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Geometrical methods play an important role in classical dynamics, most notably in the dynamical preservation of symplecticity in Hamiltonian systems. In this way, dynamics derived from a Hamiltonian function admit energy-conserving integration schemes with an error that remains bounded in the infinite time limit. Furthermore, the existence of this scalar first integral greatly simplifies analysis of a system's dynamics. On the other hand, active systems imply power-injection at the microscale and thus dynamics that can not be encapsulated within the Hamiltonian formalism. It is therefore surprising that Hamiltonian functions should occured in a variety of active matter problems. Even more surprising is that these appearances often manifest in overdamped systems, where viscous damping forces dominate inertia driven effects. Abstract Starting at the equations of motion for active systems, where constituent active particles provide energy input at the microscopic level, the emergence of symplectic structure is investigated. In the presence of overdamped forces and torques, inertial forces are negligible and time-evolution become purely kinematical in nature. This dissipative structure precludes the existence of a dynamical Hamiltonian and there is therefore no a priori reason for the existence of a conserved symplectic form. Yet in many active systems, pairs of kinematic variables may be identified as conjugate to one another, and thus a kinematically symplectic structure may be conserved throughout time-evolution. Particular examples of kinematic symplecticity include both two- and infinite-body sedimenting active systems. Here, the constituent active particles break microscopic rotational symmetry through a preferred axis of translation due to their internal activity manifesting as self-propulsion in a dissipative environment while sedimenting through a viscous medium under the influence of an external gravitational force. This produces hydrodynamically mediated forces and torques that induce collective interactions. Kinematic Hamiltonians are identified within the equations of motion and are exploited in order to understand the periodic limit cycle behavior observed in the presence of dissipation. In the two-body system, the presence of gravitational torque and hydrodynamic interaction with a nearby boundary result in transient decay to a stable limit cycle which provides a model for "dancing Volvox". In the case of the sedimenting infinite lattice, dubbed the "active Cosserat crystal", the presence of activity allows for travelling waves of position and orientation and the two-dimensional crystal acts as an elastic medium with Lamé constants that depend on activity. In the presence of a plane boundary, we show that the active Cosserat crystal can undergo a dynamical phase transition upon tuning of the activity, resulting in the formation of new dissipative steady states. The first of these is the "active Peiels transition", whereby the lattice spontaneously dissociated into multimeric layers. The second is a spontaneously generated active oscillation, whereby travelling waves of position and orientation are sustained through active energy injection. Abstract We then investigate the occurance of dynamical symplecticity for arbitrary inertial active systems. The additional microscopic structure of these active particles endows the underlying state space of these systems with non-trivial geometry. Following the erlangen program of Felix Klein, the Lie group that acts transitively on this state space is denoted as the principle group of the geometry and it is within this group that the equations of motion are constructed. This provides tremendous advantages since the algebraic structure of the Lie group itself allows the equations of motion to be formulated in a compact and expressive manner while time-evolution is guaranteed to remain on manifold. The virtual power principle is employed in order to construct dynamical equations of motion, which immediately admits a notion of generalized force as conjugate to the generalized velocity. Integrability criteria for these generalized forces are derived and explicit conditions are written down for the experimentally relevant system of rigid bodies, where the generalized forces include forces and torques. For integrable generalized forces we construct a Hamiltonian function that encapsulates the dynamical evolution.

Transculturally, the garden is understood as a marked-off, often bounded, and cultivated space. Distinct from other surroundings, gardens are material and symbolic spaces that constitute both universal and culturally specific ways of accommodating the natural world and expressing human attitudes and values. For the ancient Romans of the Late Republic and Early Empire (c.100BC – AD150), the garden was, just as it is today, a recognisable and defined space that provided a setting for, and a backdrop to, a whole range of horticultural, artistic, social, and even political activities and practices. However, despite the two basic requirements of cultivation and enclosure, when we actually analyse individual garden sites, we find that the distinction between ‘garden’ and ‘not-garden’ is anything but straightforward. We define the space explicitly through the notion of separation and division, and yet, in many instances, we are unable to make sense of that divide. In response to this ambiguity, this thesis interrogates the notion of the ‘boundary’ as an essential characteristic of the Roman garden, and explores the perception of the space in response to its limits. Using case studies from both literature and material and visual culture, my cross-disciplinary study examines the status of different gardens as they relate to, or are framed by, their contexts. These case studies are formulated as three sets of comparative pairs, each representing a different ‘type’ of garden: Virgil Georgics 4.116-148 and Columella Book 10 (agricultural); the Ara Pacis and Livia’s Garden Room (sacred); and Pliny Ep. 2.17/5.6 and Villa A at Oplontis (elite villa). My analysis demonstrates how the Romans of the Late Republic and Early Empire constructed garden boundaries specifically in order to open up or undermine the division between a number of oppositions, such as inside/outside, practical/aesthetic, sacred/profane, art/nature, and real/imagined. This, in turn, highlights how Roman gardens of this period are always attached or supplementary, either conceptually or literally; and how, despite their bounded presentation, they also remain transitional and permeable. By examining the ambiguities of Roman gardens across a number of different registers, this thesis thus highlights the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to garden space whilst still maintaining nuanced critical analysis of individual garden sites. By following this approach, I demonstrate that what is important is not so much a matter of what all the individual gardens have in common – in that they have some form of boundary – but how we use that particular characteristic as a standpoint from which to analyse them. In this way, it becomes clear that what is significant is not necessarily the boundary itself, but, rather, the delight in playing with concepts of boundedness and separation.

Reliable, robust data is fundamental to effective decision-making. Species observations are used as evidence in a range of areas that work towards conserving biodiversity. Decisions made on these data are only well informed if the species have been accurately identified. Moreover, the misidentification of species can have widespread socio-economic impacts. Despite these important applications of species data, the possibility of accuracy, error, and bias in species identification remains largely unexplored. Both volunteers and professionals conduct species identification, and in its simplest form, this process is a judgement made by reference to identification aids, or from prior knowledge. This thesis aims to fill an essential knowledge gap by investigating accuracy in species identification between individuals, across levels of expertise, and the levels of agreement between individuals with similar experience. Applying methods from forensic face recognition research, individuals with varying levels of expertise, and interest in biodiversity, participated in a series of simple image-based tasks. These tasks involved online, pairwise matching tasks under optimised conditions, and sorting tasks with images downloaded from Internet sources. This study shows that decisions on species identification are highly variable between individuals, and high levels of accuracy are achievable by experts and non-experts. Moreover, experience is no guarantee of accuracy, and inter-specific disparity does not always exceed intra-specific variation. There is a need for a simple, principled method for assessing identification accuracy, which can be performed by experts and non-experts alike. This method also needs to be sensitive enough to capture individual differences. Improvements in technology have led to an increase in data being collected from previously inaccessible areas, and citizen science has widened participation. However, as data collection adapts to incorporate changes in how species observations are collected and by whom, methods for assessing and evaluating the reliability of those data must evolve.

Global vegetation emits over 90% of non-methane volatile organic hydrocarbons into the atmosphere. ~1150 Tg C of isoprene is emitted annually and accounts for 50% of these natural emissions. However, the mechanisms that underpin both the production and regulation of these emissions are currently unknown. It has been hypothesised that isoprene is emitted as a response to extreme heat. Conversely, results of previous studies have demonstrated a decrease in isoprene emissions in plants subjected to elevated carbon dioxide. This thesis set out to investigate both the independent and interactive effects of extreme temperature and elevated CO2 on willow plant volatile emissions using both global emissions models and empirical measurements of both gaseous emissions and changes to the plant metabolome. The variability in the magnitude of isoprene emissions from the global emissions models has demonstrated the need for validation of the effects upon the plant metabolome in response to abiotic stresses. Through a full targeted metabolic study, this thesis has demonstrated for the first time that isoprene is produced as a response to elevated temperature in willow. The results of the targeted study have also demonstrated a reallocation of carbon to the non-mevalonate pathway that produces isoprene from other secondary metabolite pathways through the citric acid cycle.

Italian L1 speakers of English L2 make specific and predictable errors when expressing particular temporal concepts in English. This was study principally designed to ask to what extent these errors are caused by L1 conceptual transfer: the influence of conceptual knowledge and patterns of conceptualisation from one language on production of another; A cognitive linguistics framework was adopted to: i) delineate the cognitive processes that may underlie conceptual transfer in general; and ii) reveal areas of potential conceptual difference for investigation within the tense and aspect systems of English and Italian. Taking a mixed methods approach, a twenty item cloze test was developed to target areas of potential conceptual difference between Italian and English. This was also used to generate qualitative think aloud reports. Allowing the investigator access to the thought processes underlying tense choice for target concepts, think aloud reports were able to reveal and explain more specifically examples of conceptual transfer in the first instance, and also as analysis progressed to distinguish between concept and conceptualisation transfer. Concept transfer refers to the influence of L1 stored conceptual knowledge and conceptualisation transfer to the influence of L1 conceptualisation patterns - both developed through exposure to one language - on the production of another. This thesis provides evidence for these two types of transfer as two distinct stages in interlanguage development. All participants - 54 Italian L1 speakers of English L2 (experimental group), 30 native English speakers (control), 50 native Italian speakers (control) and 40 Maltese speakers (control) - completed the cloze test, and 6 of the experimental group did this while thinking aloud. All the participants also performed a non-verbal task. Results of the statistical analysis show the experimental group had an increased error rate for target concepts. The concurrent think aloud protocols were analysed and cross referenced with the cloze test results. Think aloud reports indicated that participants thinking for the target concepts is constrained by L1 mediated cognitive processes giving rise to potential evidence for conceptual transfer distinguishing it from formal transfer and revealing L1 conceptual influence even in ‘correct’ responses. Moreover, the think aloud reports also provided evidence with which to differentiate between concept and conceptualisation This novel methodological approach represents an important and original contribution to the state of the art of conceptual transfer research to date as it serves to unmask conceptual transfer despite its numerous guises.

Does Systemic Family Therapy (SFT) make sense to general adult psychiatrists? SFT is both a theoretical position and a form of psychotherapy. It has been evolving within mental health practice in the UK since the 1950’s. Though it is now to be found more often in child and adolescent mental health services, it has its roots in adult mental health. This in-depth qualitative study is an investigation of how registered psychiatrists working in adult services in the UK make sense of SFT. As the training and experiences of SFT vary for psychiatrists working in adult mental health services, this study explores those experiences, and the meaning psychiatrists have of them, including what they have taken into current working practice. This study therefore attempts to contribute to our understanding of the relation between the disciplines of psychiatry and SFT, and how psychiatrists use SFT in their practice. The research used semi-structured interviews with six qualified psychiatrists working in adult services within a London Mental Health Trust to explore the lived experiences each had of SFT. These interviews were recorded, transcribed and then analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). The participants welcomed the opportunity to share and think about SFT in their practice and experience. The four main themes that emerged from the analysis were The Past in the Present and the Future, the impact and relevance of SFT training; Proximity and distance, exploring the range and limits of accessing SFT concepts and provision; Anxiety and Uncertainty; Position of SFT in mental health services. These master themes explore the participant’s recall of their experience of SFT both in their psychiatric training and in their subsequent working practice. They illuminate how these experiences relate to psychiatrists’ sense of SFT as a broader set of theories about human relations and mental health. The findings highlight the different ways psychiatrists made sense of, and utilized, SFT in their practice. The analysis of the interviews also reveals support for the trend towards incorporation of systemic thinking in mental health practice and training more generally. The discussion focuses on the aspects of nostalgic remembrance of experiences that no longer feel accessible within psychiatric practice; the experience of learning as a mental health practitioner; and the embeddedness of SFT in present work and the workplace, in relation to existing literature and theory. The conclusion offers reflections on the research process and insights into the applicability of the findings to mental health training, service development, and particularly how SFT thinking and skills can be taught in a more accessible way to other mental health professionals. KEYWORDS: Psychiatry, IPA, Training, Nostalgia, Systemic Family Therapy, Psychotherapy.

Climate change has already led to an increase in the frequency and intensity of storm events in many parts of the world. With further increases predicted, and growing evidence of the link between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease, it is important to elucidate the role of sediments in pathogen transmission. Intense rainfall can trigger discharges from combined sewer overflows, increase surface and subsurface faecal inputs and can re-suspend microorganisms already present in sediments. Previous research has shown that sediments can act as environmental reservoirs of numerous waterborne pathogens, including enteric viruses and antibiotic resistant bacteria. Sediments are therefore a growing public health concern and are an increasing focus of human health protection strategies. However, further research is needed in order to elucidate the behaviour of microorganisms within these matrices. Routine monitoring for pathogens within sediments has not to date been considered feasible in many parts of the world and although low-cost microbial tools to detect faecal pollution of human origin, such as those that detect phages infecting Bacteroides fragilis (GB-124), have shown promise in many situations, they have seldom been applied to sediment matrices. Sediments might offer a more sensitive and longer-term assessment of contamination sources and hazards to health, compared with analysis of overlying waters from the same location. This study therefore sought to determine an effective elution method to extract GB-124 phages from sediments and to use it in an intensive six month investigation of the River (Ouse) catchment in Southeast England. The results (ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey) revealed that a low-cost elution method, involving 10% beef extract, provided the most effective means of recovering GB-124 phage from a range of river sediments (66% recovery). GB124 phages were subsequently enumerated in sediment and overlying water collected from 25 sites across the study catchment, along with somatic coliphage (SC), faecal coliforms (FC), and intestinal enterococci (IE). Physicochemical data were also collected. Analyses revealed evidence of faecal contamination at all sites, and human contamination at 13 of the 25 sites. Whilst levels of microorganism in the water and sediment were significantly correlated: GB-124 (p= 0.015); SC (p= 0.000); FC (p= 0.018); and IE (p= 0.038), importantly GB-124, SC, FC and IE (p= 0.00) were detected at significantly higher levels (Mann-Whitney) in the sediment samples. Significant correlations (p= < 0.01) were also observed between levels of FC, IE and SC and sediment temperature, but not between water temperature and any of the parameters in the water column. Interestingly, GB-124 phage showed no significant correlation with the non human-specific parameters (SC, FC, and IE) in the sediment matrices, which were found to co-correlate with one another (p= 0.00). The findings suggest that the application of low-cost monitoring approaches to analyse river sediments may not only provide a better assessment of dominant pollution sources than grab samples of overlying water (due to the higher levels and incidence of phages in sediments), but that they may also provide a better indication of potential risks to health from human enteric viruses. As such, the findings of this study add significantly to the body of extant knowledge relating to the behaviour of GB-124 phages in the environment and further support their use for microbial source tracking (MST) and as a potential component of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) studies.

The nature of spatial learning has been argued to be qualitatively different from that of associative learning. Compelling evidence for this argument is provided by experiments showing a lack of typical associative cue competition between spatial and non-spatial cues. However, this lack of cue-competition is also evident in wholly nonspatial experiments and has been explained by the presence of within-compound associations: an associative phenomenon. This thesis aims to determine whether such associations can explain similar cue-competition failures in spatial learning. In a series of experiments it is shown that these within-compound associations exist between spatial and non-spatial cues in the rat, and that they can account for the frequent failure to observe typical cue-competition between these cues. In addition, it is demonstrated that the extent to which this failure occurs depends upon the relative salience of the cues in question. In related experiments, it is also shown that these within-compound associations between spatial and non-spatial cues exist in humans. However, manifestation of these associations appears to depend on the gender of the participant, with associations forming in males but not in females. Further experiments suggest that this difference is likely due to the fact that the females are much less able to learn about the spatial cues in question. It is argued that spatial learning need not be qualitatively different from associative learning if such associative phenomena as within-compound associations are accounted for.

This thesis studies the dynamics of Feshbach molecule production from a gas of ultracold spin polarised Fermi atoms. A magnetic field is used to vary the strength of the interaction between the atoms exploring the limits of weakly paired atoms and tightly bound diatomic molecules. A mean field approximation is used to study the thermodynamics and dynamics of the system. The two-body interaction is modelled using a separable potential that reproduces the near threshold behaviour of the system close to a Feshbach resonance. For atoms in the same internal state interactions occur in the p-wave, such that they have one quanta of relative orbital angular momentum (ℓ = 1). The presence of a magnetic field fixes a quantisation axis for this angular momentum, leading to a splitting of the resonance feature into three components. It is shown that in certain cases these components may be treated separately on both a two-body and thermodynamic level. Consequently the many-body dynamics are also treated as if these components are distinct. In order to study molecule production the gas is prepared in a state similar to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state in a superconductor. A linear sweep of the magnetic field through a Feshbach resonance is used to convert the weakly paired atoms into tightly bound molecules. The variation of the molecule production efficiency is studied as the initial temperature, density initial magnetic field and final magnetic field are varied. Also studied is the variation of molecule production as a function of the rate at which the magnetic field is varied. It is shown that high densities are needed to explore a range of initial magnetic fields and sweep rates.

Mutations in the ATM gene have previously been identified in CLL tumours. In this project, I have demonstrated that their detection would have prognostic value. With a prevalence of 12%, ATM mutations represent the commonest single gene defect to be detected in CLL tumours and they identified a subgroup of CLL patients that had a significant reduction in both treatment free and overall survival. Furthermore, ATM mutations provided prognostic information that was independent of age, clinical stage, the mutation status of the IGVH genes and TP53 mutations. The temporal acquisition of the ATM mutations and their relationship with loss of an ATM allele via a chromosomal 11q deletion provides clues into their mechanism of action. There was only a partial correlation between CLL tumours with mutations in the ATM gene and those with a chromosome 11q deletion. In certain cases, the ATM mutations represented germ-line changes and in others were acquired very early in the disease course raising the possibility that they might contribute to the initial clonal transformation process. However, in some CLL tumours, the ATM mutations had been acquired after the development of the tumour clone during disease progression indicating that there may be a step-wise acquisition of ATM allelic defects during the ontogeny of CLL. The ATM protein is the key coordinator of the cellular response to DNA double strand breaks. In this study, I showed that bi-allelic defects in the ATM gene lead to deficient ATM dependent responses, including the up regulation of p53, following both ionising irradiation and also treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug, Fludarabine. Thus an important mechanism accounting for the poor outcome in CLL patients with ATM mutations is likely to relate to chemo-resistance. Interestingly, there were differential responses to DNA damage with both irradiation and fludarabine amongst the category of tumours with an 11q deletion according to the status of the remaining ATM allele. Therefore, ATM mutations can stratify tumours with a chromosome 11q deletion into two functional subgroups. The identification of CLL tumours with ATM mutations would therefore predict those patients that will have a poor clinical outcome and be both more likely to require early treatment for their disease. Patients whose tumours had bi-allelic ATM defects will be expected to have deficient responses to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic drugs, while those with mono-allelic ATM defects might identify a group in whom the use of DNA damaging agents could provide selective pressure for the emergence of sub-clones that have subsequently acquired bi-allelic ATM defects.

Work has been carried out over the last few years on the interaction of dolomite surfaces with common, environmentally significant species that are found in the same geographical locations as the mineral. The thesis has evolved from the desire to understand the molecular processes in this environmental problem. In addition to a number of results elucidating the behaviour of a number of pollutant species in contact with a dolomite surface, it also presents an evaluation of some of the oft-used computational methods applied to such systems. Initial work was carried out on dry surfaces, studying the substitution of native dolomite cations by six divalent, metal cations that are known to form end-member carbonate minerals: Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cd and Co. It was found that, under vacuum, none of the straightforward surface substitutions was energetically favourable. Substitutions at both the edges and terraces of steps were found to be favourable, although with different ordering of cations. Addition of monolayer solvation at the perfect surface generated substitution ordering in accordance with experimental data, but still most were not favoured. Further, a new implementation of implicit surface solvation, COSMIC 1 , has been used in this work. It was found that this method provides a useful tool for investigating relative substitution energies at surfaces, and that, as expected from experiment, substitutions at Mg sites are favoured a reversal of the vacuum results. Finally, DFT calculations were used to model the absorption of a more complicated pollutant, the arsenate molecule on the dolomite surface. Initially, implicit and explicit solvation methods were used to model a molecule in solution, which allowed the molecule's behaviour when modelled using DFT to be determined. An ab initio solvation energy was calculated for the molecule, which favourably compared with that obtained using implicit solvation methods. In addition, the preferred adsorption configuration of the molecule at the carbonate surface was determined. It was shown that the use of DFT methods are worthwhile in understanding the subtleties of molecular scale surface-solution interactions.

By its very nature, the 'Risk Society' has compelled individuals to consider its implications in a self-preserving manner. Although it is acknowledged that such individual concerns are now generated around the world, further discussion should highlight the notion that certain groups of people may feel and perceive these societal forces in different ways. This thesis will initially address the self-definition and identity of young people as risk takers with specific reference to the gender divide. Furthermore, an investigation into the context of risk behaviour during adolescence in relation to the Risk Society is essential, highlighting the positive consequences of this era of insecurities. Finally, the theoretical foundations behind why and how young people make decisions about risk will be analysed. The central theme running through this discussion is the perception of, and the involvement in the use of cannabis. Conclusions will suggest a critical evaluation of initiatives of intervention, which attempt to de-bias decision making, in light of the risk debate. Empirical data, taken from a small-scale school sample, will support where appropriate.

This thesis addresses the issue of eclectic and integrative approaches in counselling psychology, their meaning and theoretical and practical significance amongst a group of practising psychologists. Part one is a piece of qualitative research using the grounded theory method. It investigates eclectic and integrative approaches in the practice of therapists who were interviewed using a semi-structured format. Research themes included therapists' views on eclectic and integrated practice, what therapy was chosen at which time and common factors in these choices. The interviews were recorded and transcribed. Emergent themes were analysed into superordinate categories: the nature of the therapy, the nature of the therapist and common factors in decision making. The eclectic integrated therapy investigated is viewed within a pluralist constructivist paradigm in which the process of integration occurs within each individual therapeutic alliance. The implications for integrative practice are discussed and areas for further research are indicated. The literature review in Chapter 2 considers the topic in the context of the understanding and treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. The subject was reviewed with reference to ideas concerning the nature of the condition, its aetiology and treatment. Reservations were noted concerning the concept of personality disorder within the ethos of counselling psychology. The review suggests that no one therapeutic approach is able to provide a comprehensive understanding or adequate guidelines for treatment. The need for an eclectic approach is suggested. Integrated eclectic practice is demonstrated in the Case Study in Chapter 3. A therapeutic intervention is described which illustrates the use of the writer's Integrated Eclectic model. It describes how the therapy passed through a number of stages according to client need and in reference to the model used. It details the benefits and difficulties of the approach as well as demonstrating how the latter were resolved. The need for a further refinement of the model is discussed.

Two intensive, longitudinal case studies were conducted at IBM Hursley Park. There were several objectives to these case studies: first, to investigate the actual behaviour of the two projects in depth; second, to develop conceptual structures relating the lower-level processes of each project to the higher-level processes; third, to relate the lower-level and higher-level processes to project duration; fourth, to test a conjecture forwarded by Bradac et al i. e. that waiting is more prevalent during the end of a project than during the middle of a project. A large volume of qualitative and quantitative evidence was collected and analysed for each project. This evidence included minutes of status meetings, interviews, project schedules, and information from feedback workshops (which were conducted several months after the completion of the projects). The analysis generated three models and numerous insights into software project behaviour. The models concerned software project schedule behaviour, capability and an integration of schedule behaviour and capability. The insights concerned characteristics of a project (i. e. the actual progress of phases and milestones, the amount of workload on the project, the degree of capability of the project, tactics of management, and the sociotechnical aspects of a project) and characteristics of process areas within a project (i. e. waiting, poor progress and outstanding work). Support for the models and the insights was sought, with some success, from previous research. Despite the approach taken in this investigation (i. e. the collection of a large volume of evidence and the analyses of a wide variety of factors using a very broad perspective), this investigation has been unable to pinpoint definite causes to explain why a project will or will not complete according to its original plan. One `hint' of an explanation are the differences between the socio-technical contexts of the two projects and, related to this, the fact that tactics of management may be constrained by a project's socio-technical context. Furthermore, while the concept of a project as a distinct entity seems reasonable, the actual boundaries of a project in an organisation's `space-time' are ambiguous and very difficult to properly define. Therefore, it may be that those things that make a project difficult to distinguish from its surrounding organisation are interwoven with the socio-technical contexts of a project, and may be precisely those things that explain the progress of that project. Recommendations, based on the models, the insights and the conclusions, are provided for industry and research.

My thesis seeks to offer a reinterpretation of George Gascoigne's literary career by interrogating the means by which he manipulated his self-presentation in print. The Introduction defines the context for this study by outlining the received version of his career, that of the prodigal who underwent a moral reformation in 1575 and wrote only moralistic works thereafter. I question Gascoigne's inclusion with the Drab poets by suggesting that his more courtly personae co-existed with his predominant selfpresentation as repentant prodigal. The subsequent discussion falls into a broadly chronological structure. Chapter I surveys the range of self-presentations and authorial voices in the early works and concludes with a discussion of Gascoigne's first publication, the anonymous A Hundreth Sundrie Flowres (1573), in which they were presented as the work of several authors. Chapter II examines Gascoigne's publications in 1575, conventionally considered the turning point in his career, with the Posies and the Glasse of Government, his Prodigal Son play. These are set against his anonymous publication of the Noble Arte in June and his performances before the Queen at Kenilworth in July. Gascoigne gave his presentation manuscript ofHemetes to Elizabeth as a New Year gift in 1576. Chapter III examines all of Gascoigne's literary activity in that year, as he continued to develop a portfolio of moralistic titles but also published his account of the Princely Pleasures, continuing the series of anonymous courtly publications. Late in the year, Gascoigne travelled to Paris and then Antwerp, and on his return published an anonymous account of the sacking of that city, the Spoyle of Antwerpe. Chapter IV discusses Gascoigne's New Year gifts in 1577, the year of his death. These are a second presentation manuscript for Elizabeth, the Grief of Joye, and a presentation letter to Sir Nicholas Bacon.