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The adolescent population is the foundation for a Nation’s progress. Their shoulders therefore must be emboldened withhealth and dignity to ensure a developed Nation. However, the multitude of prevailing epidemics have left nostone unturnedto enfeeble their strength. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity stand amongst the top shotguns. There is a dire needto execute preventive as well as therapeutic actions to contain the epidemic, for which one must be well versed with theattributable risk factors. In this article, we will understand the synaptics of adolescent obesity and T2DM and what strategiesare recommended by the health authorities to prevent and overcome this rising epidemic

The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has increased rapidly in many parts of the world. Due to its effects on cardiovascular risk, diabetes, and mortality in adulthood, obesity is now considered a severe public health issue in many settings. However, obesity in early life also has adverse social and psychological ramifications, including teasing, bullying, discrimination, body shaming, isolation. These social consequences of adolescent obesity may result in individuals being socially excluded or having problems with social integration. As a result, adolescent obesity may affect civic participation in adulthood. By focusing on social biases and discrimination due to adolescent overweight and obesity status which lead to social exclusion, this paper explores whether the overweight and obesity status in adolescence affects civic participation in early adulthood. Additionally, this study also examines if there are sex differences in the association between adolescent obesity and civic participation in early adulthood. To address the research questions, the study uses data from Waves I and IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health). The findings of this study indicate that there is no significant association between adolescents overweight and obese status and early adulthood civic participation. The results also show that there are no significant sex differences in the association of adolescent obesity and civic participation in early adulthood. The findings, though surprising, offer a critical understanding of weight related social biases and discriminations and emphasize the complexity of the association between obesity and civic participation., Embargo status: Restricted until 01/2027. To request the author grant access, click on the PDF link to the left.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidity, weight stigma, and premature adult mortality. Physical activity provides many health benefits for adolescents with obesity. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore what experiences adolescents who have or have had obesity between 13–18 years of age have from long-term participation in regular physical activity in a lifestyle intervention. Method: Semi-structured interviews were performed with nine adolescents (five girls, four boys) ages 13–18 years who had been participating in physical activity in a regular way in this intervention. They had been participating for one to six years (average 2.8 years). Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Result: The adolescent’s experiences of regular physical activity in this intervention was divided into three categories: 1) to experience the joy of movement; 2) to experience influence of the group; 3) to experience personal development. An inclusive and accepting group increased positive feelings of participation and they experienced that they achieved weight loss, improved self-esteem, and generally felt better when they started to be physically active. Conclusion: When adolescents who have or have had obesity are given the proper circumstances for physical activity, they experience it as fun and self-developing. It is important for adolescents to be allowed to be with friends with similar experiences and be among individuals they feel comfortable with and connected to. © 2023 The Author(s).

Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidity, weight stigma, and premature adult mortality. Physical activity provides many health benefits for adolescents with obesity. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore what experiences adolescents who have or have had obesity between 13–18 years of age have from long-term participation in regular physical activity in a lifestyle intervention. Method: Semi-structured interviews were performed with nine adolescents (five girls, four boys) ages 13–18 years who had been participating in physical activity in a regular way in this intervention. They had been participating for one to six years (average 2.8 years). Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Result: The adolescent’s experiences of regular physical activity in this intervention was divided into three categories: 1) to experience the joy of movement; 2) to experience influence of the group; 3) to experience personal development. An inclusive and accepting group increased positive feelings of participation and they experienced that they achieved weight loss, improved self-esteem, and generally felt better when they started to be physically active. Conclusion: When adolescents who have or have had obesity are given the proper circumstances for physical activity, they experience it as fun and self-developing. It is important for adolescents to be allowed to be with friends with similar experiences and be among individuals they feel comfortable with and connected to. © 2023 The Author(s).

The adolescent population is the foundation for a Nation’s progress. Their shoulders therefore must be emboldened with health and dignity to ensure a developed Nation. However, the multitude of prevailing epidemics have left nostone unturned to enfeeble their strength. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity stand amongst the top shotguns. There is a dire need to execute preventive as well as therapeutic actions to contain the epidemic, for which one must be well versed with the attributable risk factors. In this article, we will understand the synaptics of adolescent obesity and T2DM and what strategies are recommended by the health authorities to prevent and overcome this rising epidemic.

The adolescent population is the foundation for a Nation’s progress. Their shoulders therefore must be emboldened with health and dignity to ensure a developed Nation. However, the multitude of prevailing epidemics have left nostone unturned to enfeeble their strength. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity stand amongst the top shotguns. There is a dire need to execute preventive as well as therapeutic actions to contain the epidemic, for which one must be well versed with the attributable risk factors. In this article, we will understand the synaptics of adolescent obesity and T2DM and what strategies are recommended by the health authorities to prevent and overcome this rising epidemic.

INTRODUCTION: Reports vary on the impact of obesity on the incidence of lower extremity fractures after a fall. We hypothesized that obese adolescents (OA) presenting after a fall have a higher risk of any and severe lower extremity fractures compared to non-OAs. METHODS: A national database was queried for adolescents (12-17 years old) after a fall. Primary outcome included lower extremity fracture. Adolescents with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 (OA) were compared to adolescents with a BMI < 30 (non-OA). RESULTS: From 20,264 falls, 2523 (12.5%) included OAs. Compared to non-OAs, the rate of any lower extremity fracture was higher for OAs (51.5% vs. 30.7%, p < 0.001). This remained true for lower extremity fractures at all locations (all p < 0.05). After adjusting for sex and age, associated risk for any lower extremity fracture (OR 2.41, CI 2.22-2.63, p < 0.001) and severe lower extremity fracture (OR 1.31, CI 1.15-1.49, p < 0.001) was higher for OAs. This remained true in subset analyses of ground level falls (GLF) and falls from height (FFH) (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Obesity significantly impacts adolescents risk of all types of lower extremity fractures after FFH or GLF. Hence, providers should have heightened awareness for possible lower extremity fractures in OAs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidity, weight stigma, and premature adult mortality. Physical activity provides many health benefits for adolescents with obesity. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore what experiences adolescents who have or have had obesity between 13–18 years of age have from long-term participation in regular physical activity in a lifestyle intervention. Method: Semi-structured interviews were performed with nine adolescents (five girls, four boys) ages 13–18 years who had been participating in physical activity in a regular way in this intervention. They had been participating for one to six years (average 2.8 years). Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Result: The adolescent’s experiences of regular physical activity in this intervention was divided into three categories: 1) to experience the joy of movement; 2) to experience influence of the group; 3) to experience personal development. An inclusive and accepting group increased positive feelings of participation and they experienced that they achieved weight loss, improved self-esteem, and generally felt better when they started to be physically active. Conclusion: When adolescents who have or have had obesity are given the proper circumstances for physical activity, they experience it as fun and self-developing. It is important for adolescents to be allowed to be with friends with similar experiences and be among individuals they feel comfortable with and connected to. © 2023 The Author(s).

Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidity, weight stigma, and premature adult mortality. Physical activity provides many health benefits for adolescents with obesity. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore what experiences adolescents who have or have had obesity between 13–18 years of age have from long-term participation in regular physical activity in a lifestyle intervention. Method: Semi-structured interviews were performed with nine adolescents (five girls, four boys) ages 13–18 years who had been participating in physical activity in a regular way in this intervention. They had been participating for one to six years (average 2.8 years). Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Result: The adolescent’s experiences of regular physical activity in this intervention was divided into three categories: 1) to experience the joy of movement; 2) to experience influence of the group; 3) to experience personal development. An inclusive and accepting group increased positive feelings of participation and they experienced that they achieved weight loss, improved self-esteem, and generally felt better when they started to be physically active. Conclusion: When adolescents who have or have had obesity are given the proper circumstances for physical activity, they experience it as fun and self-developing. It is important for adolescents to be allowed to be with friends with similar experiences and be among individuals they feel comfortable with and connected to. © 2023 The Author(s).

Introduction: Childhood obesity is associated with cardiometabolic and psychosocial comorbidity, weight stigma, and premature adult mortality. Physical activity provides many health benefits for adolescents with obesity. Aim: The purpose of this study was to explore what experiences adolescents who have or have had obesity between 13–18 years of age have from long-term participation in regular physical activity in a lifestyle intervention. Method: Semi-structured interviews were performed with nine adolescents (five girls, four boys) ages 13–18 years who had been participating in physical activity in a regular way in this intervention. They had been participating for one to six years (average 2.8 years). Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse the data. Result: The adolescent’s experiences of regular physical activity in this intervention was divided into three categories: 1) to experience the joy of movement; 2) to experience influence of the group; 3) to experience personal development. An inclusive and accepting group increased positive feelings of participation and they experienced that they achieved weight loss, improved self-esteem, and generally felt better when they started to be physically active. Conclusion: When adolescents who have or have had obesity are given the proper circumstances for physical activity, they experience it as fun and self-developing. It is important for adolescents to be allowed to be with friends with similar experiences and be among individuals they feel comfortable with and connected to. © 2023 The Author(s).

The aim of the current study was to identify the main trends for the year 2021 in Colombia with the findings of the national survey carried out the previous year and with the Spanish and international rankings for 2021. The information was obtained through a survey online replicating the methodology developed by the American College of Sports Medicine in international surveys on trends in fitness. The questionnaire was sent to 3,800 professionals from different sports departments and regions of Colombia, obtaining a total of 1,700 responses (response rate of 32.07%). The results place in the top 5 of trends in Colombia: “online training”, “exercise apps”, “exercise programs against children and adolescent obesity”, “exercise programs for populations with diseases” and “fitness programs for older adults ”. Within the top 20 there are 14 trends that coincide with the national survey of the previous year, with slight changes in position; 11 equivalences with the Spanish ranking and 9 with the 2021 international survey ranking. The results show a relevance of the practice of physical activity for health and well-being-oriented purposes, as well as a growing interest in the use of technology in the fitness sector., El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar y comparar las principales tendencias fitness para el año 2021 en Colombia con los hallazgos de la encuesta nacional realizada el año anterior y con los rankings español e internacional del año 2021. La información fue obtenida a través de una encuesta online replicando la metodología desarrollada por el Colegio Americano de Medicina el Deporte en las encuestas internacionales sobre tendencias en fitness. El cuestionario se envió a 3.800 profesionales de distintos departamentos deportivos y de regiones de Colombia obteniéndose un total de 1700 respuestas (tasa de respuesta del 32.07%). Los resultados sitúan en el top 5 de tendencias en Colombia las “clases remotas/online”, las “apps de ejercicios”, los “programas de ejercicio para combatir la obesidad en niños y adolescentes”, los “programas de ejercicio para poblaciones con enfermedades” y los “programas fitness para adultos mayores”. Dentro del top 20 se encuentran 14 tendencias coincidentes con la encuesta nacional del año anterior, con ligeros cambios de posición; 11 equivalencias con el ranking español y 9 con el ranking de la encuesta internacional de 2021. Los resultados muestran una relevancia de la práctica de actividad física con fines orientados a la salud y el bienestar, además de un creciente interés por el uso de la tecnología en el sector del fitness.

Adolescent obesity rates are increasing on an epidemic level and food intake is one of the most important causes of this condition. From an ecological perspective, food intake is, in turn, influenced by many factors that need to be considered. This study aims to evaluate the associations between socio-demographic factors (gender, family origin, socio-economic status, parent's education level), which consist of social stratifiers, health literacy and family context, as independent variables, and food intake (consumption of fruits, vegetables, soft drinks and sweets and breakfast frequency) and outcomes (Body Mass Index category), as dependent variables. Data were retrieved from 2145 students (13 and 15 years old) from the Lombardy region (Italy) who participated in the 2018 edition of Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC). Six multiple binary logistic regression models were used in this study. Fruit, vegetable and soft drinks consumption models were related to all three-factor levels. Breakfast consumption frequency was associated with socio-demographic variables. BMI category was associated with socio-demographic and family variables. The results confirmed the existence of social inequalities, the importance of health literacy in predicting healthy behaviours and the relevance of the family context. The study confirms the importance of the ecological approach to understanding food intake and overweight/obesity status in adolescents.

Child and adolescent overweight is a growing public health problem globally. Europe and low and middle-income (LMIC) countries in Sub-Saharan Africa provide sufficiently suitable populations to learn from with respect to the potential for mobile health (mHealth) interventions in this area of research. The aim of this paper is to identify mHealth interventions on prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Sweden and report on their effects, in order to inform future research in this area. A search of peer-reviewed publications was performed using PubMed, ScienceDirect, EBSCOhost, and Scopus. The search included all articles published up to August 2019. The search strings consisted of MeSH terms related to mHealth, overweight or obesity, children, adolescents or youth and individual countries in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa. Second, a combination of free-text words; mobile phone, physical activity, exercise, diet, weight, BMI, and healthy eating was also used. Seven studies were reported from Europe and no eligible studies from Sub-Saharan Africa. The results of this narrative review indicate a lack of research in the development and testing of mHealth interventions for childhood and adolescent obesity. There is a need for an evidence base of mHealth interventions that are both relevant and appropriate in order to stem the epidemic of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in these countries. Uptake of such interventions is likely to be high as there is high penetrance of mobile phone technology amongst adolescents, even within poor communities in Africa., Funding: South Africa Sweden University Forum (SASUF) and the Department of Higher Education and Training (DHET) in South Africa

Purpose: Manipulation of meal macronutrient may be a useful way to modulate meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT) to induce increases in energy expenditure. The objective of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight and the effect of a high protein and high carbohydrate meal on MIT. Method(s): An acute cross-over study with adolescents aged 11-19 years was undertaken. Participants consumed in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO), and a high 55% protein (HP) meal (adjusted to 25% of energy requirements). MIT and subjective appetite were assessed for 4 h postprandial and an ad libitum lunch served. Data calculated as total AUC and expressed as mean +/- SEM. Result(s): Thirteen adolescents with obesity (mean BMI z score 2.3 +/- 0.1) and 13 healthy weight (BMI z score 0.0 +/- 0.2) participated. Mean MIT (% of energy intake) was greater after the HP (8.19 +/- 0.709%) compared with the HCHO meal (4.36 +/- 0.480%) (p < 0.001). The HP compared with the HCHO meal promoted greater fullness (12,994 +/- 1208 vs 11,186 +/- 1220 mm/4 h) (p = 0.016) and decreased hunger (8868 +/- 1315 vs 10984 mm +/- 1438 mm/4 h) (p = 0.007). These effects observed were independent of body weight. Conclusion(s): High protein meals can increase MIT and fullness and reduce hunger compared with high carbohydrate meals in adolescents with obesity. Future research is warranted to determine if MIT can be targeted through manipulation of dietary choices to support weight management strategies. Trial registration: This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Trial ID: ACTRN12612001066875.Copyright © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Purpose: Manipulation of meal macronutrient may be a useful way to modulate meal-induced thermogenesis (MIT) to induce increases in energy expenditure. The objective of this study was to examine in adolescents with obesity and of healthy weight and the effect of a high protein and high carbohydrate meal on MIT. Method(s): An acute cross-over study with adolescents aged 11-19 years was undertaken. Participants consumed in random order, a high 79% carbohydrate (HCHO), and a high 55% protein (HP) meal (adjusted to 25% of energy requirements). MIT and subjective appetite were assessed for 4 h postprandial and an ad libitum lunch served. Data calculated as total AUC and expressed as mean +/- SEM. Result(s): Thirteen adolescents with obesity (mean BMI z score 2.3 +/- 0.1) and 13 healthy weight (BMI z score 0.0 +/- 0.2) participated. Mean MIT (% of energy intake) was greater after the HP (8.19 +/- 0.709%) compared with the HCHO meal (4.36 +/- 0.480%) (p < 0.001). The HP compared with the HCHO meal promoted greater fullness (12,994 +/- 1208 vs 11,186 +/- 1220 mm/4 h) (p = 0.016) and decreased hunger (8868 +/- 1315 vs 10984 mm +/- 1438 mm/4 h) (p = 0.007). These effects observed were independent of body weight. Conclusion(s): High protein meals can increase MIT and fullness and reduce hunger compared with high carbohydrate meals in adolescents with obesity. Future research is warranted to determine if MIT can be targeted through manipulation of dietary choices to support weight management strategies. Trial registration: This study is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR). Trial ID: ACTRN12612001066875.Copyright © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.

Obesity in adolescents is increasing rapidly. Biological, genetic, cultural & behavioral factors cause obesity. Risk of becoming obese is 50% when either of the parent is obese & it increases to 80% when both of them are obese.

Obesity in adolescents is increasing rapidly. Biological, genetic, cultural & behavioral factors cause obesity. Risk of becoming obese is 50% when either of the parent is obese & it increases to 80% when both of them are obese.

PurposeTo explore 10-year longitudinal predictors (personal, psychological, behavioral, and socioenvironmental) of exiting obesity from adolescence to young adulthood.MethodsData were collected from a population-based cohort of adolescents (n = 2,287) attending middle/high schools in Minneapolis-St. Paul in 1998-1999 (mean age = 14.9) and again in 2008-2009 (mean age = 25.3) participating in Project Eating and Activity Among Teens and Young Adults. Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate weight status change between adolescence and young adulthood, among participants with obesity at baseline (n = 175). Questionnaires assessed personal, psychological, behavioral, and socioenvironmental factors hypothesized to play a role in obesity. Modified Poisson regressions estimated adjusted relative risks (RRs) for exiting obesity as a function of each baseline and 10-year change in predictor, controlling for relevant covariates.ResultsThirty-two percent of adolescents exited obesity in young adulthood. Reductions in fast food intake (RR = .73, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .61-.87) and screen time (RR = .98, 95% CI = .96-.99), and increases in fruit/vegetable intake (RR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (RR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00-1.12), home fruit/vegetable availability (RR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.19-2.09), family meals (RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.03-1.22), and serving vegetables at dinner (RR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.10-1.92) were associated with exiting obesity. Not dieting as an adolescent and improvements in body satisfaction, depressive symptoms, self-esteem, and weight teasing were also associated with exiting obesity.ConclusionsPromoting healthy eating and activity, and improving the healthfulness of home food environments may be promising intervention targets for promoting healthier weights in adolescents and young adults with obesity. Addressing dieting

Obesity in adolescents is increasing rapidly. Biological, genetic, cultural & behavioral factors cause obesity. Risk of becoming obese is 50% when either of the parent is obese & it increases to 80% when both of them are obese.

Obesity in adolescents is increasing rapidly. Biological, genetic, cultural & behavioral factors cause obesity. Risk of becoming obese is 50% when either of the parent is obese & it increases to 80% when both of them are obese.

Purpose: In 2003, Arkansas enacted Act 1220, one of the first comprehensive legislative initiatives aimed at addressing childhood obesity. One important provision of Act 1220 mandated that all children attending public schools be screened for their body mass index (BMI) and the information sent home to their parents. Since then, eight other states have adopted similar school-based BMI screening and notification policies. Despite their widespread adoption and implementation, there is a dearth of empirical studies evaluating such policies, particularly for adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether adolescents, who had been previously screened in early adolescence, experienced changes in their health outcomes if they continued to receive screening and reporting throughout late adolescence (11th and 12th grades).Methods: Secondary data from the Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were analyzed using the method of difference-in-differences. Changes in outcomes between 10th and 12th grade were compared between a group of students who received screenings throughout 11th and 12th grades versus a later comparison group who were exempt from screening and reporting requirements in 11th and 12th grades.Results: BMI screening and parental notification during late adolescence, given prior screening and notification in early adolescence, was not significantly related to BMI-for-age z-scores, the probability of being in a lower weight classification or exercise and dietary intake behaviors.Conclusion: Exposing 11th and 12th graders to BMI screening and reporting, given that they had been exposed in prior grades, was not associated with adolescents' health outcomes.

Purpose: In 2003, Arkansas enacted Act 1220, one of the first comprehensive legislative initiatives aimed at addressing childhood obesity. One important provision of Act 1220 mandated that all children attending public schools be screened for their body mass index (BMI) and the information sent home to their parents. Since then, eight other states have adopted similar school-based BMI screening and notification policies. Despite their widespread adoption and implementation, there is a dearth of empirical studies evaluating such policies, particularly for adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether adolescents, who had been previously screened in early adolescence, experienced changes in their health outcomes if they continued to receive screening and reporting throughout late adolescence (11th and 12th grades).Methods: Secondary data from the Centers for Disease Control’s (CDC) Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) were analyzed using the method of difference-in-differences. Changes in outcomes between 10th and 12th grade were compared between a group of students who received screenings throughout 11th and 12th grades versus a later comparison group who were exempt from screening and reporting requirements in 11th and 12th grades.Results: BMI screening and parental notification during late adolescence, given prior screening and notification in early adolescence, was not significantly related to BMI-for-age z-scores, the probability of being in a lower weight classification or exercise and dietary intake behaviors.Conclusion: Exposing 11th and 12th graders to BMI screening and reporting, given that they had been exposed in prior grades, was not associated with adolescents' health outcomes.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased significantly in the developed countries during the past two decades and similar trends are being observed even in the developing world. Methods: Mid adolescent boys and girls (14-16years) of three government and four private schools of Ujjain city were included with sample size of 1000. A pre designed questionnaire regarding nutritional and dietary history was prepared with measurement of anthropometry. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obese children in the present study was 6.8% and 3.7% respectively. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in the private and government schools was 12.2% and 8.4% respectively (p<0.05). Excess calorie intake was seen with 92.3 % of obese children in government compared to 50.8% in private school (p=0.00). It was also found in our study that less outdoor activity, and spending more time with computer and TV was more common in overweight and obese children. Conclusion The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was much higher in private schools than government school. BMI underestimates the obesity while WHR is the better indicator for early detection of central obesity in the adolescent age group. Various factors which were found to have correlation with overweight and obesity included calorie intake, number of meals per day, lack of physical activity and overindulgence in indoor activity in the present study.

Introduction: Overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has increased significantly in the developed countries during the past two decades and similar trends are being observed even in the developing world. Methods: Mid adolescent boys and girls (14-16years) of three government and four private schools of Ujjain city were included with sample size of 1000. A pre designed questionnaire regarding nutritional and dietary history was prepared with measurement of anthropometry. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obese children in the present study was 6.8% and 3.7% respectively. The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity in the private and government schools was 12.2% and 8.4% respectively (p<0.05). Excess calorie intake was seen with 92.3 % of obese children in government compared to 50.8% in private school (p=0.00). It was also found in our study that less outdoor activity, and spending more time with computer and TV was more common in overweight and obese children. Conclusion The combined prevalence of overweight and obesity was much higher in private schools than government school. BMI underestimates the obesity while WHR is the better indicator for early detection of central obesity in the adolescent age group. Various factors which were found to have correlation with overweight and obesity included calorie intake, number of meals per day, lack of physical activity and overindulgence in indoor activity in the present study.

The following research integrated the Theory of Planned Behavior with variables from the consumer socialization and parenting literatures to explore parental impact on adolescent food decision-making. Three specific types of parenting practices (expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors), parenting style, and family communication style were investigated. A multi-method approach was taken to develop and test the integrated model. Study 1 used interviews to identify food-related parental expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors reported by both normal and overweight parents and adolescents. Study 2 evaluated a structural model of adolescent food choice, including predictors from the Theory of Planned Behavior, the food-related parenting practices identified in the interviews, parenting style, and family communication style. The findings suggest that specific parenting practices have an impact on adolescent food choices beyond predictors from the TPB.

The following research integrated the Theory of Planned Behavior with variables from the consumer socialization and parenting literatures to explore parental impact on adolescent food decision-making. Three specific types of parenting practices (expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors), parenting style, and family communication style were investigated. A multi-method approach was taken to develop and test the integrated model. Study 1 used interviews to identify food-related parental expectation, monitoring, and inducement/enforcement behaviors reported by both normal and overweight parents and adolescents. Study 2 evaluated a structural model of adolescent food choice, including predictors from the Theory of Planned Behavior, the food-related parenting practices identified in the interviews, parenting style, and family communication style. The findings suggest that specific parenting practices have an impact on adolescent food choices beyond predictors from the TPB.

Adolescent obesity has increased significantly during the past 20 years disproportionately affecting African-Americans. We tested the cultural hypothesis which suggests that the acceptance of a larger body size among African-Americans serves as a protective factor against negative physical and mental health consequences. Secondary analyses of data from a subsample of 5158 Black and White participants in the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey were conducted to assess the relationship between weight status and global self-reports of physical and psychological health. Planned comparisons revealed support of our hypotheses for some outcomes but not others. Implications for interventions targeting adolescent obesity are discussed.

THE EXPERIENCE OF OBESITY AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS:A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDYMarcia S. WertzABSTRACTThe increased prevalence of childhood obesity in the U.S. has been recognized as a complex and multi-factorial issue that requires a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to deal with it. Obesity is generally considered a problem of errant lifestyle behaviors around eating and exercise. Current approaches address adolescent obesity by aiming to change lifestyle behaviors at the individual level, in the school, and in the larger community. The objective of this study was to understand the experience of overweight adolescent girls who are at the center of these changes.This interpretive phenomenological study was conducted over a 2-year period. It included participant observation in a San Francisco pediatric obesity clinic, in-depth interviews with 15 obese adolescent girls, home visits and in-depth interviews with 3 mothers of girls in the study, a review of adolescent participants' medical records, a review of San Francisco Unified School District's (SFUSD) board meeting and committee meeting minutes since 2001, and participant observation in the SFUSD student nutrition and physical activity committee.The findings have been grouped under three main themes that were present in the data: the adolescent world, how food is understood, and uncovering "the Look." Within each theme the girl's own closest domestic environment and the public we-world intersect in the experience of the adolescent who is faced with changing her eating behaviors.In being identified as the nexus of the problem of obesity, teenage girls adopt different stances, appropriate to their way of being, to respond to those who want to help them control their weight. "Stance" is the stand a person takes on herself. It is not a conscious, mental or emotional stance, rather it is a non-deliberate, non-contemplated effortless way of being. Stance influences every interaction a person has, including those with t

THE EXPERIENCE OF OBESITY AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS:A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDYMarcia S. WertzABSTRACTThe increased prevalence of childhood obesity in the U.S. has been recognized as a complex and multi-factorial issue that requires a comprehensive and multi-pronged approach to deal with it. Obesity is generally considered a problem of errant lifestyle behaviors around eating and exercise. Current approaches address adolescent obesity by aiming to change lifestyle behaviors at the individual level, in the school, and in the larger community. The objective of this study was to understand the experience of overweight adolescent girls who are at the center of these changes.This interpretive phenomenological study was conducted over a 2-year period. It included participant observation in a San Francisco pediatric obesity clinic, in-depth interviews with 15 obese adolescent girls, home visits and in-depth interviews with 3 mothers of girls in the study, a review of adolescent participants' medical records, a review of San Francisco Unified School District's (SFUSD) board meeting and committee meeting minutes since 2001, and participant observation in the SFUSD student nutrition and physical activity committee.The findings have been grouped under three main themes that were present in the data: the adolescent world, how food is understood, and uncovering "the Look." Within each theme the girl's own closest domestic environment and the public we-world intersect in the experience of the adolescent who is faced with changing her eating behaviors.In being identified as the nexus of the problem of obesity, teenage girls adopt different stances, appropriate to their way of being, to respond to those who want to help them control their weight. "Stance" is the stand a person takes on herself. It is not a conscious, mental or emotional stance, rather it is a non-deliberate, non-contemplated effortless way of being. Stance influences every interaction a person has, including those with t

The purpose of this research project is to see if there is a relationship between the amount of physical activity a child gets during the week and their BMI. Previous studies have revealed an increase in the occurrence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity, and associations have been identified between physical activity, sedentary behaviors, dietary patterns and students perceptions of overweight and obesity (Tremblay, 2003). This research study was a casual comparative validation study due to the secondary data that was collected by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Overweight and obesity are determined by the BMI that is calculated by using an individual's height and weight and yields a reliable manner of determining body fatness(U.S. Department, 2007).. Physical activity was measured in the number of hours per week, no physical activity, one to three hours, three to five, five to ten, and greater than ten hours per week. The methodology used the Chi-square test to determine if there is an association between BMI and the categorized amount of time. The analysis of the data indicated that a relationship exist between physical activity and BMI. The results show that the time children spend hourly in physical activity on a weekly basis is associated with their BMI of underweight, healthy-weight, overweight, or obese. The focus for Healthcare Service Administrators should be on future strategies of treatment and prevention and to educate physicians, parents, and their children about the direct and indirect effects of overweight and obesity.

The purpose of this research project is to see if there is a relationship between the amount of physical activity a child gets during the week and their BMI. Previous studies have revealed an increase in the occurrence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity, and associations have been identified between physical activity, sedentary behaviors, dietary patterns and students perceptions of overweight and obesity (Tremblay, 2003). This research study was a casual comparative validation study due to the secondary data that was collected by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Overweight and obesity are determined by the BMI that is calculated by using an individual's height and weight and yields a reliable manner of determining body fatness(U.S. Department, 2007).. Physical activity was measured in the number of hours per week, no physical activity, one to three hours, three to five, five to ten, and greater than ten hours per week. The methodology used the Chi-square test to determine if there is an association between BMI and the categorized amount of time. The analysis of the data indicated that a relationship exist between physical activity and BMI. The results show that the time children spend hourly in physical activity on a weekly basis is associated with their BMI of underweight, healthy-weight, overweight, or obese. The focus for Healthcare Service Administrators should be on future strategies of treatment and prevention and to educate physicians, parents, and their children about the direct and indirect effects of overweight and obesity.

The purpose of this research project is to see if there is a relationship between the amount of physical activity a child gets during the week and their BMI. Previous studies have revealed an increase in the occurrence of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity, and associations have been identified between physical activity, sedentary behaviors, dietary patterns and students perceptions of overweight and obesity (Tremblay, 2003). This research study was a casual comparative validation study due to the secondary data that was collected by the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. Overweight and obesity are determined by the BMI that is calculated by using an individual's height and weight and yields a reliable manner of determining body fatness(U.S. Department, 2007).. Physical activity was measured in the number of hours per week, no physical activity, one to three hours, three to five, five to ten, and greater than ten hours per week. The methodology used the Chi-square test to determine if there is an association between BMI and the categorized amount of time. The analysis of the data indicated that a relationship exist between physical activity and BMI. The results show that the time children spend hourly in physical activity on a weekly basis is associated with their BMI of underweight, healthy-weight, overweight, or obese. The focus for Healthcare Service Administrators should be on future strategies of treatment and prevention and to educate physicians, parents, and their children about the direct and indirect effects of overweight and obesity.

Ayonrinde, O. T., Adams, L. A., Mori, T. A., Beilin, L. J., de Klerk, N., Pennell, C. E., . . . Olynyk, J. K. (2018). Sex differences between parental pregnancy characteristics and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents. Hepatology, 67(1), 108-122. Available here