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In this work, I begin by analyzing the Chinese landscape paintings in the Sung Dynasty. To most Chinese literati, landscape paintings have been a vehicle to express their political and philosophical ideas by depicting their reclusive life in deep mountains. The paintings are not a realistic presentation of what painters see every day, but more like a self-expression of the world that they have been feeling. People may have different paintings even they paint the same theme. The landscape paintings usually describe the journey that the painters have during their reclusion or depict different parts of their journey separately. The trip can be simplified as a linear route contains different types of scenes which make this journey interesting. We can also see some architectural and non-architectural models which have the same character, like High Line Park and Super Mario Brothers.The second portion of this dissertation focuses on the narrative in paintings and architecture. Diego Velazquez’s Las Meninas gives us a reference showing how to imply more meanings in a limited space. Soane’s Museum and Barcelona Pavilion are showing an architectural way of narrative by setting up a series of scenes along a particular route in the building like Chinese landscape paintings. The diversity of Tiles Hill is presented by three different routes which stand for three themes. We can also find a similar approach in Carlo Scarpa’s Querini Stampalia Foundation. Furthermore, all these buildings use visual effects to control the rhythm of narration.Chinese landscape paintings usually contain four phases which can roughly correspond to four parts of the structure of narration. However, the narrative approach in architectures can be more flexible to meet various need of people. People’s understanding of a same architecture should be translated distinctly based on their different backgrounds and experiences, like the same theme in Chinese landscape paintings can be presented differently.The last part is about my design. First, I give a background of the site. The site has a beautiful landscape and used to be an inspiring place to literati in ancient times. Nowadays, the place has more historical meanings, but destroyed by modern industry. Many modern artists want to recall the old romantic memory of this place, and present the idea of being harmony with nature. So, it is a good chance to design a building for the artists and villagers by using the way that ancient literati paint landscape paintings. The building serves for the artists as a studio and for the villagers as a community center, so they can learn from each other and share their ideas. The whole building is also treated as a landscape where people can explore.

Les activités humaines ont des impacts négatifs pour plusieurs espèces animales. Le caribou (Rangifer tarandus), notamment, semble particulièrement sensible au dérangement provoqué par les structures linéaires d'origine anthropique. Cette étude a évalué les impacts des routes sur le comportement et la survie du caribou forestier de Charlevoix (Québec, Canada), une population isolée géographiquement dont l'effectif est estimé à moins de 80 individus. L'étude est basée sur un suivi télémétrique de 8 ans (2004-2011) durant lequel 59 individus différents ont été équipés de colliers GPS. Le premier chapitre évalue les impacts des routes sur le comportement de sélection d'habitat du caribou forestier. Les analyses effectuées contrastent l'effet respectif des classes de végétation, de la topographie et des routes sur la sélection d'habitat du caribou forestier à diverses échelles spatio-temporelles. Chaque variable a été mesurée à plusieurs échelles spatiales, soit localement et dans des zones de 1, 2, 4 et 8 km de rayon autour des localisations télémétriques. Un seuil de distance de l'effet des routes sur le comportement du caribou forestier a été déterminé, soit jusqu'à 0,75 km pour les chemins forestiers secondaires et 1,25 km pour les routes pavées et les chemins forestiers primaires. L'échelle spatiale la plus pertinente pour expliquer la sélection d'habitat du caribou forestier variait selon les saisons pour une variable donnée, et entre les variables pour une saison donnée. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance d'inclure des variables décrivant le contexte paysager en plus des variables locales, ainsi que de considérer des modèles de sélection d'habitat spécifiques à chaque saison biologique, afin d'étudier les effets des ressources et des contraintes sur la sélection d'habitat des animaux sauvages. Le deuxième chapitre explore l'hypothèse voulant que la force de l'évitement d'un animal envers une infrastructure humaine dépende de l'intensité du dérangement provoqué par cette infrastructure. L'étude évalue les réactions comportementales du caribou forestier par rapport à la route 175, une route ayant subi des modifications importantes entre 2006 et 2010 pour passer à un gabarit autoroutier. Les déplacements, la sélection d'habitat ainsi que la distribution des caribous forestiers ont été évalués avant, pendant et après l'élargissement de la route, à plusieurs échelles spatiales. Les caribous forestiers ont évité la route durant toute la durée de l'étude, mais une plus faible proportion de localisations de caribous forestiers se retrouvait dans une zone de 5000 m de part et d'autre de la route pendant et après les travaux de réfection, par rapport à avant. À l'intérieur de cette zone, les caribous forestiers ont évité toutes les classes de végétation, même celles qu'ils sélectionnaient à l'échelle de leur domaine vital. Leur taux de déplacement était plus élevé à proximité de la route, particulièrement lorsque la densité de trafic était élevée. Ces résultats supportent l'hypothèse que l'évitement des routes par les animaux peut être relié à l'intensité du dérangement. Le troisième chapitre évalue l'influence des routes et des coupes forestières sur la performance individuelle des grandes proies. Cette étude relie le comportement de sélection d'habitat des caribous forestiers adultes à leur probabilité de mourir par prédation, ainsi qu'à des indices de leur succès reproducteur et de leurs dépenses énergétiques. À large échelle, la survie des caribous forestiers était affectée par la densité de routes et par la proportion des perturbations récentes présentes dans leur domaine vital annuel. À plus fine échelle, durant la période précédant directement la mort des individus (10 à 15 jours), les individus qui sont morts par prédation ont sélectionné davantage les perturbations récentes et ont évité les peuplements de résineux matures, contrairement aux individus qui ont survécu. Ces résultats supportent l'hypothèse que les activités et infrastructures humaines peuvent influencer négativement des traits liés à la valeur adaptative des grandes proies vivant dans des milieux fragmentés, notamment en augmentant le risque de prédation sur les individus adultes. Cette thèse se termine par une description détaillée des impacts des routes sur le caribou forestier à plusieurs échelles biologiques. Bien que les chercheurs s'intéressent de plus en plus à l'écologie routière et à l'étude des impacts cumulés sur la faune terrestre, il demeure primordial d'aborder les questions qui permettront de réduire les impacts négatifs des routes sur la dynamique des populations de caribou forestier afin d'assurer leur conservation. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : dérangement anthropique, écologie routière, Rangifer tarandus caribou, sélection d'habitat

This study examined the impact of healthy aging on two important factors that are common in spatial learning. The first is the perspective a person views an environment from. The second is the sequence that the items are encountered in the environment. In order to test the effects of these factors on spatial learning, participants watched four videos in which they learned two environments from the ground-level perspective and another two from an aerial perspective. One video of each perspective presented each side of the rectangular layout sequentially and the other presented the layout in a random order. After each video, participants created a map of the environment to determine how well they learned the layout. This study compared performance between healthy young adults and healthy senior citizens. It was anticipated that healthy senior citizens would show a similar pattern of learning to healthy young adults with the exception of having a higher level of error. Overall, the present study demonstrated that people tend to learn a layout better from an aerial perspective than from a ground-level perspective, that participants were able to learn a layout better when presented in a sequential order than a random order, and that while there was not a significant difference between senior citizens and young adults on the aerial perspective conditions, seniors performed significantly worse than young adults on the conditions presented from the ground-level perspective.

In the case of one car following another to a destination, it is very effective at getting the second vehicle to the destination quickly; however, the driver of the second car may not learn the route. Yet, for individuals, such as firefighters, law enforcement, and military personnel, it is imperative that a route be learned quickly and accurately and that an awareness of the situation is maintained while they traverse the given route. This leads to three questions, (a) will navigation aids affect initial route navigation; (b) will navigation aids affect retention; and (c) will navigation aids affect situation awareness while en route? The hypotheses of this study were that navigation aids would significantly increase the speed at which a person can initially navigate a route, but the use of the aids would significantly decrease the retention of the route navigated. The findings of this study support the hypotheses. The results suggest that participants that followed a confederate and participants that were given verbal directions were quicker and made fewer errors than participants that reviewed a map or initially figured the route out on their own (control group). The study also showed that as the participants navigated the route for a second time with no navigational assistance, the ones that reviewed a map or that were in the control group outperformed participants that initially had a confederate to follow or were given verbal directions their first time through. Finally, no real effects were found on the participants' situation awareness during the retention portion of the study.

The objective of this study was to explore the pilosebaceous unit (PSU) route as a target for topical delivery and to determine the effect of formulation on drug delivery to PSU and other skin strata. A variety of in vitro and in vivo deposition studies as well as pharmacodynamic antiandrogenic sebaceous gland bioassays were carried out. Male Syrian hamster ear, as the model skin, was used and techniques to assess deposition of hydrophilic drugs into pilosebaceous units was developed. The major conclusions are: (1) The scraping technique, a procedure developed in our laboratory whereby follicularly deposited substances could be physically removed and analyzed, was found to be a viable method to assay follicularly deposited substances. This technique correlated well with quantitative fluorescence microscopy. (2) Multilamellar phospholipid liposomes enhanced follicular deposition of a fluorescent marker, carboxyfluorescein, over other conventional penetrant-type topical formulations. Deposition was not affected by whether or not the marker was fully entrapped within the liposome. (3) The data obtained from the in vitro and in vivo deposition and the bioassay studies using an antiandrogenic drug, cimetidine, suggested a complex variety of factors that influence how the formulation influences both the degrees of drug deposition and its pharmacological activity in the pilosebaceous unit. For in vitro studies, when cimetidine was formulated at pH values where it was in a predominately unionized form, the thermodynamic driving force effect was more important than surfactant wetting, solvent enhancer and liposomal bilayer deposition effect in influencing the extent of drug deposition into the PSU. (4) Although the phospholipid-based liposomal formulation was the most efficient of all those tested in depositing cimetidine into the pilosebaceous units, this formulation was the only one that yielded no significant antiandrogenic action, possibly due to the formation of an inactive complex formed between the negatively charged phospholipid bilayers and positively charged cimetidine. This further points out that deposition studies may not yield information as to the state of the drug at the receptor site, i.e., free or bound. Finally, the data for cimetidine in 50% alcohol solution shows that one can maintain local effects while reducing systemic activity by manipulating drug concentration.