for speech-language pathologists to use in assessment and intervention of prelinguistic communication in young children with cerebral palsy.