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PURPOSE: To evaluate interobserver agreement in assigning imaging features and classifying adnexal masses using the IOTA simple rules versus O-RADS lexicon and identify causes of discrepancy. METHODS: Pelvic ultrasound (US) examinations in 114 women with 118 adnexal masses were evaluated by eight radiologists blinded to the final diagnosis (4 attendings and 4 fellows) using IOTA simple rules and O-RADS lexicon. Each feature category was analyzed for interobserver agreement using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for ordinal variables and free marginal kappa for nominal variables. The two-tailed significance level (a) was set at 0.05. RESULTS: For IOTA simple rules, interobserver agreement was almost perfect for three malignant lesion categories (M2-4) and substantial for the remaining two (M1, M5) with k-values of 0.80-0.82 and 0.68-0.69, respectively. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect for two benign feature categories (B2, B3), substantial for two (B4, B5) and moderate for one (B1) with k-values of 0.81-0.90, 0.69-0.70 and 0.60, respectively. For O-RADS, interobserver agreement was almost perfect for two out of ten feature categories (ascites and peritoneal nodules) with k-values of 0.89 and 0.97. Interobserver agreement ranged from fair to substantial for the remaining eight feature categories with k-values of 0.39-0.61. Fellows and attendings had ICC values of 0.725 and 0.517, respectively. CONCLUSION: O-RADS had variable interobserver agreement with overall good agreement. IOTA simple rules had more uniform interobserver agreement with overall excellent agreement. Greater reader experience did not improve interobserver agreement with O-RADS.

The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO), the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology (ISUOG), the International Ovarian Tumour Analysis (IOTA) group and the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy (ESGE) jointly developed clinically relevant and evidence-based statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors, including imaging techniques, biomarkers and prediction models. ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE nominated a multidisciplinary international group, including expert practising clinicians and researchers who have demonstrated leadership and expertise in the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and management of patients with ovarian cancer (19 experts across Europe). A patient representative was also included in the group. To ensure that the statements were evidence-based, the current literature was reviewed and critically appraised. Preliminary statements were drafted based on the review of the relevant literature. During a conference call, the whole group discussed each preliminary statement and a first round of voting was carried out. Statements were removed when consensus among group members was not obtained. The voters had the opportunity to provide comments/suggestions with their votes. The statements were then revised accordingly. Another round of voting was carried out according to the same rules to allow the whole group to evaluate the revised version of the statements. The group achieved consensus on 18 statements. This Consensus Statement presents these ESGO/ISUOG/IOTA/ESGE statements on the preoperative diagnosis of ovarian tumors and the assessment of carcinomatosis, together with a summary of the evidence supporting each statement.

OBJECTIVES: This pilot study evaluated whether contrast-enhanced subharmonic imaging (SHI) could be used to characterize adnexal masses before surgical intervention. METHODS: Ten women (with 12 lesions) scheduled for surgery of an ovarian mass underwent an SHI examination of their adnexal region using a modified LOGIQ E9 scanner (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI) with an endocavitary transducer, in which digital clips were acquired by pulse destruction-replenishment SHI across the lesions. Time-intensity curves were created offline to quantitatively evaluate SHI parameters (fractional tumor perfusion, peak contrast intensity, time to peak contrast enhancement, and area under the time-intensity curve), which were compared to pathologic characterizations of the lesions. RESULTS: Of the 12 masses, 8 were benign, and 4 were malignant. A qualitative analysis of the SHI images by an experienced radiologist resulted in diagnostic accuracy of 70%, compared to 56% without contrast, whereas an inexperienced radiologist improved from 50% to 58% accuracy, demonstrating the benefit of SHI. A quantitative analysis of SHI parameters produced diagnostic accuracy as high as 81%. Peak contrast intensity was significantly greater in malignant than benign masses (mean ± SD, 0.109 ± 0.088 versus 0.046 ± 0.030 arbitrary units; P = .046). Malignant masses also showed significantly greater perfusion than benign masses (24.79% ± 25.34% versus 7.62% ± 6.50%; P = .045). When the radiologist reads were combined with the most predictive quantitative SHI parameter (percent perfusion), diagnostic accuracy improved to 84% for the experienced radiologist and 96% for the novice radiologist. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate that SHI for presurgical characterization of adnexal masses may improve the determination of malignancy and diagnostic accuracy, albeit based on a small sample size.

The increasing use of de-torsion of the ovaries may result in re-torsion. This review addresses risk of re-torsion and describes preventive strategies to avoid re-torsion in pre-menarcheal girls, and fertile and pregnant women. We clinically reviewed PubMed, Embase, Trip and Cochrane databases. The main outcome measures were re-torsion and viability of ovary with fixation measures. A total of 38 publications including 71 girls, 363 fertile women, and 69 pregnant women were found to be relevant. All studies were case reports or case series, sometimes with non-randomized controls. The studies show considerable heterogeneity in design, population, management and outcome. Only four studies included more than 50 cases. In pregnancy the risk of re-torsion was as high as 19.5-37.5%; among fertile women it was 28.6%. Most articles concluded that fixation of the ovaries to the pelvic sidewall or plication of the ovarian ligament after torsion may prevent re-torsion. In one case a girl experienced re-torsion after ovariopexy. Based on observational studies it seems that de-torsion and fixation of the ovary is a safe procedure that usually ensures maintenance of ovarian function and reduces the risk of recurrence, especially when there are no ovarian cysts or adnexal masses.

To develop a risk prediction model to preoperatively discriminate between benign, borderline, stage I invasive, stage II-IV invasive, and secondary metastatic ovarian tumours.

ObjectiveTo determine the impact on referral patterns of using a Multivariate Index Assay, CA125, modified-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists referral guidelines, and clinical assessment among patients undergoing surgery for an adnexal mass after initial evaluation by nongynecologic oncologists.Study designOverall, 770 patients were enrolled by nongynecologic oncologists from 2 related, multiinstitutional, prospective trials and analyzed retrospectively. All patients had preoperative imaging and biomarker analysis. The subset of patients enrolled by nongynecologic oncologists was analyzed to determine the projected referral patterns and sensitivity for malignancy based on multivariate index assay (MIA), CA125, modified-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines, and clinical assessment compared with actual practice.ResultsThe prevalence of malignancy was 21.3% (n = 164). In clinical practice, 462/770 patients (60.0%) were referred to a gynecologic oncologist for surgery. Triage based on CA125 predicted referral of 157/770 patients (20.4%) with sensitivity of 68.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.8-74.9). Triage based on modified-ACOG guidelines would have resulted in referral of 256/770 patients (33.2%) with a sensitivity of 79.3% (95% CI, 72.4-84.8). Clinical assessment predicted referral of 184/763 patients (24.1%) with a sensitivity of 73.2% (95% CI, 65.9-79.4). Risk stratification using multivariate index assay would have resulted in referral of 429/770 (55.7%) patients, with sensitivity of 90.2% (95% CI, 84.7-93.9). MIA demonstrated statistically significant higher sensitivity (P < .0001) and lower specificity (P < .0001) for detecting malignancy compared with clinical assessment, CA125, and modified-ACOG guidelines.ConclusionIn this study population, use of MIA as a risk stratification test was associated with referral patterns by nongynecologic oncologists comparable to actual clinical practice and higher se

ObjectiveTo determine the impact on referral patterns of using a Multivariate Index Assay, CA125, modified-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists referral guidelines, and clinical assessment among patients undergoing surgery for an adnexal mass after initial evaluation by nongynecologic oncologists.Study designOverall, 770 patients were enrolled by nongynecologic oncologists from 2 related, multiinstitutional, prospective trials and analyzed retrospectively. All patients had preoperative imaging and biomarker analysis. The subset of patients enrolled by nongynecologic oncologists was analyzed to determine the projected referral patterns and sensitivity for malignancy based on multivariate index assay (MIA), CA125, modified-American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) guidelines, and clinical assessment compared with actual practice.ResultsThe prevalence of malignancy was 21.3% (n = 164). In clinical practice, 462/770 patients (60.0%) were referred to a gynecologic oncologist for surgery. Triage based on CA125 predicted referral of 157/770 patients (20.4%) with sensitivity of 68.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 60.8-74.9). Triage based on modified-ACOG guidelines would have resulted in referral of 256/770 patients (33.2%) with a sensitivity of 79.3% (95% CI, 72.4-84.8). Clinical assessment predicted referral of 184/763 patients (24.1%) with a sensitivity of 73.2% (95% CI, 65.9-79.4). Risk stratification using multivariate index assay would have resulted in referral of 429/770 (55.7%) patients, with sensitivity of 90.2% (95% CI, 84.7-93.9). MIA demonstrated statistically significant higher sensitivity (P < .0001) and lower specificity (P < .0001) for detecting malignancy compared with clinical assessment, CA125, and modified-ACOG guidelines.ConclusionIn this study population, use of MIA as a risk stratification test was associated with referral patterns by nongynecologic oncologists comparable to actual clinical practice and higher se

Our data suggest that HistoScanning may have the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of RMI, which could result in better triage for women with adnexal masses. Further prospective validation is warranted.

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical, ultrasonography signs and Doppler color in the diagnosis of the torsión of pedicle. Methods: Prospective observational study of cross-section included 22 patients over a period of three years, who attended with acute abdominal pain and presence of anexial cyst. With an age range between 22 and 58 years. Results: 22 patients, 9 had torsión of pedicle; triad classic showed a 55% sensitivity, specificity 46%, positive predictive value 42%, negative predictive value 60%. The direct sign of torsión of pedicleshowed a sensitivity of 78%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 87%,negative predictive value of 86%. The absence of Doppler signal colorshowed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value 69%, negative predictive value of 100%. The abdominal free liquid showed a variable result. Conclusions: The clinical suspicion is the first passage in the diagnosis; the finding of the direct sign of torsión was the one of greater value diagnosis; the finding of color Doppler signal in the wall of the cyst practically, discarded any possibility of torsion, Objetivos: Evaluar los signos clínicos, ecográficos y Doppler color en el diagnóstico de la torsión de pedículo. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de corte transversal, incluyó a 22 pacientes durante un período de tres años, que acudieron, con dolor abdominal agudo y presencia de quiste anexial. Las edades comprendidas fueron entre 22 y 58 años. Resultados: Cotejados con los hallazgos quirúrgicos y la evolución clínica: de 22 pacientes, 9 tenían torsión de pedículo; la tríada clásica mostró una sensibilidad de 55%, especificidad del 46%, valor predictivo positivo del 42%, valor predictivo negativo del 60%. El signo directo de torsión de pedículo mostró una sensibilidad de 78%, especificidad de 92%, valor predictivo positivo de 87%, valor predictivo negativo del 86%. El Doppler color mostró una sensibilidad de 100%, especificidad de 69%, valor predictivo positivo de 69%, valor predictivo negativo de 100%. El líquido libre abdominal mostró un resultado variable. Conclusiones: La sospecha clínica es el primer paso en el diagnóstico; el hallazgo del signo directo de torsión fue el de mayor valor diagnóstico; el hallazgo de señal Doppler color en la pared del quiste prácticamente, descartó la posibilidad de torsión

Objectives: To evaluate the clinical, ultrasonography signs and Doppler color in the diagnosis of the torsión of pedicle. Methods: Prospective observational study of cross-section included 22 patients over a period of three years, who attended with acute abdominal pain and presence of anexial cyst. With an age range between 22 and 58 years. Results: 22 patients, 9 had torsión of pedicle; triad classic showed a 55% sensitivity, specificity 46%, positive predictive value 42%, negative predictive value 60%. The direct sign of torsión of pedicleshowed a sensitivity of 78%, specificity 92%, positive predictive value 87%,negative predictive value of 86%. The absence of Doppler signal colorshowed a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value 69%, negative predictive value of 100%. The abdominal free liquid showed a variable result. Conclusions: The clinical suspicion is the first passage in the diagnosis; the finding of the direct sign of torsión was the one of greater value diagnosis; the finding of color Doppler signal in the wall of the cyst practically, discarded any possibility of torsion, Objetivos: Evaluar los signos clínicos, ecográficos y Doppler color en el diagnóstico de la torsión de pedículo. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo de corte transversal, incluyó a 22 pacientes durante un período de tres años, que acudieron, con dolor abdominal agudo y presencia de quiste anexial. Las edades comprendidas fueron entre 22 y 58 años. Resultados: Cotejados con los hallazgos quirúrgicos y la evolución clínica: de 22 pacientes, 9 tenían torsión de pedículo; la tríada clásica mostró una sensibilidad de 55%, especificidad del 46%, valor predictivo positivo del 42%, valor predictivo negativo del 60%. El signo directo de torsión de pedículo mostró una sensibilidad de 78%, especificidad de 92%, valor predictivo positivo de 87%, valor predictivo negativo del 86%. El Doppler color mostró una sensibilidad de 100%, especificidad de 69%, valor predictivo positivo de 69%, valor predictivo negativo de 100%. El líquido libre abdominal mostró un resultado variable. Conclusiones: La sospecha clínica es el primer paso en el diagnóstico; el hallazgo del signo directo de torsión fue el de mayor valor diagnóstico; el hallazgo de señal Doppler color en la pared del quiste prácticamente, descartó la posibilidad de torsión

This study aimed to evaluate the potential advantages of laparoendoscopic single-site surgery (LESS) approach with respect to conventional laparoscopy.

Adnexal torsion is a rare occurrence during pregnancy. Here we present a case of adnexal torsion during the 25th week of pregnancy, which was managed laparoscopically. The woman had achieved a successful twin pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. She was admitted to the emergency department with acute abdominal pain. Abdominal ultrasound with colour Doppler mapping of the intra-ovarian blood flow showed adnexal torsion. Laparoscopic management was successfully carried out.

Four different major clinical complications were identified in a retrospective analysis of 2495 in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles resulting in oocyte retrieval. The severe form of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) occurred in 18 patients, giving a prevalence for this complication of 0.7%. Seven (39%) of these 18 patients had previously been diagnosed as having polycystic ovaries. Eleven patients were admitted with moderate OHSS. Adnexal torsion was diagnosed in two patients. Ovariectomy was considered necessary in both cases. Complications of the transvaginal procedure occurred in seven cases (0.3%): one patient had an acute appendicitis with puncture holes in the appendix, six patients were admitted shortly after oocyte retrieval with a pelvic inflammatory disease. Of the 624 pregnancies obtained, 13 were ectopic, giving an ectopic pregnancy rate of 2.1%. It is concluded that serious clinical complications of IVF treatment are rare. However, patients should be counselled for the occurrence of serious procedure-related complications before entering an IVF programme.

Seventy patients with palpable adnexal masses were subjected to ultrasonographic examination. Three patients with negative ultrasound and no disease were excluded from the final analysis. Correct diagnosis was obtained in 58.2% patients; contributory information in 16.4%. Ultrasonography is valuable in diagnosing functional and benign ovarian neoplasms. It is also useful in suspecting malignant ovarian neoplasms and confirming diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, if correlated with the clinical findings.