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Microinverter-based photovoltaic (PV) systems now represent about 8% of the U.S. residential market, and offer many advantages including safety, performance, and simplified installation. The next-generation of PV microinverter will include more ancillary functions to support grid stability and reliability in more distributed generation smart-grid systems. A commercial ready PV microinverter not only focuses on efficiency and cost, but also on reliability, manufacturability, compliance of various grid-code, and electromagnetic interference regulations. This paper presents a detailed design and development process of a microinverter system from concept all the way to final commercial-ready prototype. Various design tradeoffs such as topology, control, filter solutions and power supplies, and mechanical packaging are provided. The required prototype testing and final system field tests are also presented. The presented design and test process intends to accelerate the future microinverter system design and development toward a commercial ready product. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, a multiinput dc–dc converter is proposed and studied for hybrid electric vehicles. Compared to conventional works, the output gain is enhanced. Fuel cell (FC), photovoltaic panel, and energy storage system are the input sources for the proposed converter. The FC is considered as the main power supply, and roof-top PV is employed to charge the battery, increase the efficiency, and reduce fuel economy. The converter has the capability of providing the demanded power by load in absence of one or two resources. Moreover, the power management strategy is described and applied in a control method. A prototype of the converter is also implemented and tested to verify the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]