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This paper, based on qualitative interviews realized between 2014 and 2022 with 36 Central American migrant women captured by drug cartels when they transited through Mexico, aims to examine the different repertories used by criminal organizations to capture, exploit, and subject the victims to a condition of sexual slavery. It is concluded that criminal groups have developed four different repertories, which aim to tame the body and mind of the slaves to achieve total submission: kidnapping, deception, recruitment in the country of origin and extortion. Inside these organizations the roles of victim and perpetrator are interchangeable, and enslaved women are not always passive victims, but some rescue themselves using both astuteness and brute force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the experiences of vulnerability and the development of resilience in trans women and gay men from Central America who transited through Mexico to the United States between 2017 and 2020. Based on interviews conducted in a shelter for lgbt+ migrants in Tijuana, it is shown that vulnerability is expressed in acts of violence and discrimination by authorities, criminal organizations, and other migrants, in response to the sexual orientation and gender identity of trans women and gay men. In contrast, resilience developed thanks to the support provided by networks of the lgbt+ community itself in the form of chosen families and civil society spaces. From this, it is observed that even within vulnerability, mobility enables the development of resilience through new ways of living gender and sexuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates the impact of the international trade on employment of the northern border states of Mexico and its integration with the economy of the United States during 2007-2020. In order to analyze the effect of commercial penetration on the evolution of employment in the region, a dynamic panel model is used to estimate the effect of exports and imports. The results indicate that at the level of total exports there is no clear correlation of the penetration of exports on employment in the region. In contrast, the penetration of manufacturing exports and imports showed a positive and statistically significant effect on manufacturing employment in the northern border region of Mexico. The coefficient of average manufacturing wages showed an inverse coefficient suggesting that the employment dynamics are limiting the growth of wage income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Temperature is perhaps the most important seawater property. It is a measure of the energy content in the ocean and it affects the metabolic rates, distribution, and abundance of species that are important from the economic and ecological points of view. Satellite-derived oceanographic data have been widely used to assess spatiotemporal variations of sea surface temperature on broad scales; satellites, however, are unable to reach subsurface levels, and obtaining reliable subsurface water temperature data is achieved by either numerical modeling or direct observations, the latter representing a very high-cost alternative. In this paper, a method for modeling temperature profiles is presented. A generalized additive mixed model (GAMM) with a gamma error distribution and an inverse link function was used to model shallow (<200 m) temperature profiles in the Pacific Ocean off northwestern Mexico. The dataset included 656 profiles that were linearly interpolated at depth, which resulted in 127,595 observations. The database covered an area from 18.5° to 25.8°N and from -114.5° to -105.9°W in a time span from June 2007 to November 2016. The model included temperature as response variable; depth, surface dynamic topography, wind stress curl, latitude, longitude, and the Oceanic Niño Index as covariates; and month as random effect. The final model explained 86% of the total deviance of the dataset used to fit the GAMM. Although important deviations between the observations and the predictions of the model were observed, the results of the validation process and of predictions made on an independent dataset (correlation of observed vs. predicted temperature, -0.93; root-mean-square error, -1.5 °C) were comparable to the results obtained with more complex modeling techniques, suggesting that this statistical approach is a valuable tool for modeling oceanographic data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature review is presented about the returning migrant students in the educational system in Mexico, which included both research papers and other types of academic texts, available from 2006 to 2018, and around this population. The revision allowed to identify the research methods and the thematic issues: a typology of these students based in variables such as age, nationality and migration status, the conditions upon the access to and the needs that arise during their permanence in the educational context. Also an educational profile emerged, based on information about their psychological traits, their previous linguistic and schooling experiences, as well as aspects related with the school coexistence and the social integration. Although the existent research is useful to know their characteristics and needs upon the return, studies that inquire aspects such as the relationship bilingualism-academic development, in the different educational levels, are still scarce and thus necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A literature review is presented about the returning migrant students in the educational system in Mexico, which included both research papers and other types of academic texts, available from 2006 to 2018, and around this population. The revision allowed to identify the research methods and the thematic issues: a typology of these students based in variables such as age, nationality and migration status, the conditions upon the access to and the needs that arise during their permanence in the educational context. Also an educational profile emerged, based on information about their psychological traits, their previous linguistic and schooling experiences, as well as aspects related with the school coexistence and the social integration. Although the existent research is useful to know their characteristics and needs upon the return, studies that inquire aspects such as the relationship bilingualism-academic development, in the different educational levels, are still scarce and thus necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to examine what are the methods used by Mexican drug cartels to recruit migrant smugglers and which are the activities carried by former migrant smugglers in these organizations. A qualitative methodology was used, consistent in the realization, between 2011 and 2015, of interviews with 107 migrant smugglers (105 men and 2 women). This paper concludes that after 2013, there has been an increase of recruitment of migrant smugglers by drug cartels without coercion, and that the activities carried out by them are increasingly violent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the value of schooling for students of elite high schools in Mexico City. The study begins by documenting the fact that these students' academic performance is poor in comparison to students of similar socio-economic status in other countries, and on the basis of their results in standardized national tests. Clearly, such unsatisfactory academic performance by these students, who attend private institutions with a wealth of resources, cannot be attributed to financial hardship and a resulting lack of educational opportunities. This work explores the hypothesis that, for young students from this social circle -- who enjoy vast inherited wealth -- educational merit and talent do not play a key role in their conception of life or professional development. To support this hypothesis, this study explores the value placed on schooling both by parents and the directors of elite private schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to construct a particular approach to human research ethics with respect to research practices carried out by teacher trainers and their students in communities in Mexico and Bolivia. It presents the theoretical elements of research ethics and the categories generated on the basis of answers from 79 teacher trainers to an open question on protective factors that should be considered with regard to study participants. The question is part of a qualitative questionnaire administered between March and June 2015. The study concludes that when asked about protective factors, teachers are able to clearly state key aspects of research ethics, although their core focus is on training new basiclevel education teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to describe and comprehend the motivations of teacher-researchers in two public state universities in Mexico to participate in knowledge and technology transfer processes. Ten subjects interested in knowledge transfer processes were considered for this study; in-depth interviews were conducted to understand their readiness to produce and transfer knowledge. The results reveal that subjects develop a disposition and the skills to seek changes in social reality based on values such as altruism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides one perspective for studying college students by focusing on working conditions and their relationship with the type of institution: public or private. The study explores differences in labor market integration among graduates based on the university where they studied, uisng the following indicators: speed of incorporation, consistency between education and employment, and working conditions. The database analyzed was taken from the PROFLEX survey, conducted in nine institutions in Mexico -six public state universities and three private elite universities. The results show that graduates from private higher education institutions appear to enjoy better working conditions in terms of salary, job stability, and positions held. However, their labor market integration is slower compared to their counterparts from public schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a possible solution to low graduation rates in higher education, and particularly postgraduate students, given that for every 10 students that complete their course programs in Mexican higher education institutions, only 2.9 graduate. There are a number of reasons for this, notably student inconsistency and a lack of support from institutions. A thesis is an argumentative discourse that requires systematic intellectual support based on models of this nature. Toulmin’s heuristic model of argumentation was chosen in order to organize, around a subject of research, mental representations that are, at the outset, disorganized and vague. The experience with four classes in a residency of the master’s program in the School of Psychology of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), and analysis of student graduation from 2012 to 2015, produce a promising model for increasing graduation rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the classification methods for mathematical problems in textbooks (Fan & Zhu, 2000) and strategies used to solve problems (Fan & Zhu, 2007), this paper reports the results of an analysis and classification of the type of mathematical problems and problem-solving strategies in a sample made up of the five most widely-used mathematics textbooks for the first year of junior high school in the 2013- 2014 school year in Mexico. It is concluded that the textbooks focus on providing a comprehensive range of problems that, for the most part, do not allow multiple problem-solving strategies, whereas others can be solved using an algorithm or direct procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A succession of interannual warm events occurred in the Pacific during the 2013-2016 period, when positive thermal anomalies were detected. A broad region with abnormally warm waters in the northeastern Pacific Ocean was observed in 2013, which by 2015 had reached waters off Baja California (Mexico). In addition to the ongoing warming effect, early evidence of an El Niño event was detected in 2015. This paper analyzes hydrographic data measured at Todos Santos Bay and environs, as well as satellite-derived sea-level data, to characterize changes in the hydrographic conditions during the 2013-2016 period. The highest positive temperature anomalies (~5 °C) were observed in September 2015, with a steep decline to neutral conditions in spring 2016. Records for the bay showed slight variations in hydrographic conditions during spring, highlighting the importance of local over remote forcings during this time of year. In autumn, by contrast, interannual signals prevailed over local processes. Satellite-derived sea-level data revealed an alongshore propagation of remote signals, identified as shallow coastal poleward flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work offers an analysis of the development of the concept of educational justice in Mexico from the mid 1970s to the first decade of the 21st century. Based on a perspective underpinned by conceptual history and hypotheses on the externalization of the compared education approach, this paper highlights a reemergence and sedimentation of the concept of educational justice during the 1990s, both in academia and official discourse. This is explained in part by growing social and educational inequalities and the externalization of national discourse, which have fostered an original hybridization that points towards a renewal of optimism in schools, and the possibility of more just - or simply less unjust - societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the development of children's understanding of metaphors and the type of part-whole relationships they are capable of establishing when solving puzzles. The study was carried out with 30 students from a federal elementary school in the state of Querétaro, Mexico: 10 second-year students, 10 fourth-year students and 10 sixth-year students. They were asked to answer four metaphorical puzzles and explain what information they had taken into account to arrive at their answers. The results show that: a) children's understanding of metaphors increases with their school year, and b) participants from higher years tend to establish more comprehensive and coherent part-whole relationships than students from lower years, which allows them to better understand metaphors in puzzles. The results confirm findings by Calderón (2012) and Calderón, Vernon and Carrillo (2012). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We offer an ethnographic description of the circulation of vegetables on the border between Mexico and Guatemala. These goods move from one country to the other through ant-style piecemeal trafficking on misdirected paths: they enter constantly as contraband in small quantities, using tolerated border crossings. The objective is to show how the interactions between the border actors involved construct a local order that is different from that of the State's normative parameters. An order is founded on a series of unwritten rules that govern the practices of crossing, thereby creating an "interpretive community." This paper clarifies why the operating personnel from different levels of the Mexican government charged with overseeing trade are not outside of this community but rather compose an important part of it and how the State is empirically constructed within it, starting from the idea that the State is not an all-encompassing and coherent entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental education (EE) seeks to cultivate a sustainable mindset in citizens in the hope that this will result in better environmental care in their surroundings. This paper identifies municipalities with the greatest and poorest academic results in EE-related subjects in the National Assessment of Academic Achievement in Schools (ENLACE), and a system of indicators of urban environmental sustainability was used to assess environmental conditions. By using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, a significant link was found between the two variables, as it was found that Delegación Cuauhtémoc, the Federal District, the municipalities of Toluca (State of Mexico) and Cajeme (Sonora) achieved the highest scores both in EE-related subjects and in the environmental indicators, whereas the municipalities of Lázaro Cárdenas (Michoacán), Asunción Nochixtlán (Oaxaca) and Ometepec (Guerrero) scored lowest, both in related subjects and in the sustainability indicator results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the results-based management (rbm) proposal promoted by the Mexican federal government and how this proposal has been applied. This article presents the theory of management according to its results and its effects on competitiveness and well-being. This article analyzes the conceptual elements of the model and the manners in which this model has been instituted both conceptually and operationally in Brazil, Mexico, and the Mexican state of Baja California. Principal findings include the need to strengthen institutional capacities for rbm to enhance competitiveness and well-being at the government level, internalize a vision of strategic change, and prioritize cultural change to generate efficient transparency, accountability and anti-corruption controls by a transversal focus based on the elements of management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with knowledge related to the Day of the Dead explicitly expressed and conveyed through free elementary school textbooks, as knowing what is being passed on to children about this aspect of Mexican identity will uncover new ways of preserving traditions. The assessment was carried out using an instrument that indicated the kind of information contained in the pages of textbooks. The instrument used the Delphi method with help from experts in the field, which revealed the quantity and type of content included. The research found a lack of information about this cultural event in texts aimed at teachers, parents and elementary school students. This points to a deficiency in communication regarding this characteristic of Mexican culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este estudio examina los determinantes o correlaciones de la pobreza en los estados de la frontera norte de México. Con base en la Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares 2008, se estimó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar qué variables podrían ser importantes para explicar la pobreza en esta región. Se encontró que las variables correlacionadas positivamente con la probabilidad de ser pobre son: vivir en Coahuila, Tamaulipas o Chihuahua, el tamaño del hogar, que el jefe del hogar sea trabajador ambulante o que trabaje en el sector agrícola, manufacturero, de transporte, ventas, o como ayudante o trabajador doméstico. Las variables correlacionadas inversamente con la probabilidad de ser pobre son: vivir en Baja California, nivel de educación y edad del jefe del hogar. El género del jefe de hogar y la ubicación (rural o urbana) de los hogares no fueron estadísticamente significativas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes processes of interaction, tension, conflict and economic interests in one of the major border areas between Mexico and Guatemala. Informal transborder trade involves several actors who have been building these processes pursuant to agency initiatives. From a conceptual perspective, supported by the dialectical relationship between the notions of a border the behavior of transborder actors, it is concluded that in the study area, an informal border-trade integration process has developed and its actors transcend the border, rendering that border permissive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze first drafts of a coaching service to schools (SATE, for its acronym in Spanish) in the context of current educational reform in Mexico. To this end all legal documents and various program documents that have been released throughout 2013 and 2014 relating to basic education were analyzed. The paper is organized in three sections. The history of this type of service in Mexico is presented first; the second section includes information on the SATE as included in the legal documents of the current educational policy. In a third section some comments on what have to be taken into account for the proper implementation of a service of this nature are made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]