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An extended-duty-ratio (EDR) boost converter is studied extensively in this paper for high voltage gain applications with a wide input (and/or output) voltage range. The EDR is a unique combination of an interleaved, multiphase boost converter and switched capacitor configuration that achieves high voltage gain with significantly lower switch voltage stress and switching losses compared to conventional high-gain solutions. Most of the switches in the multiphase EDR experience only a fixed fraction of the output voltage ($1/M, 2/M$ , etc., where $M$ is the number of phases). Through extensive analysis over a wide operating range, it is shown here that the EDR boost converter has inherent current sharing among the phases only in a limited range of duty ratio— $(M-1)/M \leq D \leq 1$. As the duty ratio reduces beyond this range as required in wide input voltage applications, inherent current sharing property is lost. In this paper, techniques to ensure current sharing under all operating zones without requiring current sensors are presented. Instead of having equal duty ratio for each phase, it is adjusted for each phase according to the operating region of the converter. Extensive analysis is presented to derive the required duty ratio changes for the different phases. The proposed concept is validated with experimental results from a 250 W, 3-phase EDR boost, and GaN-based hardware prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For photovoltaic applications, the flyback microinverter with pseudo-dc-link is popular as a simple topology but brings large transformer turns ratio and thus large leakage inductance, which would deteriorate the converter efficiency. To solve this issue, based on the nonisolated pseudo-dc-link structure, this paper proposed a hybrid boost–flyback/flyback (BF/F) microinverter. This new topology is operated at the BF mode for the most segment of a half grid cycle and the F mode for the rest. During the BF mode, high voltage gain with low voltage stress is easily available in minimized transformer turns ratio. Besides, the leakage energy is recycled and the turn-off voltage spike of the main switch is clamped, as a result of a passive snubber inherently contained in this mode. Given that the BF mode is lack of step-down function, the F mode is developed to regulate the output voltage even for values lower than the input voltage. The operation and characteristic of the hybrid BF/F microinverter in boundary conduction mode are analyzed in detail, and the mathematical expression of reference current is derived theoretically to guarantee high power quality. Finally, a 240 W prototype was implemented to validate the theoretical analysis and the benefits of the proposed topology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The three-level full-bridge (TLFB) dc−dc converter has been widely used in high-voltage, high-power applications. In the experimental test, the neutral-point voltage deviation appears; moreover, it has also been found out that if the flying capacitors are introduced, the input capacitor voltages could realize self-balance even if no active balancing solutions are adopted. In the previous publications, the role of flying capacitors is generally considered to extend the range of soft switching; however, the self-balance ability has not been mentioned or investigated in any publications thus far. In order to fill this gap, this paper provides the detailed mode operation analysis of the TLFB converter and reveals the cause of the imbalance. In addition, the mechanism of the self-balance ability provided by the flying capacitors is explained in detail, which gives a deep insight into the converter. At last, the influence factor of the voltage error in steady state has been analyzed, and the specific expression of the voltage error is also derived. The feasibility of the theoretical analysis is verified by the simulation and experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the Z-source converter is introduced to power factor correction (PFC) applications. The concept is demonstrated through a wireless power transfer (WPT) system for electric vehicle battery charging, namely Z-source resonant converter (ZSRC). Due to the Z-source network (ZSN), the ZSRC inherently performs PFC and regulate the system output voltage simultaneously, without adding extra semiconductor devices and control circuitry to the conventional WPT system such as conventional PFC converters do. In other words, the ZSN can be categorized as a family of the single-stage PFC converters. In addition, the ZSN is suitable for high-power applications since it is immune to shoot-through states, which increases reliability and adds a boost feature to the system. The ZSRC-based WPT system operating principle is described and analyzed in this paper. Simulations and experimental results based on a 1-kW prototype with 20-cm air gap between the system primary and secondary sides are presented to validate the analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of the ZSN in the PFC of the WPT system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A 1-φ hybrid nine-level inverter (H9LI) topology has been proposed in this paper. The proposed H9LI topology uses a simple phase disposition pulsewidth modulation strategy to generate nine-voltage levels in the output. The main advantage of this topology is that it has a low switch count (ten switches) compared to the existing nine-level inverter topologies. To regulate the voltage across auxiliary capacitor, two innovative control techniques are proposed, which are integrated with the inverter modulation technique itself. Hence, it does not require any extra voltage balancing circuits to maintain the voltage across the auxiliary capacitor and input dc capacitors. A major advantage of these control techniques is that they eliminate the sensing of the coupled inductor current. Another significant advantage of H9LI is that loss distribution among all the power switches is more uniform compared to existing nine-level inverters. Due to low part count and absence of extra voltage balancing circuits, the H9LI achieves higher efficiency (η ≍ 94.5%) and lower cost. Furthermore, the requirement of filter size reduces due to the presence of coupled inductor in H9LI. The proposed 1-φ grid connected H9LI is verified through MATLAB/Simulink simulations and validated through experiments on a laboratory prototype of 400-VA rating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a family of step-up resonant switched-capacitor converters (RSCs) with a continuously adjustable conversion ratio is proposed based on the Cuk dual-resonance core (DRC) featuring two resonant paths. By adopting the on-time fixed frequency modulation, the two resonant paths can conduct simultaneously and satisfy the charge balance of the flying capacitor during the overlapping period. As a result, the conversion ratio—upper bounded by two determined by the circuit configuration—can vary continuously and efficiently even at the light load condition (1/10 of the rated power). A comprehensive analysis—the operation principle, voltage-gain curve, and voltage/current stresses—about the DRC is given. In addition, the Cuk DRC was extended to the series–parallel switched-capacitor converter (SCC), Fibonacci SCC, and voltage doubler to form a family of step-up RSCs, whose voltage-gain curves of different topologies are derived. Moreover, a characteristic comparison between the Cuk DRC and the traditional “direct” and “indirect” resonant core is given. Then, a 48 to 62–94.6 V resonant core with peak efficiency 97.8% and maximum power 120 W under the open loop condition was built. The analyses were verified by both experimental and simulation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a dynamic power flow management system for a solar photovoltaic (PV) system employing a single-stage single-inductor-based dual-input/output dc–dc converter feeding standalone dc loads backed up by a rechargeable battery. A time-sharing voltage-mode control scheme has been proposed for power flow management between solar PV, a battery, and a standalone dc load, and it also maintains a constant dc load voltage and performs maximum power point tracking operation of solar PV. The implementation of the control scheme has been described in detail. The steady-state performance of the single-stage converter has been explained with the relevant analytical expressions derived along with the characteristics. A state-space average model was developed for simulating the transient behavior and validating the working of the system for step changes in the input solar PV power and the dc loads. A hardware prototype of the proposed system has been fabricated, and the proposed controller has been implemented using the dSPACE DS1103 real-time interface board. The working of the proposed scheme for different levels of input solar insolation and dc load power demand has been satisfactorily demonstrated, and the corresponding results are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a new predictive power-factor-correction (PFC) controller for series-interleaved three-level boost (TLB) converters. Compared to the state-of-the-art TLB PFC controllers, where a two-cycle prediction and a detection of an operating region are necessary, the proposed controller achieves a low total harmonic distortion of the input current by using a single equation to predict the input current in all operating regions of the converter, in just one operating cycle. The average current control is achieved by sampling at the peak of the triangular carrier. The proposed PFC controller significantly reduces the distortion of the input ac current near the zero-crossing points, resulting in a low total harmonic distortion of the input current. The operation of the proposed controller was evaluated, and its stability and robustness to parameter changes was confirmed analytically. The controller operating principles were verified in simulations and validated by experiments on a medium-voltage 50-kW converter prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a fifth-order boost point-of-load converter is developed by cascading a modified fourth-order boost converter with a combination of L–C and diode. This topology has the following salient features: Single-switch topology, common ground between source and load, low-voltage stress across intermediate capacitors, and voltage gain same as other reported fifth-order boost converters with no common ground. Steady-state and dynamic analyses demonstrate the proposed converter's boosting feature and dynamic performance, respectively. A contoured robust Bode plot methodology is employed to design the robust voltage-mode controller to ensure load voltage regulation in the presence of uncertainties. The necessary and sufficient conditions under which the designed controller guarantees the load voltage regulation and robust stability are obtained. A step-by-step robust controller design procedure is outlined. The salient features of the proposed converter and its robust performance are studied analytically, using the MATLAB platform, and validated experimentally on a 60-W prototype module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates a multilevel inverter composed of series/parallel-connected H-bridges. The presented structure can be used for applications in which the use of semiconductor switches with low-voltage and low-current ratings is intended. A comprehensive system model, an overall control strategy to adjust the output voltage with constant magnitude and frequency, and a level-shifted PWM (LS-PWM) strategy based on a voltage vectors unidimensional analysis and a plane analysis are presented. The LS-PWM is capable of mitigating the low-frequency circulating current, thus generating multilevel voltage signals with low harmonic distortion, maximum number of levels, and low dv/dt. In addition, considering a wide range of values of voltages and currents and various power levels, the total converter losses are reduced compared with the conventional multilevel converters. Two multilevel conventional inverters with the same number of semiconductor switches are used for comparison. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the studied converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) topology, using a recently proposed controllable LCL filter, namely active virtual ground to achieve efficient power conversion, and high-frequency common mode voltage (CM) reduction. The proposed PFC circuit consists of high-frequency semiconductors for shaping inductor current and low-frequency semiconductors to form two different LCL structures for different conditions. This reduces grid differential mode current ripple or inductance. Besides, the PFC CM voltage, a main problem of bridgeless PFCs, is significantly reduced, since the capacitor in the LCL filter clamps the voltage between the grid and the converter ground. The performance of the proposed PFC is experimentally verified. The results show that the proposed PFC guarantees sinusoidal input current, low high-frequency common-mode voltage noise, and has a good agreement with the theoretical findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To solve some problems caused by the ac control method used for the existing modular multilevel dc–dc converter (MMDC), this paper has proposed a new MMDC topology with a wide range of output voltage by means of dc control. By reconstructing the submodule structure, the converter has a power branch and an auxiliary balance branch, which are used to transmit dc power and balance the capacitor voltage, respectively. Both dc analysis and control method are adopted to establish a mathematical model so as to deduce the mathematical relationships between the key electrical parameters. Moreover, what have been done include analyzing the self-balancing principle of the capacitor voltage and the mechanism of the auxiliary balance branch, calculating the related parameters of the capacitor voltage fluctuation, and presenting a dc closed-loop control strategy based on a small-signal model. The analyses of the steady and dynamic states in combination with simulation and experiment show that the proposed converter can stably operate in the mode of dc control, with a large adjustable range of output voltage, a small fluctuation in voltage of the capacitor, and the ability of the inductor to suppress the spike of the auxiliary balance current effectively so as to reduce the impact on the device. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Full-bridge single-stage (FBSS) ac-dc converters allow to regulate both the output voltage and the input current that achieves a near sinusoidal waveform using only the four bridge transistors. Independent of this feature, these converters still need to be optimized in order to become an interesting and attractive solution for modern switch mode power supplies with power factor corrector (PFC) function. One of the most important improvements needed is the downsizing of the dc bus capacitor C b with the inherent cost reduction. However, this action introduces complex issues in the regulation of the input current and it is also responsible for the generation of high output voltage ripple. The new contribution of this paper consists in the introduction of a set of power circuit optimizations and control techniques in a FBSS PFC converter that solves the referred issues in order to enable the reduction of the dc bus capacitor's size and cost. These procedures are based in the use of a free wheeling circuit that improves the light load operation and in the application of one shot nonlinear modulator, in order reduce the output voltage ripple even when the dc bus ripple is high. The possibility of using, in the proposed topology, a reduced ratio capacitance/watt lower than the typical values used in commercial applications (0.7-0.5 μF/W for 385-450 V, respectively), while maintaining the accurate input current regulation, is also theoretically proved. The developed concepts, solutions and design criteria are detailed described in the paper. The correspondent theoretical study is verified trough experimental results token in an optimized FBSS topology prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hardware-in-the-Loop tests of components for high-voltage dc transmission grids, for example circuit breakers, require converter systems capable of generating a high output current with fast transients of the output signal at different output voltages. In this paper, a three-level buck converter (N3L) employing three different supply voltages to enable a wide voltage operation range is presented. The modulation of the converter is investigated in detail with special focus on ripple cancellation, the startup of the interleaved converter and the level shifting between different converter output voltages. A prototype system is designed and constructed, optimized for pulsed power operation and compared to a two level and to a neutral point clamped converter design. The system has been simulated numerically and the design boundaries are validated by measurements on the prototype system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a three-phase current-fed dual-active-bridge (DAB) bidirectional DC-DC converter is presented. Compared to the voltage source DAB converter, the proposed converter allows low RMS current and maintains zero voltage switching (ZVS) in the whole operating range by keeping the ratio between primary side and secondary side DC-link voltage constant, leading to high efficient energy conversion over a wide input voltage range. In addition, the ZVS conditions can be maintained using small DC inductors and the input current ripple still remains small because of high DC inductor current ripples being alleviated by three-phase interleaving structure. Furthermore, the proposed topology with Y-Y connected transformers is proven to have better current sharing capability compared with other three-phase topologies with different transformer connections. The operation mode analysis, soft switching conditions, and hardware design guidelines are derived in this paper. A 6-kW hardware prototype with input voltage range of 24~48 V and rated 288 V output voltage is developed and tested in the laboratory. The experimental results verified that the proposed converter could maintain high efficiency over a wide input voltage and power range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many modern energy conversion systems, a dc voltage, which is provided from a sustainable energy source or energy storage device, must be boosted and converted to an ac voltage with a fixed amplitude and frequency. In this paper, a switching pattern based on the concept of the conventional space-vector pulsewidth-modulated (SVPWM) technique is developed for single-stage, three-phase boost-inverters using the topology of current-source inverters. The six main switching states, and two zeros, with three switches conducting at any given instant in conventional SVPWM techniques are modified herein into three-charging states and six discharging states with only two switches conducting at any given instant. The charging states are necessary in order to boost the dc input voltage. The developed switching pattern was experimentally verified through a laboratory-scaled three-phase 500-W boost inverter and the results are presented in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the application of a switched-diode-capacitor voltage accumulator (SDCVA) on conventional boost converter. This study aims to obtain two different kinds of multi-input step-up converters with high voltage gains, low component stresses, low ripples, simple control, and high conversion efficiencies: one is based on the parallel SDCVA and the other based on the serial SDCVA. The double-input step-up converter based on the parallel SDCVA and the double-input step-up converter based on the serial SDCVA are, respectively, taken as an example to do theoretical analysis, including operating principles and performance analyses when they work individually and simultaneously. The two proposed converters are implemented with a voltage closed-loop control at the switching frequency of 30 kHz. Experimental results obtained from the implemented prototypes are provided to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed converters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a digitally controlled single-phase rectifier with power factor correction (PFC) based on a modified three-level boost converter topology. In comparison with the conventional boost-based systems, the new PFC rectifier has about three times smaller inductor and significantly lower switching losses. The improvements are achieved by replacing the output capacitor of the boost converter with a nonsymmetric active capacitive divider, with a 3:1 division ratio, and by utilizing the downstream converter stage for the capacitive divider's center-tap voltage regulation. The nonsymmetric voltage divider and applied switching sequence effectively provide four-level converter behavior using the same number of components as three-level converters. As a result, a 66% reduction of the inductor compared to the conventional boost-based PFC and a 33% compared to the standard three-level solutions operating at the same effective switching frequencies are also achieved. Experimental results obtained with a 400 W, 200 kHz, universal input voltage (85 Vrms-265 Vrms) PFC prototype demonstrate three times smaller inductor current ripple than that of the conventional boost converter allowing for the same inductor reduction. Efficiency improvements of up to a 6% are also demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High efficiency and high power density can be achieved with a dc-dc transformer by operating all the switches at a fixed 50% duty cycle. However, the output voltage of the dc-dc transformer cannot be regulated. Novel rectifiers named active boost rectifiers (ABRs) are proposed in this paper. Basically, an ABR is composed of a traditional diode rectifier and a bidirectional switch. By adopting phase-shift control between the primary- and secondary-side switches, the output voltage regulation can be achieved when introducing the ABR to a dc-dc transformer. As a result, a family of novel soft-switching dc-dc converters is harvested. When the proposed converter operates in the soft-switching continuous conduction mode, zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) performance for all the primary- and secondary-side switches is achieved. When the converter operates in the discontinuous conduction mode, zero current switching (ZCS) for the primary-side switches and ZVS for the secondary-side switches are achieved. Furthermore, the diode reverse-recovery problem is alleviated by employing the ABR and phase-shift control scheme. As an example, the full-bridge converter with voltage-doubler ABR is analyzed to verify the proposed ABR concept and converters. The operation principles, voltage conversion ratio, and output characteristics are analyzed in depth. Finally, experimental results are provided to verify the feasibility and effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel bidirectional modular multilevel dc-dc converter is proposed. The proposed topology, named the triangular modular multilevel dc-dc converter (TMMC), can achieve equal power sharing among its modules over a broad range of conversion ratios. The proposed control algorithm provides localized control of modules which enhances the converter's dynamic performance and design flexibility. A 1.7-kW experimental implementation of the converter is shown to achieve an efficiency of 95.9% and 96.2% in step-up and step-down modes, respectively. Significant reductions in the input current and output voltage ripples are observed through the interleaved operation of the converter. The TMMC also provides multiple fixed voltage nodes which makes it suitable as a multiple-input multiple-output converter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]