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This paper presents the prediction of aging state of oil impregnated insulating Kraft paper using textural properties. Under conditions of prolonged thermal stress, the insulating capacity of Kraft paper decreases due to carbonization and degradation of cellulose. To analyze these effects, a new accelerated aging kit is developed for the experiments. Four groups of samples are collected, and the morphology is examined. Texture feature is extracted for the samples using normalization and Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). Supervised (Support Vector Machine (SVM)) and unsupervised (K-means) machine intelligence methods are trained to classify images based on the feature. In addition, new samples are checked for feasibility of the prediction of aging state. The calculated training accuracy of SVM is 92.67%, and for k-means is 95.0%, on the other hand, the testing accuracy of SVM is 91.0%, and for k-means is 92.6%. Therefore, this machine intelligence-based methodology using image features is effective in classifying the aging state of the Kraft Insulating Paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on paradigm of virtualization evolving from a virtualized local area network (LAN) and private networks to the solidification of network function virtualization (NFV). Topics include coupled with the pervasive utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) at all network levels; and the Digital Twin (DT) paradigm recently deemed as a promising tool for network design, optimization, management.

The article presents the discussion on considerable aspects of face-to-face human interactions remain difficult to relay. Topics include computer's ability capturing a human's emotion called affective sensing, alternatively called emotion sensing and more recently emotional artificial intelligence (emotional AI); and use of emotions in crowd and traffic management; to relaying emotions to and from the metaverse.

The article presents the discussion on meaning or semantics of the data. Topics include advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) providing a powerful tool for solving fundamental problems in semantic communications; and semantic communications in emerging wireless networks such as virtual reality and autonomous driving.

This is a panel paper that discusses the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies to address production and supply chain level problems in semiconductor manufacturing. We have gathered a group of expert semiconductor researchers and practitioners from around the world who have developed AI solutions for various semiconductor problems. This paper aims to provide their answers to an initial set of questions and provide an overview of the AI developments and empirical studies to make suggestions for future directions in this arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on the topics including demonstrates exciting results based on self-imitation learning within a cross-modal setting; and providing advances in controllable generation and interpolation across attributes.

The article discusses the met averse services and business models and Met averse architectures. Topics include the ways of social interaction are significantly augmented with persistent virtual content, consumed via VR or AR; met averse is an emerging concept which embraces three important elements, and Experimental demonstrations and prototypes of met averse.

The article reports that over time, the capacity of networks has dramatically increased, thanks to advances in optical communications. However, the Internet traffic is still growing every year which forces network operators to look for efficient solutions to manage this traffic. Since the advent of Software-Defined Networking (SDN), the majority of researchers focus their attention on centrally managed networks with efficient traffic management solutions.

The article reports that In contrast to the Shannon paradigm whose underlying principle is to guarantee the correct reception of each single transmitted packet regardless of its meaning, semantic communication is concerned with the problem of how transmitted symbols convey a desired meaning to the destination, as well as how effectively the received meaning affects the action in a desired way.

The article reports that The metaverse is an emerging concept which embraces three important elements. First, it embraces a social element, i.e. it is not only a virtual space where users spend time (and money) on their own or with a selected few. Rather, the metaverse is intended to resonate with the very social fabric which underpins human society.

The article reports that With the continued growth of IoT devices and their deployment, manually managing and connecting them is impractical and presents multiple challenges. To that end, Zero Touch Networks that rely on software-based modules instead of dedicated propriety hardware become a viable potential solution. The overall aim of zero-touch networks is for machines to learn how to become more autonomous so that we can delegate complex, mundane tasks to them.

Prospective authors are requested to submit new, unpublished manuscripts for inclusion in the upcoming event described in this call for papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the journal's call for papers on topics like military communications and networks, internet of things, and artificial intelligence and data science for communications.

Fighting against the pandemic diseases with unique characters requires new sophisticated approaches like the artificial intelligence. This paper develops an artificial intelligence algorithm to produce multi-dimensional policies for controlling and minimizing the pandemic casualties under the limited pharmacological resources. In this respect, a comprehensive parametric model with a priority and age-specific vaccination policy and a variety of non-pharmacological policies are introduced. This parametric model is utilized for constructing an artificial intelligence algorithm by following the exact analogy of the model-based solution. Also, this parametric model is manipulated by the artificial intelligence algorithm to seek for the best multi-dimensional non-pharmacological policies that minimize the future pandemic casualties as desired. The role of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological policies on the uncertain future casualties are extensively addressed on the real data. It is shown that the developed artificial intelligence algorithm is able to produce efficient policies which satisfy the particular optimization targets such as focusing on minimization of the death casualties more than the infected casualties or considering the curfews on the people age over 65 rather than the other non-pharmacological policies. The paper finally analyses a variety of the mutant virus cases and the corresponding non-pharmacological policies aiming to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fighting against the pandemic diseases with unique characters requires new sophisticated approaches like the artificial intelligence. This paper develops an artificial intelligence algorithm to produce multi-dimensional policies for controlling and minimizing the pandemic casualties under the limited pharmacological resources. In this respect, a comprehensive parametric model with a priority and age-specific vaccination policy and a variety of non-pharmacological policies are introduced. This parametric model is utilized for constructing an artificial intelligence algorithm by following the exact analogy of the model-based solution. Also, this parametric model is manipulated by the artificial intelligence algorithm to seek for the best multi-dimensional non-pharmacological policies that minimize the future pandemic casualties as desired. The role of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological policies on the uncertain future casualties are extensively addressed on the real data. It is shown that the developed artificial intelligence algorithm is able to produce efficient policies which satisfy the particular optimization targets such as focusing on minimization of the death casualties more than the infected casualties or considering the curfews on the people age over 65 rather than the other non-pharmacological policies. The paper finally analyses a variety of the mutant virus cases and the corresponding non-pharmacological policies aiming to reduce the morbidity and mortality rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Task Learning (MTL) is a learning paradigm in machine learning and its aim is to leverage useful information contained in multiple related tasks to help improve the generalization performance of all the tasks. In this paper, we give a survey for MTL from the perspective of algorithmic modeling, applications and theoretical analyses. For algorithmic modeling, we give a definition of MTL and then classify different MTL algorithms into five categories, including feature learning approach, low-rank approach, task clustering approach, task relation learning approach and decomposition approach as well as discussing the characteristics of each approach. In order to improve the performance of learning tasks further, MTL can be combined with other learning paradigms including semi-supervised learning, active learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, multi-view learning and graphical models. When the number of tasks is large or the data dimensionality is high, we review online, parallel and distributed MTL models as well as dimensionality reduction and feature hashing to reveal their computational and storage advantages. Many real-world applications use MTL to boost their performance and we review representative works in this paper. Finally, we present theoretical analyses and discuss several future directions for MTL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radio signal recognition has a wide application in future communication systems and the vehicular communication, whose core is the extraction of signal features such as electromagnetic fingerprints. With the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology, deep learning has made amazing breakthroughs in image recognition, speech recognition and other fields. Deep learning is applied to electromagnetic fingerprint extraction in this paper. Firstly, thousands of the downlink aircraft communications addressing and reporting system (ACARS) signals used for communication between civil aircraft and airport tower are collected and generated. Then a pre-transformation network suitable for electromagnetic signals is constructed to convert one-dimensional signals into two-dimensional feature maps, and afterwards the feature maps are input into the convolutional neural network (CNN) for classification. By adopting the attention modules, the classification results were improved by a few percentage points over the baseline with a little cost. The method proposed in this paper achieves an accuracy rate of 94.1% and can obtain the aircraft type in a shorter time than traditional method. Moreover, the robustness of the proposed model in response to additive Gaussian white noise (AWGN) and phase deviation is studied and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an algorithmic framework, message passing is extremely powerful and has wide applications in the context of different disciplines including communications, coding theory, statistics, signal processing, artificial intelligence and combinatorial optimization. In this paper, we investigate the performance of a message-passing algorithm called min-sum belief propagation (BP) for the vertex-disjoint shortest $k$ -path problem ($k$ -VDSP) on weighted directed graphs, and derive the iterative message-passing update rules. As the main result of this paper, we prove that for a weighted directed graph $G$ of order $n$ , BP algorithm converges to the unique optimal solution of $k$ -VDSP on $G$ within $O(n^{2}w_{max})$ iterations, provided that the weight $w_{e}$ is nonnegative integral for each arc $e\in E(G)$ , where $w_{max}=\max \{w_{e}: e\in E(G)\}$. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first instance where BP algorithm is proved correct for NP-hard problems. Additionally, we establish the extensions of $k$ -VDSP to the case of multiple sources or sinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile Video Coding (VVC) was finalized in 2020 and offered promising coding efficiency with a bitrate reduction of about 50% for same video quality as High Efficiency Video Coding. However, its high encoding complexity is a heavy burden on real-time applications. In particular, the very high complexity in intra coding can be a big barrier into market entry. This paper presents an efficient low-complexity intra coding scheme, which employs downsampling and upsampling processes. The downsampling is simply performed by reducing the resolution of an original video in both horizontal and vertical directions. In the upsampling, convolutional neural network based super-resolution is used to increase the resolution of the reconstructed video. In addition, this paper thoroughly analyzes the performance and complexity of all intra coding tools in VVC. Experimental results demonstrate that the significantly high reduction of the encoding complexity can be achieved with acceptable video quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This index covers all technical items - papers, correspondence, reviews, etc. - that appeared in this periodical during the year, and items from previous years that were commented upon or corrected in this year. Departments and other items may also be covered if they have been judged to have archival value. The Author Index contains the primary entry for each item, listed under the first author's name. The primary entry includes the co-authors' names, the title of the paper or other item, and its location, specified by the publication abbreviation, year, month, and inclusive pagination. The Subject Index contains entries describing the item under all appropriate subject headings, plus the first author's name, the publication abbreviation, month, and year, and inclusive pages. Note that the item title is found only under the primary entry in the Author Index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Versatile Video Coding (VVC/H.266) is the latest video coding standard designed for a broad range of next-generation media applications. This paper explores the design space of practical VVC encoding by profiling the Fraunhofer Versatile Video Encoder (VVenC). All experiments were conducted over five 2160p video sequences and their downsampled versions under the random access (RA) condition. The exploration was performed by analyzing the rate-distortion-complexity (RDC) of the VVC block structure and coding tools. First, VVenC was profiled to provide a breakdown of coding block distribution and coding tool utilization in it. Then, the usefulness of each VVC coding tool was analyzed for its individual impact on overall RDC performance. Finally, our findings were elevated to practical implementation guidelines: the highest coding gains come with the multi type tree (MTT) structure, adaptive loop filter (ALF), cross component linear model (CCLM), and bi-directional optical flow (BDOF) coding tools, whereas multi transform selection (MTS) and affine motion estimation are the primary candidates for complexity reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to provide a comprehensive RDC analysis for practical VVC encoding. It can serve as a basis for practical VVC encoder implementation or optimization on various computing platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing number of Internet of Thing (IoT) and Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLCC) use cases in next generation communication networks calls for the development of efficient Forward Error Correction (FEC) mechanisms. These use cases usually imply using short to mid-sized information blocks and requires low-complexity and/or fast decoding procedures. This paper investigates the joint learning of short to mid block-length coding schemes and associated Belief-Propagation (BP) like decoders using Machine Learning (ML) techniques. An interpretable auto-encoder (AE) architecture is proposed, ensuring scalability to block sizes currently challenging for ML-based linear block code design approaches. By optimizing a coding scheme w.r.t. the targeted decoder, the proposed system offers a good complexity/performance trade-off compared to various codes from literature with length up to 128 bits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benefiting from the rapid progress of wireless communication and artificial intelligence, multi-agent collaboration opens up new opportunities for various fields. To facilitate multi-agent acting as a group, effective communication plays a crucial role. Recently, many efforts based on multi-agent reinforcement learning have been made to enable effective multi-agent communication under limited bandwidth or noisy channel. However, current methods do not explore wireless resource allocation strategy explicitly. Moreover, due to ignoring task-relevant significance of information, traditional wireless resource allocation schemes may fail to guarantee the transmission efficiency and reliability for multi-agent communication. To this end, in this paper, we propose a task-oriented communication principle for multi-agent communication. We model the task-oriented channel allocation problem as a decentralized partially observable Markov decision process and propose a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework as a solution. Specifically, we design a novel variational information bottleneck to extract task-relevant information from local observation. Furthermore, a task-oriented channel allocation mechanism is developed to choose the allocation pattern with maximum expected gain. Finally, a double attention mechanism is developed to motivate the efficient utilization of task-relevant information. Experimental results show that our method can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of multi-agent communication, enhancing collaboration performance compared to baselines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accuracy of artificial intelligence (AI) models is crucial for connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs). However, in reality, model training under less frequent weather faces the problem of insufficient sampling. Also, in the real world, weather, sunlight, etc., can only change with the speed of the real-time clock, so the traditional sampling process is very slow. Moreover, currently, collective learning, which can make up the limited experience and computing power of a single vehicle, is always introduced to cases where the data from participants have the same structure, wasting massive heterogeneous data from vehicles of different brands. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a quantum collective learning and many-to-many matching game-based scheme in the metaverse for CAVs. The environment is simulated in the metaverse, which has its own time clock system, thereby expanding sample size and speeding up the sampling process. And we quantify the quality of intelligence in collective learning from the perspective of feature diversity. It is the cornerstone of collective learning between heterogeneous vehicles, facilitating maximum utilization of data with different structures. Then, we formulate the distributed vehicles selection problem as a many-to-many matching game and use Gale–Shapely algorithm to solve it. Also, we formulate the spectrum resource allocation problem as a discrete Markov decision process (MDP) and adopt a quantum-inspired reinforcement learning (QRL) algorithm to find the optimal policy to achieve the high revenue of the system. In simulations, the performance of the proposed scheme is compared with existing methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid progress in deep learning-based computer vision has opened unprecedented possibilities in computing various high-level analytics for sports. Artificial intelligence techniques such as predictive analysis, automatic highlight generation, and assistant coaching have been applied to improve performance and decision-making for teams and players. To perform any high-level analysis from a game match, collecting the locations (where) and identities (who) of players is crucial and challenging. In this paper, a universal JErsey number DEtector (JEDE) for player identification is presented that predicts players’ bounding boxes and keypoints, along with bounding boxes and classes of jersey digits and numbers in an end-to-end manner. Instead of generating digit proposals from pre-defined anchors, JEDE predicts more robust proposals guided by players’ features and pose estimation. Moreover, a dataset is collected from soccer and basketball matches with annotations on players’ bounding boxes and body keypoints, and jersey digits’ bounding boxes and labels. Extensive experimental results and ablation studies on the collected dataset show that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods by a large margin. Both quantitative and qualitative results also demonstrate JEDE’s superior practicality and generalizability over different sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT), the Federated Edge Learning (FEL), a promising computing framework is developing. However, there are still unsolved issues on communication efficiency and data security due to the huge models and unreliable transmission links. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel federated edge learning system, called LightFed, where the edge nodes upload only vital partial local models, and successfully achieve lightweight communication and model aggregation. First, a novel model aggregation method Model Splitting and Splicing (MSS) and a Selective Parameter Transmission (SPT) scheme are proposed. By detecting the updating gradients of local parameters and filtering significant parameters, selective rotated transmission and efficient aggregation of local models are achieved. Second, a Training Filling Model (TFM) is proposed to infer the total data distribution of edge nodes, and train a filling model to mitigate the unbalanced training data without violating the data privacy of individual users. Moreover, a blockchain-powered confusion transmission mechanism is proposed for defending the attacks from external adversaries and protecting the model information. Finally, extensive experimental results demonstrate that our LightFed significantly outperforms the existing FEL systems in terms of communication efficiency and privacy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maps of science visualizing the structure of science help us analyze the current spread of science, technology, and innovation (ST&I). ST&I enterprises can use the maps of science as competitive technical intelligence to anticipate changes, especially those initiated in their immediate vicinity. Research laboratories and universities can understand their environmental changes and use the map for their research management. However, traditional maps based on bibliometrics, such as citation and cocitation, have difficulty in representing recently published papers and ongoing projects that have few or no references; thus, maps based on contents, i.e., text-mining, have been developed in recent years for locating research papers/projects, for example, using word and paragraph vectors. The content-based maps, however, still pose difficulty in comparing documents in different languages. Therefore, aiming to construct a bilingual (English and Japanese) content-based map of science for the analyses of ST&I information resources in different languages, this article proposes a method for creating word and paragraph vectors corresponding to bilingual textual information in the same multidimensional space. In a comparison of 11 methods for generating document vectors, we confirmed that the best method achieved 87% accuracy of the bilingual content matching based on 10,000 IEEE papers. Finally, we published a map of approximately 150,000 funding projects of the National Science Foundation, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and Japan Science and Technology agency from 2013 to 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the modern era of artificial intelligence, increasingly sophisticated artificial neural networks (ANNs) are implemented, which pose challenges in terms of execution speed and power consumption. To tackle this problem, recent research on reduced-precision ANNs opened the possibility to exploit analog hardware for neuromorphic acceleration. In this scenario, photonic-electronic engines are emerging as a short-medium term solution to exploit the high speed and inherent parallelism of optics for linear computations needed in ANN, while resorting to electronic circuitry for signal conditioning and memory storage. In this paper we introduce a precision-scalable integrated Photonic-Electronic Multiply-Accumulate Neuron (PEMAN). The proposed device relies on (i) an analog photonic engine to perform reduced-precision multiplications at high speed and low power, and (ii) an electronic front-end for accumulation and application of the nonlinear activation function by means of a nonlinear encoding in the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The device has been numerically validated through cosimulations to perform multiply-accumulate operations (MAC). Simulations are based on the iSiPP50G SOI process for the photonic engine and a commercial 28 nm CMOS process for the electronic front-end. The PEMAN exhibits a multiplication accuracy of 6.1 ENOB up to 10 GMAC/s, while it can perform computations up to 56 GMAC/s with a reduced accuracy down to 2.1 ENOB. The device can trade off speed and power consumption with resolution, significantly outperforming its analog electronics counterparts both in terms of speed and energy consumption. With respect to other photonic ANNs, the PEMAN has comparable speed and energy consumption with a higher resolution, while outperforming them by a hundredfold in the fan-in, which opens the possibility to accelerate more complex networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The separation of the data capture and analysis in modern vision systems has led to a massive amount of data transfer between the end devices and cloud computers, resulting in long latency, slow response, and high power consumption. Efficient hardware architectures are under focused development to enable Artificial Intelligence (AI) at the resource-limited sensing devices. One of the most promising solutions is to enable Processing-in-Pixel (PIP) scheme. However, the conventional schemes suffer from the low fill-factor issue. This paper proposes a PIP based Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor architecture, which allows convolution operation before the column readout circuit to significantly reduce the overall power consumption while improving the resource utilization of the succeeding deep learning accelerator. The simulation results show that the proposed architecture could support the computing efficiency up to 3.37 TOPS/W at the 8-bit weight configuration, which is four times as high as the conventional schemes after normalization. The transistors required for each pixel are only 3.5T, significantly improving the fill-factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a robust secrecy transmission scheme for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided communication systems. Different from all the existing works where IRS has already been deployed at a fixed location, we take the location of IRS as a variable to maximize the secrecy rate (SR) under the outage probability constraint by jointly optimizing the location of IRS, transmit beamformer and IRS phase shifts with imperfect channel state information (CSI) of Eve, where we consider two cases: a) the location of Eve is known; b) only a suspicious area of Eve is available. We show a critical observation that CSI models are different before and after IRS deployment, thus the optimization problem could be decomposed and solved via a two-stage framework. For case a), in the first stage, universal upper bounds of outage probabilities only related to the location of IRS are derived which can be optimized via successive convex approximation (SCA) method. In the second stage, we develop an alternative optimization (AO) algorithm to optimize beamformer and phase shifts iteratively. For case b), we propose a Max-Min SR scheme based on two-stage framework, where the location of IRS is optimized based on the worst location of Eve. Simulation results indicate the importance of the location of IRS optimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in digitization, artificial intelligence, and wireless networking are revolutionizing the traditional transportation networks and the automotive industry, leading for instance to the widespread adoption of ride-sharing services and the emergence of self-driving vehicles. As a result, a considerable rise in the volume of infotainment data consumed by the vehicles’ passengers is expected. To support such traffic loads, we explore leveraging vehicles as part of the cellular infrastructure. This paper investigates and quantifies the performance gains that using Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication to form relay clusters would enable, including (1) improving opportunistic channel access to the cellular infrastructure by relaying the cluster’s traffic through the vehicle seeing the best channel quality; and (2) balancing traffic loads across cells through cluster multihoming. We introduce a stochastic geometric model allowing us to provide a deeper understanding of the possible gains associated with cluster-based opportunistic relaying and its sensitivity to the system parameters, e.g., base station density, vehicle density on the roads, etc. We develop a natural network utility maximization problem to serve as a baseline to evaluate the performance of a simpler distributed cluster management algorithm which we show to be near-optimal. Overall the results suggest that $10-20\times$ gains in the vehicles’ shared rate can be achieved along with significant fairness improvements, while other mobile devices also benefit from the proposed network architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores criticality-based real-time scheduling of neural-network-based machine inference pipelines in cyber-physical systems (CPS) to mitigate the effect of algorithmic priority inversion. We specifically focus on the perception subsystem, an important subsystem feeding other components (e.g., planning and control). In general, priority inversion occurs in real-time systems when computations that are of lower priority are performed together with or ahead of those that are of higher priority. In current machine perception software, significant priority inversion occurs because resource allocation to the underlying neural network models does not differentiate between critical and less critical data within a scene. To remedy this problem, in recent work, we proposed an architecture to partition the input data into regions of different criticality, then formulated a utility-based optimization problem to batch and schedule their processing in a manner that maximizes confidence in perception results, subject to criticality-based time constraints. This journal extension matures the work in several directions: (i) We extend confidence maximization to a generalized utility optimization formulation that accounts for criticality in the utility function itself, offering finer-grained control over resource allocation within the perception pipeline; (ii) we further instantiate and compare two different criticality metrics (distance-based and relative velocity-based) to understand their relative advantages; and (iii) we explore the limitations of the approach, specifically how inaccuracies in criticality-based attention cueing affect performance. All experiments are conducted on the NVIDIA Jetson AGX Xavier platform with a real-world driving dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The autoencoder empowered by artificial intelligence has shown considerable potential in solving channel state information (CSI) feedback problems in frequency-division duplexing systems. However, this method needs to completely change the existing feedback schemes, which is difficult to deploy in the next few years. This paper proposes an environment knowledge-aided codebook-based CSI feedback framework, which retains the existent codebook-based scheme while introducing environment knowledge to feedback process through neural networks (NNs) at the base station. Only an NN-based refining operation is added after the common standardized feedback approach. The NNs learn to automatically extract environment features and utilize the channel statistics through large volumes of recorded data. The NNs also use the partial correlation between bidirectional channels to further improve feedback performance. In addition, to deal with downlink channel estimation errors, we propose two strategies to reduce their effects using an NN-based denoise module. The proposed framework can be easily embedded in most existing codebook-based feedback methods, such as random vector quantization. Two channel datasets generated by QuaDRiGa and measured in practical systems are adopted to evaluate the proposed methods. Results show that the proposed method offers over 100% increase in the throughput compared with the baseline codebook because of more accurate feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transform coding removes redundancy by de-correlating the residual data, which plays a crucial role in video coding. Since different transform cores can adapt to different video content and residual data, multiple cores transform has been proposed to improve the coding performance. However, the overhead for representing the transform type is inevitable. This paper intensively studies the statistical characteristics of transform coefficients. Theoretical analysis shows that the implicit method in the Implicitly Selected Transform (IST) is superior to the explicit signalling method. As such, we propose the parity adjustment scheme which seamlessly cooperates with the rate-distortion optimization quantization for IST. Furthermore, we propose two combination methods, size-based and number-based, to optimize IST. Moreover, a restriction region of IST is applied to reduce the complexity. Experimental results on HPM-6.0, which is the reference software of the AVS3 video coding standard, show that our proposed method can achieve 1.76% and 0.76% BD-Rate savings on average under AI and RA configurations, respectively, along with negligible decoding time variations. The comparison results between the proposed method and explicit signalling method illustrate that the proposed method can achieve better coding gain than the latter. Our method has been adopted in AVS3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. However, alongside all its advancements, problems have also emerged, such as privacy violations, security issues and model fairness. Differential privacy, as a promising mathematical model, has several attractive properties that can help solve these problems, making it quite a valuable tool. For this reason, differential privacy has been broadly applied in AI but to date, no study has documented which differential privacy mechanisms can or have been leveraged to overcome its issues or the properties that make this possible. In this paper, we show that differential privacy can do more than just privacy preservation. It can also be used to improve security, stabilize learning, build fair models, and impose composition in selected areas of AI. With a focus on regular machine learning, distributed machine learning, deep learning, and multi-agent systems, the purpose of this article is to deliver a new view on many possibilities for improving AI performance with differential privacy techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to administer a multi-step artificial intelligence approach with an ensemble of adaptive neural networks (NNs) trained on 50000 samples to identify partial discharge (PD) diagnostic measurements for in-service medium voltage (MV) power cables. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, a case study was performed on cables deliberately selected to contain both uncomplicated measurements and disruptive irregularities representative of conditions during field testing. Experimental test results prove that the proposed cable-specific adaptation improves PD identification accuracy, with further increment through the NN ensembles. The main contribution of the approach is in both the cable-specific adaption and the NN ensemble being applied to MV cable field measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered autonomous vehicles (AVs) can integrate different machine learning (ML) techniques to build up a complex autonomous driving system. However, single AV intelligence is not enough to cope with ever-changing driving environments. The underlying reason is that, with current neural network design and training algorithms, it is challenging for the driving model to generalize to diverse driving environments all at once due to sample inefficiency and the curse of dimensionality. Powerful computing resources and massive amount of data can be used to train a good driving model offline. However, the driving model obtained offline might fail in corner case scenarios. In this paper, we propose an intelligence networking framework among AVs assisted by multi-access edge computing (MEC) with end-to-end learning for demonstration. In this framework, driving road is divided into segments and data is collected for each road segment separately. Assisted by MEC networks, a continuously updated driving model is produced in near real-time for each road segment when the environment changes. By dividing the road into segments, we aim to reduce the burden of generalization since a single model only needs to adapt to a specific road segment. Simulation results show that our solutions can produce updated driving model for each road segment to adapt to environmental changes better than the existing scheme. Upcoming AVs can then adapt to changing environments by downloading the updated driving model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With 5G already deployed, challenges related to handover exacerbate due to the dense base station deployment operating on a motley of frequencies. In this paper, we present and evaluate a novel data-driven solution, to reduce inter-frequency handover failures (HOFs), hereafter referred to as TORIS (Transmit Power Tuning-based Handover Success Rate Improvement Scheme). TORIS is designed by developing and integrating two sub-solutions. First sub-solution consists of an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based model to predict inter-frequency HOFs. In this model, we achieve higher than the state-of-the-art accuracy by leveraging two approaches. First, we devise a novel feature set by exploiting domain knowledge gathered from extensive drive test data analysis. Second, we exploit an extensive set of data augmentation techniques to address the class imbalance in training the HOF prediction model. The data augmentation techniques include Chow-Liu Bayesian Network and Generative Adversarial Network further improved by focusing the sampling only on the borderline. We also compare the performance of state-of-the-art AI models for predicting HOFs with and without augmented data. Results show that AdaBoost yields best performance for predicting HOFs. The second sub-solution is a heuristic scheme to tune the transmit (Tx) power of serving and target cells. Unlike the state-of-the-art approaches for HOF reduction that tune cell individual offset, TORIS targets the main cause of HOFs i.e., poor signal quality and propagation condition, by proactively varying the Tx power of the cells whenever a HOF is anticipated. Results show that TORIS outperforms the state-of-the-art HOF reduction solution and yields 40%-75% reduction in HOFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Image classification is a fundamental artificial intelligence task that labels images into one of some predefined classes. However, training complex image classification models requires a large amount of computation resources and data in order to reach state-of-the-art performance. This demand drives the growth of distributed deep learning, where multiple agents cooperatively train global models with their individual datasets. Among such learning systems, decentralized learning is particularly attractive, as it can improve the efficiency and fault tolerance by eliminating the centralized parameter server, which could be the single point of failure or performance bottleneck. Although the agents do not need to disclose their training image samples, they exchange parameters with each other at each iteration, which can put them at the risk of data privacy leakage. Past works demonstrated the possibility of recovering training images from the exchanged parameters. One common defense direction is to adopt Differential Privacy (DP) to secure the optimization algorithms such as Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). Those DP-based methods mainly focus on standalone systems, or centralized distributed learning. How to enforce and optimize DP protection in decentralized learning systems is unknown and challenging, due to their complex communication topologies and distinct learning characteristics. In this paper, we design TOP- DP, a novel solution to optimize the differential privacy protection of decentralized image classification systems. The key insight of our solution is to leverage the unique features of decentralized communication topologies to reduce the noise scale and improve the model usability. (1) We enhance the DP-SGD algorithm with this topology-aware noise reduction strategy, and integrate the time-aware noise decay technique. (2) We design two novel learning protocols (synchronous and asynchronous) to protect systems with different network connectivities and topologies. We formally analyze and prove the DP requirement of our proposed solutions. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that our solution achieves a better trade-off between usability and privacy than prior works. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first DP optimization work from the perspective of network topologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This two-part paper investigates the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML) to the study of wireless propagation channels. In Part I of this article, we introduced AI and ML and provided a comprehensive survey on ML-enabled channel characterization and antenna-channel optimization, and in this part (Part II), we review the state-of-the-art literature on scenario identification and channel modeling here. In particular, the key ideas of ML for scenario identification and channel modeling/prediction are presented, and the widely used ML methods for propagation scenario identification and channel modeling and prediction are analyzed and compared. Based on the state of the art, the future challenges of AI-/ML-based channel data processing techniques are given as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]