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© 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. Ruminant livestock are important sources of human food and global greenhouse gas emissions. Feed degradation and methane formation by ruminants rely on metabolic interactions between rumen microbes and affect ruminant productivity. Rumen and camelid foregut microbial community composition was determined in 742 samples from 32 animal species and 35 countries, to estimate if this was influenced by diet, host species, or geography. Similar bacteria and archaea dominated in nearly all samples, while protozoal communities were more variable. The dominant bacteria are poorly characterised, but the methanogenic archaea are better known and highly conserved across the world. This universality and limited diversity could make it possible to mitigate methane emissions by developing strategies that target the few dominant methanogens. Differences in microbial community compositions were predominantly attributable to diet, with the host being less influential. There were few strong co-occurrence patterns between microbes, suggesting that major metabolic interactions are non-selective rather than specific.

The determination of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in domestic animals is of great importance for diagnosis and research purposes. The present work was aimed to determine the baseline plasma ChE activities (acetylcholinesterase, AChE and butyrylcholinestarase, BChE) of Argentine saddle horses sampled from equine farms of Bogota (Colombia) and its surroundings. Plasma AChE and BChE catalytic activities were measured in 60 healthy horses by spectrophotometry within the visible spectrum (405 nm). AChE mean ± SD values (nmols/ml/min) for males (n=32) were 1566 ± 301. Age intervals results were, 0.5–5 years: 1526 ± 295, 6–10 years: 1532 ± 313, 11-15 years: 1615 ± 279, and > 15 years: 1617 ± 335. As for females (n=28), mean AChE was 1323 ± 432, with age intervals as follows, 0.5-5 years: 719 ± 108, 6–10 years: 1603 ± 313, 11–15 years: 1225 ± 294, > 15 years: 1519 ± 369. BChE in males were 3304 ± 822; with age intervals, 0.5-5 years: 3383 ± 715, 6–10 years: 3360 ± 766, 11-15 years: 3267 ± 1064, > 15 years: 3206 ± 861. As for females, BChE values were 3097 ± 432, with age intervals: 0.5-5 years: 2467 ± 981, 6–10 years: 3668 ± 750, 11-15 years: 3238 ± 979, and > 15 years: 3015 ± 925. AChE was significantly different between males and females (t test, p < 0.05) and for both genders when age groups were compared (ANOVA, p < 0.05). BChE had higher values than AChE for both genders and yet no significant difference was found when genders were compared. No differences were found in BChE for age groups in both genders. In a second test, 15 random samples, kept at 4 oC for 72 hours, were analyzed for variations when measured every 24h. Neither AChE nor BChE had significant variations in these 24h-apart measurements. The present investigation found baseline activities for the two types of plasma cholinesterases in Argentinian saddle horses. This will allow researchers and clinicians to count on reference values for diagnosis and comparative purposes.

The determination of cholinesterase (ChE) activity in domestic animals is of great importance for diagnosis and research purposes. The present work was aimed to determine the baseline plasma ChE activities (acetylcholinesterase, AChE and butyrylcholinestarase, BChE) of Argentine saddle horses sampled from equine farms of Bogota (Colombia) and its surroundings. Plasma AChE and BChE catalytic activities were measured in 60 healthy horses by spectrophotometry within the visible spectrum (405 nm). AChE mean ± SD values (nmols/ml/min) for males (n=32) were 1566 ± 301. Age intervals results were, 0.5–5 years: 1526 ± 295, 6–10 years: 1532 ± 313, 11-15 years: 1615 ± 279, and > 15 years: 1617 ± 335. As for females (n=28), mean AChE was 1323 ± 432, with age intervals as follows, 0.5-5 years: 719 ± 108, 6–10 years: 1603 ± 313, 11–15 years: 1225 ± 294, > 15 years: 1519 ± 369. BChE in males were 3304 ± 822; with age intervals, 0.5-5 years: 3383 ± 715, 6–10 years: 3360 ± 766, 11-15 years: 3267 ± 1064, > 15 years: 3206 ± 861. As for females, BChE values were 3097 ± 432, with age intervals: 0.5-5 years: 2467 ± 981, 6–10 years: 3668 ± 750, 11-15 years: 3238 ± 979, and > 15 years: 3015 ± 925. AChE was significantly different between males and females (t test, p < 0.05) and for both genders when age groups were compared (ANOVA, p < 0.05). BChE had higher values than AChE for both genders and yet no significant difference was found when genders were compared. No differences were found in BChE for age groups in both genders. In a second test, 15 random samples, kept at 4 oC for 72 hours, were analyzed for variations when measured every 24h. Neither AChE nor BChE had significant variations in these 24h-apart measurements. The present investigation found baseline activities for the two types of plasma cholinesterases in Argentinian saddle horses. This will allow researchers and clinicians to count on reference values for diagnosis and comparative purposes.

The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) study in six countries tested the effects of a comprehensive smoking prevention approach after 24 (T3; N = 10,751) and 30 months (T4; N = 9,282). The programme targeted four levels, i.e. adolescents in schools, school policies, parents and the community. In Portugal, 12.4% of the T1 non-smokers in the control group had started smoking at T4 compared to 7.9% of the experimental group. Smoking onset in the experimental group was thus 36% lower. In Finland, 32.4% of the T1 non-smokers started smoking compared to 27.6% of the experimental group, implying a 15% lower onset in the experimental group. In Spain, 33.0% of the T1 non-smokers in the control group had started smoking, compared to 29.1% of the experimental group, implying a 12% lower onset. In The Netherlands, the ESFA programme was effective for non-native adolescents with 11.4% new weekly smokers compared to 19.9% in the control group. An opposite effect was found in native Dutch adolescents with 19.0% new weekly smokers in the comparison group compared to 24.0% new smokers in the experimental group. Future programmes should use more standardized ways to assess process evaluations and should assess which elements are responsible for behavioral effects

The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) study in six countries tested the effects of a comprehensive smoking prevention approach after 24 (T3; N = 10,751) and 30 months (T4; N = 9,282). The programme targeted four levels, i.e. adolescents in schools, school policies, parents and the community. In Portugal, 12.4% of the T1 non-smokers in the control group had started smoking at T4 compared to 7.9% of the experimental group. Smoking onset in the experimental group was thus 36% lower. In Finland, 32.4% of the T1 non-smokers started smoking compared to 27.6% of the experimental group, implying a 15% lower onset in the experimental group. In Spain, 33.0% of the T1 non-smokers in the control group had started smoking, compared to 29.1% of the experimental group, implying a 12% lower onset. In The Netherlands, the ESFA programme was effective for non-native adolescents with 11.4% new weekly smokers compared to 19.9% in the control group. An opposite effect was found in native Dutch adolescents with 19.0% new weekly smokers in the comparison group compared to 24.0% new smokers in the experimental group. Future programmes should use more standardized ways to assess process evaluations and should assess which elements are responsible for behavioral effects

The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) resulted in a smoking prevention project for six European countries. It included activities on four levels: adolescents, schools, parents and out-of-school activities. Common goals and objectives were developed, but countries were also able to include additional objectives. National diversities required country-specific methods. The most important common element was a school-based programme consisting of at least five lessons paying attention to social influence processes and training in refusal skills. During the first year, significantly more smoking prevention activities were realized in experimental schools compared with control schools. Not all countries had the same number of lessons on resisting peer pressures. Significant cognitive changes were observed in Spain, resulting in more negative attitudes, increased self-efficacy levels and a more negative intention towards smoking in the experimental group. Counter-productive cognitive effects were observed in the UK. Significantly less onset of weekly smoking in experimental groups was found in Finland (4.7%) and Spain (3.1%). Counter-productive effects were observed in Denmark and the UK. In conclusion, while having common objectives, the ESFA approach allowed for a great deal of diversity. Fundamental research using dismantling designs is needed to be able to detect the most effective elements of smoking prevention programmes for different age groups. Attention to parenting styles and practices is also needed.

The European Smoking Prevention Framework Approach (ESFA) resulted in a smoking prevention project for six European countries. It included activities on four levels: adolescents, schools, parents and out-of-school activities. Common goals and objectives were developed, but countries were also able to include additional objectives. National diversities required country-specific methods. The most important common element was a school-based programme consisting of at least five lessons paying attention to social influence processes and training in refusal skills. During the first year, significantly more smoking prevention activities were realized in experimental schools compared with control schools. Not all countries had the same number of lessons on resisting peer pressures. Significant cognitive changes were observed in Spain, resulting in more negative attitudes, increased self-efficacy levels and a more negative intention towards smoking in the experimental group. Counter-productive cognitive effects were observed in the UK. Significantly less onset of weekly smoking in experimental groups was found in Finland (4.7%) and Spain (3.1%). Counter-productive effects were observed in Denmark and the UK. In conclusion, while having common objectives, the ESFA approach allowed for a great deal of diversity. Fundamental research using dismantling designs is needed to be able to detect the most effective elements of smoking prevention programmes for different age groups. Attention to parenting styles and practices is also needed.

Es posible que en algún momento la enfermera clínica deba dar asistencia a un paciente con infarto agudo del miocardio, teniendo en cuenta que en nuestro país la enfermedad coronaria es la segunda causa de muerte según los últimos datos publicados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). En la fase aguda el paciente es instalado en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI) o en una unidad de cuidado coronario (UCC) para mantenerlo bajo monitorización continua durante un período variable, con el fin de valorar su evolución y prevenir la presencia de complicaciones. Para esto la intervención de la enfermera cobra importancia; es así como la enfermera debe contar con los conocimientos y preparación suficientes para orientar en forma oportuna todos sus esfuerzos, no solamente hacia brindar el tratamiento específico a la persona con infarto, sino también hacia la prevención y detección temprana de sus complicaciones. Los datos sobre los cuales se establece el diagnóstico médico son clínicos, electrocardiográficos y de laboratorio, herramientas en las que se basa la enfermera para realizar su intervención. La Intervención de enfermería se presta al paciente y a su familia mediante elementos interactivos del proceso de enfermería: observación, diagnóstico de enfermería, planificación, intervención y evaluación. La observación y valoración física realizada por la enfermera se inicia con la asistencia al dolor; debe valorar el tipo de dolor, localización, duración y causa que lo desencadena. El significado del dolor para el paciente y el resultado de la respuesta emocional son factores esenciales para que la enfermera lo asista. El miedo y la ansiedad producida por el dolor pueden aumentar el trabajo y la frecuencia cardíaca por estimulación simpática. El examen físico revela información sobre la situación actual del paciente. Los datos obtenidos son correlacionados con los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio sobre los cuales se establece el plan de cui

Es posible que en algún momento la enfermera clínica deba dar asistencia a un paciente con infarto agudo del miocardio, teniendo en cuenta que en nuestro país la enfermedad coronaria es la segunda causa de muerte según los últimos datos publicados por el Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). En la fase aguda el paciente es instalado en una unidad de cuidado intensivo (UCI) o en una unidad de cuidado coronario (UCC) para mantenerlo bajo monitorización continua durante un período variable, con el fin de valorar su evolución y prevenir la presencia de complicaciones. Para esto la intervención de la enfermera cobra importancia; es así como la enfermera debe contar con los conocimientos y preparación suficientes para orientar en forma oportuna todos sus esfuerzos, no solamente hacia brindar el tratamiento específico a la persona con infarto, sino también hacia la prevención y detección temprana de sus complicaciones. Los datos sobre los cuales se establece el diagnóstico médico son clínicos, electrocardiográficos y de laboratorio, herramientas en las que se basa la enfermera para realizar su intervención. La Intervención de enfermería se presta al paciente y a su familia mediante elementos interactivos del proceso de enfermería: observación, diagnóstico de enfermería, planificación, intervención y evaluación. La observación y valoración física realizada por la enfermera se inicia con la asistencia al dolor; debe valorar el tipo de dolor, localización, duración y causa que lo desencadena. El significado del dolor para el paciente y el resultado de la respuesta emocional son factores esenciales para que la enfermera lo asista. El miedo y la ansiedad producida por el dolor pueden aumentar el trabajo y la frecuencia cardíaca por estimulación simpática. El examen físico revela información sobre la situación actual del paciente. Los datos obtenidos son correlacionados con los hallazgos clínicos y de laboratorio sobre los cuales se establece el plan de cui

[EN] We present a morpho-biometrical study and the first record for Spain of females of Ptilonyssus echinatus Berlese & Trouessart, 1889, using ventral and dorsal drawings and entire biometry. Likewise, we include an extensive morpho-biometrical description (new for the science) of the deutonymph and the protonymph of this species. Mites were extracted from the nasal cavity of Hirundo rustica L. and Delichon urbica (L.) (Aves, Passeriformes, Hirundinidae) captured in Granada province (Spain). The study of the morphological variability among specimens collected from Hirundo rustica and specimens collected from Delichon urbica allowed us to indicate that these morphological variability depend on host birds and geographic origin of them. For that reason, we consider that different morphology cannot justify the creation of a new species or subespecies as several authors have suggested., [ES] Se presenta un estudio morfo-biométrico y una primera cita en España de las hembras de Ptilonyssus echinatus Berlese y Trouessart, 1889, utilizando dibujos de la morfología dorsal y ventral así como una biometría completa. Asimismo, se incluye una amplia descripción morfológica y biométrica (nueva para la ciencia) de la deutoninfa y protoninfa de esta especie. Los ácaros fueron recolectados de las fosas nasales de Hirundo rustica L. y Delichon urbica (L.) (Aves, Passeriformes, Hirundinidae) capturadas en la provincia de Granada (España). El estudio de la variabilidad morfológica de los ejemplares obtenidos en Hirundo rustica y los de Delichon urbica nos lleva a pensar que las diferencias existentes entre ellos son sólo el producto de una gran variabilidad de la especie, que presenta tipos morfológicos distintos según el hospedador que parasita y la procedencia geográfica del mismo, y por tanto, se considera que dichas diferencias morfológicas en ningún caso pueden llevar a la creación de nuevas especies o subespecies tal como habían indicado algunos autores.